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Biology 181 > Anatomy Exam 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards

Digestive System

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1
Q

What is the alimentary canal also called as

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

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2
Q

What is the alimentary canal’s function

A

Digest food and absorb

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3
Q

What are the organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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4
Q

What are the organs of the accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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5
Q

What is ingestion

A

Taking food into the digestive tract (eating)

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6
Q

What is propulsion

A

Moves food through the alimentary canal

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of propulsion

A

swallowing and peristalsis

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8
Q

What is peristalsis and how does it move food down the GI tract

A

the major propulsion

Uses waves of contraction and relaxation

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9
Q

What does the mechanical breakdown include

A

Includes chewing
mixing food with saliva
churning food
segmentation

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10
Q

What is the point of mechanical breakdown

A

increase surface area of ingested food

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11
Q

What is digestion

A

Enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal to break down complex food molecules into the chemical building blocks.

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12
Q

What is absorption

A

passage of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells

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13
Q

What is defectation

A

eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.

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14
Q

What region does majority of the digestive system organ

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

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15
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum

A

Visceral (external surface of organs) and Parietal (lines body wall)

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16
Q

How is the mesentery structured

A

Double Layer of peritoneum a sheet of two serous membranes

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17
Q

What is are the 3 functions of the mesentery

A

Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera
Hold organs in place
Store Fat

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18
Q

Where is the mesentery attached

A

Dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/ adventitia

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20
Q

What is the inter most layer

A

Muscosa/Mucous Membrane

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21
Q

What does the Mucosa/Mucous Membrane line

A

Mouth to Anus

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22
Q

What are the major functions of the muscosa

A

Secrete
Absorb
Protect

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23
Q

What does the mucosa secrete

A

Digestive enzymes and hormones

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24
Q

What does the mucosa absorb

A

End products of digestion into the blood

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25
Q

What does the mucosa protect

A

Infectious disease

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26
Q

What are the sublayers of the mucosa starting inside then out

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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27
Q

What kind of cells does the mucosa contain

A

Simple columnar epithelium everywhere besides mouth, esophagus and anus where they are stratified squamous

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28
Q

Lamina propria in mucosa contains what type of cells

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

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29
Q

What does the lamina propria in mucosa do for the mucosa

A

Due to the Capillaries it
nourish the epithelium
absorb digested nutrients
Lymphoid follicles help defend against bacteria and other pathogens

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30
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae contain

A

Smooth muscle

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31
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae do

A

Produce local movement to enhance absorption and secretion

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32
Q

What does the submucosa contain

A 
Rich blood supply
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid Follicles 
Nerve Fiber
Elastic fibers
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33
Q

What does the muscularis externa do

A

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

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34
Q

The serosa is also known as

A

Visceral peritoneum

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35
Q

What is the serosa made out of

A

Areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium

and squamous epithelial cells

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36
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa

A

Circular layer

Longitudinal layer

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37
Q

What are the organs that supply the digestive organs

A

Splanchnic Circulation

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38
Q

What is the name of the Gut nervous system

A

Enteric nervous system

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39
Q

What kind of neurons does the enteric nervous system use

A

Enteric Neurons

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40
Q

What are the two major intrinsic nerve plexus

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

Myenteric nerve plexus

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41
Q

Where is the Submucosal nerve plexus found

A

Submucosa

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42
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus found

A

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of muscularis externa

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43
Q

What do the myenteric nerve plexus do

A

GI tract motility

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44
Q

What is another name for the Submucosal plexus

A

Meissner Plexus

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45
Q

What is another name for the Myenteric plexus

A

Auerbach’s plexus

46
Q

Submucosal plexus; Parasympathetic, sympathetic or both

A

Parasympathetic

47
Q

What do the submucosal do

A

Causes GI secrection

48
Q

Myenteric plexus; Parasympathetic, sympathetic or both

A

Both

49
Q

What does the tongue do

A

Mixes food and creates a bolus

Initiates swallowing by pushing bolus posteriorly

50
Q

Where are the “taste buds found”

A

Around the papillae in the mouth

51
Q

What is the job of saliva

A

Cleanses the mouth
Dissolve food chemical so they can be tasted
Moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus
Contains enzyme amylase

52
Q

What does the enzyme amylase digest

A

Starchy food

53
Q

What are the 3 major/extrinsic salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

54
Q

What do all major salivary glands have in common

A

They ducts that empty into the oral cavity

55
Q

What two types of secretory cells do salivary glands composed of

A

Serous

Mucous

56
Q

What do serous cells produce

A

Watery secretion containing enzymes, ions and mucin

57
Q

What do mucous cells produce

A

mucus

58
Q

What are the 3 structures of the tooth starting from exterior moving in

A

Crown
Neck
Roots
Pulp Cavity

59
Q

What is the main job of the teeth

A

Masticate/chew

60
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth and how many are there

A

Incisors (8)
Canines/Cuspid (4)
Premolars (8)
Molars (12)

61
Q

What do incisors do

A

Cutting or nipping off pieces of food

62
Q

What do canines do

A

Tear or Pierce

63
Q

What do premolars and molars do

A

Grinding or Crushing

64
Q

What is the function of pharynx

A

Muscle of the pharynx force food into esophagus (deglutition)

65
Q

What are the phases of deglutition

A

Buccal phase
Pharyngeal Phase
Esophageal Phase

66
Q

What are the functions of Esophagus

A

Propels food via peristalsis

Connects pharynx to stomach

67
Q

What type of cells do the esophagus have

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

68
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

69
Q

What is the cardia in the stomach

A

Opening form esophagus

70
Q

What is the fundus in the stomach

A

Superior Portion of cardia

71
Q

What is the body in the stomach

A

Main portion

72
Q

What is the pylorus in the stomach

A

Pass chyme into small intestine

73
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical breakdown of ingested food
Disruption of chemical bonds in food material by acids and enzymes
Production of intrinsic factor

74
Q

What are the gastric glands of the stomach

A

Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Muscous neck cells
Enteroendocrine cells

75
Q

In the stomach, what does the parietal cells produce

A

HCl & Intrinsic Factors (B12)

76
Q

In the stomach, what does the chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen, Tripysin and Gastric Lipase

77
Q

In the stomach, what does the mucous cells produce

A

Mucous actively dividing to replace superficial cells

78
Q

In the stomach, what does the enterodocrine cells produce

A

G- Cells produce gastrin

D- cells produce somatostatin

79
Q

What is saliva composed mainly of

A

Water

80
Q

What does the digestive hormone gastrin do

A

Gastric Secretion and increase motility

81
Q

What does the digestive hormone secretion do

A

Secretion of pancreatic juices & bile from liver HCO3-

82
Q

What does the Cholecystokinin (CCK) do

A 
Ejection of bile from gall bladder
Increase pancreatic juice secretion
Induce feeling of full
Relaxes sphincter of Oddi
Opening of gall bladder duct into small intestine
83
Q

What are the 3 phases of Gastric Secretion

A

Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase

84
Q

Where is most of the nutrient absorbed

A

Small Intesine (90%)

85
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

86
Q

What part of the small intestine are most nutrient absorbed

A

Jejunum

87
Q

Chemical digestion of mouth consist of

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

88
Q

Chemical digestion of stomach consist of

A

Lipids

Proteins

89
Q

Chemical digestion of small intestine consist of

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
RNA/DNA

90
Q

Food in the Mouth is called what

A

Bolus

91
Q

Food in the stomach is called what

A

Cyme

92
Q

What part of the small intestine absorb vit B12

A

Ileum

93
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All chemical reaction in the body

Catabolism + Anabolism

94
Q

What is Catabolism

A 
Catabolic reactions breakdown complex organic compounds
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport
Provides energy (Exergonic)
95
Q

What is Anabolism

A 
Anabolic reactions synthesize complex molecules from small molecules
Require Energy (endergonic)
96
Q

Define glycolysis

A

Converts glucose to pyruvic acid

97
Q

Define glycogenesis

A

Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

98
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

99
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

100
Q

What are Fat Soluble vitamins

A 
Vitamin
A
D
K
E
101
Q

What does the small intestine digest

A

Protein
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid

102
Q

Is the small intestine basic or acidic

A

Acidic

103
Q

What does the stomach digest

A

Protein

Lipids

104
Q

What does the mouth digest

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

105
Q

Where in the small intestine does Vitamin D absorbed

A

Duodenum

106
Q

Where in the small intestine does Vitamin B9 absorbed

A

B9 Folic Acid

107
Q

What are water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin
B {B9,B12)
C

108
Q

What is the solution that the pancreas release

A

Pancreatic Juice especially bicarbonate

109
Q

What does the pancreatic juice do in the small intestine

A

Make the environment basic

110
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

111
Q

Where is the bile stored

A

Gallbladder

112
Q

What does the bile do

A

Emulsify lipids

Biology 181 (4 decks)

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