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Biology 181 > Anatomy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Blood

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

transporting substance, regulating blood levels of particular substances, and protecting the body

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2
Q

What are the transport functions of blood

A

Delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from digest tract to body of cells
Transport metabolic waste products
Transporting Hormones

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3
Q

What re the Regulatory functions of the blood

A

Maintain appropriate body temp- absorb and distribute heat throughout body
Maintain Normal pH - acts as alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintain adequate fluid volume

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4
Q

What are the protective functions of the blood

A

Prevents blood loss

Preventing infection- contain leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins

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5
Q

What is blood consist of

A

Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes 45%
Buffy Coat (contains Leukocytes >1% and platelets

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6
Q

Blood is what type of tissue and consist of what

A

Connective tissue

Consist of suspended formed elements (leukocytes and Erythrocytes) in plasma

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7
Q

What is dissolved in blood and what is it used for

A

Dissolved Fibrous

Fibrin strands used for blood clotting

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8
Q

What is the hematocrit percent

A

Percent of Erythrocytes from the total volume
Normal is 45% Average 47%
Male 40-54%
Female 37-47%

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9
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Blood is sticky, opaque fluid
Slightly Alkaline pH 7.4-7.5
More dense and vicious then water
When number of red blood cells increase normal range
blood becomes more vicious and flows more slowly
When number of red blood decrease normal range blood becomes less vicious and fast

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10
Q

What is plasma made out of

A 
90% water
Electrolytes- most abundant
Nutrients
gases
hormones
waste and products of cells activities
proteins
inorganic ions
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11
Q

What are the formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets

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12
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

RBCs
Mature ones are anucleate (no nucleus) and organelles
Contains hemoglobin (Hb)

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13
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

bags that performs gas transportation in RBCs

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14
Q

Where does Erythrocytes/RBCs have gas exchange

A

at the capillaries (lungs and other sites)

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15
Q

Why are Erythrocytes/RBCs concave

A

To increase surface area for gas exchange, due to cytoplasm close to surface

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16
Q

How much hemoglobin does Erythrocytes/RBCs contain

A

97%

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17
Q

Why are Erythrocytes good for carrying oxygen

A

No mitochondria, no use of O2. Uses anaerobic mechanism to create ATP

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18
Q

How much hemoglobin do humans have

A

Males 13-18 g per/ 100 ml

Females 12-16 g per 100ml

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19
Q

What is hemoglobin made of

A

Heme - red pigment
Globin- protein
Iron (Fe) - in the middle

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20
Q

What is Globin consist of

A

2 Alpha
2 Beta
All bind with heme

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of oxygen loading

A

O2 in the lungs attach to the Erythrocytes via Fe becomes oxyhemoglobin
Color - Ruby Red

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of oxygen unloading

A

Goes to tissue O2 detaches from Fe

Deoxyhemoglobin

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23
Q

Where does the CO2 attach on the erythrocytes

A

On the globin protein

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24
Q

What is the name of blood formation

A

hematopoiesis

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25
Q

Where does blood formation happen

A

Adult-In Red bone marrow, in the axial skeleton and sternum, ribs, pelvis , proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur
Embryo- Yolk Sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and red bone marrow

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26
Q

What is the name of Erythrocyte production

A

Erythropoiesis

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27
Q

In Erythropoiesis, what is the name of the stem cell

A

Myeloid Stem Cell a descendant of Hematopoietic stem cell

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28
Q

What does Proerythroblast become

A

Basophilic

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29
Q

What are the two stem cells that differentiates from the pluripotent stem cell

A

Myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

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30
Q

What is a unique characteristic of reticulocyte

A

No nucleus but has clumped ribosomes.

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31
Q

How much does reticulocytes account for in the blood

A

1-2%

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32
Q

What does high amounts of reticulocytes mean

A

abnormal amounts of erthrocyte formation

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33
Q

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do

A

Stimulates the formation of erythrocytes

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34
Q

What is Erythropoietin

A

glycoprotein hormone

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35
Q

Where is Erythropoietin made

A

Mostly in the kidneys then in the liver

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36
Q

What triggers synthesis of Erythropoietin

A

Decrease blood oxygen levels

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37
Q

What drops in normal blood oxygen can result from

A

Reduced RBC due to hemorrhage or excessive RBC destruction
Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (as in iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of oxygen (i.e high altitude or during pneumonia)

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38
Q

What controls the rate of erythropoiesis

A

Ability to transport oxygen

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39
Q

What are other factors needed for erythropoiesis

A

Nutrients - amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates
Two B- Complex vitamins- Vitamin B 12 and folic acid are necessary for normal DNA synthesis
Iron

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40
Q

What is the life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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41
Q

What are antigens and where are they found

A

Found on the RBC plasma membrane.
They are highly specific molecular markers.
There job is to perceives foreign objects and creates an immune response

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42
Q

What are medical uses of Erythropoietin

A

Used to simulate RBC production in end stage kidney disease

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43
Q

Characteristic of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Biconcave disk
8 microns in diameter
No nucleus or oranelles

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44
Q

What is the normal Erythrocytes (RBCs) count

A

Male 5.4 million/drop

Female 4.8 million/drop

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45
Q

How much new RBCs enter the circulation

A

2 million/second

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46
Q

What does the globin protein made of

A

4 polypeptide chains

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47
Q

Globin protein connects what

A

1 heme pigment connected to polypeptide chain

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48
Q

heme contains what

A

Iron Ion Fe2+

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49
Q

Heme can combine with what

A

Oxygen molecule

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50
Q

What are Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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51
Q

What is it called when Leukocyte count >11,000

A

Leukocytosis

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52
Q

What does it mean when Leukocyte count >11,000

A

Body fighting an infection, can be from exercise, anesthesia or surgery

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53
Q

What leukocytes are considered granular

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils

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54
Q

What leukocytes are considered Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes or Lymphocytes

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55
Q

How much does leukocytes account for in total blood volume

A

1%

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56
Q

Where is the majority of leukocytes

A

lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymphnodes and spleen

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57
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

When Leukocytes slip out of the capillary blood vessels

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58
Q

What are characteristics of granular leukocytes

A

Large, short lived vs RBCs, have multiple nucleus (2-5) connected by thin nuclear strands. Diameter 10-12 cells , Granules are fine and pale liliac

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59
Q

What is the most abundant leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

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60
Q

How much WBC are there in a drop of blood

A

5000-10,000 cells

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61
Q

Due to neutrophils having nuclear variability, what is another name

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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62
Q

Where are neutrophils attracted to

A

Sites of inflammation and active sites of phagocytosis

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63
Q

What is it called when leukocyte count is low

A

Leukopenia

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64
Q

What is a cause of low leukocyte count

A

radiation, shock or chemotherapy

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65
Q

What are characteristics of Esoinophils

A

Large (10-12 Diameters), Granules are uniform sized,

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66
Q

How much Eosinophils account for in Leukocytes

A

2%-4%

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67
Q

What are characteristics of granular leukocytes

A

Large, short lived vs RBCs, have multiple nucleus (2-5) connected by thin nuclear strands.

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68
Q

What is the most abundant granular leukocyte

A

Neutrophils (50%-70%)

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69
Q

How many nucleus does older granulocytes contain

A

usually >3

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70
Q

Due to neutrophils having nuclea, what is another name

A

polymmorphnucle

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71
Q

What are neutrophils attracted to and what does it attack

A

Sites of inflammation and active sites of phagocytosis.

Attacks bacteria and some fungi

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72
Q

What are the characteristics of Basophils

A

Large ( Diameter 8-10 microns), Nucleus is U or S shaped and bilobed nuclei

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73
Q

What does Basophils’ granules contain

A

Histamines to vasodilate

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74
Q

What type of leukocyte are Eosinophils

A

Granular and polymorphonuclear

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75
Q

What does the Eosinophils enzymes do not “digest”

A

bacteria

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76
Q

What is the importance of Eosinophils

A

Fight parasites

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77
Q

Where are Eosinophils found

A

Loose connective tissue

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78
Q

How much basophils account for in Leukocytes

A

0.5%-1% (rarest)

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79
Q

What do B lymphocytes (B cells) do

A

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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80
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils

A

Large ( Diameter 8-10 microns),

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81
Q

What are characteristics of monocytes

A

Largest ( 12-20 microns), Contains a kidney shaped or U shaped nucleus.

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82
Q

What are monocytes “job”

A

Turns into macrophages to fight virus, certain bacteria, and chronic infections

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83
Q

How much does lymphocytes account for in leukocytes

A

25% or more

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84
Q

What are characteristics of lymphotcytes

A

Dark, oval to round nucleus, Can be small (6-9 microns) to Large ( 10-14 microns), increase during viral infections

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85
Q

Where are majority of lymphocytes found

A

In lymphoid tissues

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86
Q

What are characteristics of platelets

A

Disc-shaped, 2-4 microns fragments, no nucleus ( anucleate)

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87
Q

What do T lymphocytes ( T cells ) do

A

function for immune response by acting directly against virus infected cells or tumor cells

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88
Q

What are the steps of Hemostasis in order

A

1) Vascular Spasm, 2) Platelet plug, 3) coagulation

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89
Q

Describe Vascular spasm

A

Damaged blood vessels vasoconstrict ( smooth muscle contract)
Chemical release by endothelial cells and activated platelets
Bigger damage more effecient

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90
Q

What are characteristics of monocytes

A

Largest ( 12-20 microns)

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91
Q

What are monocytes “job”

A

Turns into macrophages to fight virus, certain bacteria, and chronic infections

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92
Q

What type of macrophages does monocytes turn into

A

alveolar macrophages in lungs

Kupffer Cells in liver

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93
Q

What cells do platelets derive from

A

megakarytocytes

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94
Q

What are platelets used for

A

Clotting process in the blood vessels

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95
Q

What hormone regulates the formation of platelets

A

thrombopoietin

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96
Q

What are the events of Hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm, Platelet plug, coagulation

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97
Q

What are the steps of vascular spasm

A

Damaged blood vessel stimulates pain receptors

Reflex contraction constrict smooth muscle of small blood vessels

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98
Q

Vascular spasm only occurs with what type of blood vessels

A

Small blood vessels and ateriole

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99
Q

What triggers vascular spasm

A

damaged vascular smooth muscle
chemical released by damaged endothelial cells
activated platelets

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100
Q

What is the steps of platelet plug formation

A

When endothelium cells is damaged and collagen fibers are exposed, platelets adhere via willebrand factor

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101
Q

What prevents platelets from adhering when there is no damage

A

Endothelial cells release nitric oxide and prostacyclin

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102
Q

What does it mean for platelets to become activiated

A

The swell
for spike processed
becomes stickier

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103
Q

What chemicals platelets release

A

ADP, Serotonin, thromboxane A

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104
Q

What are platelet-derived growth factor

A

causes proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscles and fibroblast to repair damaged vessels

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105
Q

In platelet plug formation, what are alpha granules

A

Clotting fibers

platelet-derived growth factors

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106
Q

In platelet plug formation, what are dense granules

A

ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A

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107
Q

How long can vascular spasm can prevent blood loss

A

20-30 mins

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108
Q

What do ADP, Serotonin, thromboxane A do

A

They are vasoconstrictors

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109
Q

Describe Coagulation/Blood clotting

A

Blood becomes liquid to gel via fibrin thread

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110
Q

What substances are needed for clotting

A

Ca+2
enzymes synthesized by liver cells
Substances release by platelets or damaged tissues

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111
Q

What is Clotting Cascade

A

Prothrombinase & Ca+2 convert prothrombin into thrombin

thrombin coverts fibrinogen into fibrin threads

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112
Q

Describe the Extrinsic pathway

A

Damaged tissue leak thromboplastin into bloodstream
Prothrombinase
In the presence of Ca+2 clotting factor X combines with V to form prothrombinase

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113
Q

Describe the Intrinsic pathway

A

Endothelium is damaged & platelets come in contact with collagen of blood vessel wall
Platelets damaged & release phospholipids
Requires several minute for reaction to occur
Substances involved Ca+2 and clotting factors XII, X , V

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114
Q

Describe the common pathway

A

Prothrombinase and Ca+2 catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
In the presence of Ca+2 converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads
Activates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII

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115
Q

What are antigens/ agglutinogens

A

Anything that the body perceives foreign and generates immune response. Made out of glycoproteins and glycolipids

116
Q

What are A/B antibodies

A

Reacts to antigens ( A reacts to A) (B reacts to B)

117
Q

What is the universal recipient

A

AB

118
Q

What is the universal donor

A

O

119
Q

What is the Rh blood groups

A

Rh are a type of agglutinogens

120
Q

What does Rh+ mean

A

That the person carries D antigen

121
Q

What happens when Rh- receives Rh+ blood

A

body starts producing anti Rh bodies

122
Q

What is hemolytic disease of a newborn

A

Rh negative mom and Rh+ fetus will mis blood. Mom creates Rh antibodies causing second child hemolysis of the fetal RBCs

123
Q

What are transfusion reactions

A

When recipients antibodies attack the RBCs.

124
Q

What happens during a transfusion reaction

A

RBCs clog blood vessels then ruptures. Hemoglobin is released

125
Q

What are the effects of free hemoglobin in the blood

A

Blood cells cannot transport oxygen

Can damage kidneys

126
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the lungs

127
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the all body tissues

128
Q

What type of blood does RA contain

A

Deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena ceva

129
Q

What type of blood does RV contain

A

Deoxygenated blood from R atrium

130
Q

Where does the RV blood go to

A

The deoxygenated blood goes to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to the lung

131
Q

What type of blood does LA contain

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

132
Q

What type of blood does LV contain

A

Oxgenated blood from the L atrium

133
Q

Where does the blood from the LV go to

A

Through the arota and the rest of body

134
Q

What is the heart enclosed in

A

Pericardium (Double walled sac)

135
Q

What is the serous pericardium

A

two-layer serious membrane that creates and enclosed sac around the heart

136
Q

What is the most outer layer of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

137
Q

What is the most inner layer of the serous pericardium

A

visceral layer ( epicardium )

138
Q

What is between the the parietal layer and visceral layer

A

the pericardial cavity

139
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain

A

serious fluid

140
Q

What is the job of the serious fluid

A

glide smoothly past one another, allowing the mobile heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment.

141
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

142
Q

What is the myocardium and what does it contain

A

The muscle heart and composed of mainly cardiac muscle

143
Q

What three veins return blood to the heart

A

Superior Vena Ceva
Inferior Vena Ceva
Coronary Sinus

144
Q

Where is the largest artery in the heart

A

The aorta

145
Q

The aorta receives blood from where

A

The L ventricle

146
Q

The pulmonary veins are different from other veins because why

A

It brings blood from the lungs ( oxygenated blood ) to the L Atrium

147
Q

The endocardium lines what

A

Chambers and valves

148
Q

What is the coronary sulcus

A

Encircles heart and marks the boundary between the atria and the ventricles

149
Q

What is the Sulci

A

Grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat

150
Q

What is the anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

151
Q

What is the posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

152
Q

What does left coronary artery branch into

A

Anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

153
Q

What does the Anterior interventricular arter/left anterior descending artery supply

A

Interventricular septrum and the anterior wall of both ventricles

154
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch off to

A

Right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery

155
Q

Cardic veins form what

A

coronary sinus

156
Q

What is the name of the valve that separates the R Atrium and the R ventricle

A

the tricuspid valve

157
Q

What is the name of the valve the separates the L atrium and the L ventricle

A

mitral valve/bicuspid valve

158
Q

What are the name of the valves that guard the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

A

Semilunar valves

159
Q

What is the trabeculae carneae

A

Mark the internal wall of the ventricular chambers

160
Q

What does the papillary muscles connect too

A

Valve function

161
Q

What are blood vessels

A

Closed system of tubes that carries blood

162
Q

Where does arteries send blood

A

Heart to Tissues

163
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

164
Q

What does capillaries do

A

Allow exchanged

165
Q

What does do venule merge to form

A

Veins

166
Q

Where does veins send blood too

A

to the heart

167
Q

What are the 3 layers of the arteries

A 
Tunica internia (intima)
Tunica Media
Tunica externa
168
Q

What the Tunica interna made of

A

simple squamous epithelium ( endothelium)
basement membrane
internal elastic lamnia

169
Q

Vascular smooth muscle is innervated by what

A

sympathetic nervous system

170
Q

What happens to the vessels when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated

A

Muscle contraction or vasoconstriction

171
Q

What does the elastic arteries do

A

Help propel blood onward despite ventricular relaxation

stretch and recoil - pressure reservoir

172
Q

There are most abundant of elastic fibers in tunica media are in what type of arteries

A

Largest-diameter arteries (Aorta)

173
Q

There are most abundant of muscle fibers in tunica media are in what type of arteries

A

Medium sized arteries

174
Q

What are muscular arteries do

A

Distributing arteries because capable vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust rate of flow

175
Q

What are arterioles

A

Small arteries delivering blood to capillaries

176
Q

What is the major function of the arteriorles

A

Control blood pressure

177
Q

What happens to Blood pressure when arteries vasoconstrict

A

Increase BP

178
Q

What happens to Blood pressure when arteries vasodilate

A

Decrease BP

179
Q

What do Capillaries do

A

Exchange vessels

Exchange nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue fluid

180
Q

What do veins do

A

Blood reservoir Low pressure

181
Q

What does Capillaries form

A

Microcirculation

182
Q

What is microcirculation

A

connects ateriorles to venules

183
Q

Where are capillaries found

A

Usually found in extensive highly active tissue

muscles, liver, kidneys, brain

184
Q

Where are capillaries not found

A

Epithelia, cornea and lens of eye and cartilage

185
Q

What are the type of capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, sinusoids

186
Q

What are continuous capillaries and where are they found

A

Intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells

Found in skeletal and smooth, connective tissue and lungs

187
Q

What are venules

A

Small veins collecting blood from capillaries

188
Q

Veins have what and not found in arteries

A

Valves

189
Q

What do veins lack

A

external and internal elastic lamina

190
Q

In veins, Tunica media has more or less muscle

A

less

191
Q

What are valves in veins made out of

A

tunica interna

192
Q

What is valves in the veins do

A

prevent backflow

193
Q

What does venous sinus lack

A

Muscle

194
Q

What are varicose veins

A

Twisted, dilated superficial veins
allows backflow and pooling of blood causing increase fluid in the tissues
tissues become inflamed and tender
Not found in deep veins due to muscles

195
Q

What cause varicose veins

A

leaky venous valves

196
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries and where are they found

A

Plasma membranes have many holes

Kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses, ciliary process, endocrine glands

197
Q

Anastomoses

A

2 or more arteries supplying the same body region

198
Q

How much of blood volume at rest is found in the veins and venules

A

60%

199
Q

Veins are known as what

A

Blood reservoir

200
Q

Where is the vein that store the most blood

A

skin or abdominal organs

201
Q

How much blood volume in arteries and arterioles

A

15%

202
Q

Capillary exchange moves how

A

movement of materials in and out of a capillary via diffusion

203
Q

What is bulk flow

A

Movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction
Move in response to pressure

204
Q

What is Edema

A

Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption

205
Q

What factors effect circulation

A 
Pressure difference that drive the blood flow
Velocity of blood flow
volume of blood flow
blood pressure
resistance to flow 
venous return
206
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Increase RBC causing thick blood, usually do to hypoxia

207
Q

Speed of blood flow

A

Inversely proportional to cross-sectional area
Blood flow is slower in aterial branches
(40cm/sec in aorta)
(.1 cm/sec in capillaries)

208
Q

What is circulation time

A

Time it takes a drop of blood to travel from R Atrium to R atrium.

209
Q

What are sinusoids and where are they found

A

Very large fenestrations

Liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary and parathyroid gland

210
Q

What is equation of cardiac output

A

Cardiac output =stroke volume x heart rate

211
Q

What other factors influence cardiac output

A

blood pressure
resistance due to friction between blood cells and blood vessel walls
Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

212
Q

How much percent blood volume does pulmonary vessels

A

12%

213
Q

How much percent blood volume does hearts

A

8%

214
Q

How much percent blood volume does the brain contain

A

5%

215
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted by by blood on walls or vessels

216
Q

What happens to the blood pressure when HR increases

A

BP rises

217
Q

What happens to blood pressure in the systemic circulation

A

Pressure falls steadily in systemic circulation

218
Q

What happens when cardiac output

A

Increase BP

219
Q

What factors effects blood pressure

A

Blood Viscosity
Blood vessel length
Radius of blood vessels

220
Q

What happens to BP when blood viscosity is thick

A

Increase resistance increase blood pressure

221
Q

What happens to BP when blood vessels are long

A

Longer length greater resistance increase blood pressure

222
Q

What happens to BP when blood vessels vasoconstrict

A

More resistance increase blood pressure

223
Q

How does aterioles control BP

A

Changes diameter

224
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance

A

Blood vessel radius, Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length

225
Q

What is venous return

A

Volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins

226
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

Contraction of muscles and presence of valves

227
Q

What is the respiratory pump

A

Decreased thoracic pressure and increase abdominal pressure during inhalation, moves blood into thoracic veins and the right atrium

228
Q

What are the cardiovascular centers

A

Parasympathetic ( Vagus nerve)- Decrease HR
Sympathetic ( Cardiac accelerator nerves)- causes increase or decrease in contractility and rate
Vasomotor nerves ( sympathetic)

229
Q

What controls the blood vessels

A

Sympathetic vasomotor nerves

230
Q

What are the functions of the autorhythmic cells

A

Cells fire spontaneously, act as a pacemaker and form conduction system for the heart

231
Q

What is the SA node and what does it do

A

cluster of cells in wall of Right Atria
begins heart activity that spreads to both atria
excitation spreads to AV node

232
Q

What is the AV node

A

Fires .15s later

in atrial septum, transmits signal to bundle of His

233
Q

What is the AV bundle of His

A

The connection between atria and ventricles
divides into bundle trances and purkinje fibers
large diameter fibers that conduct signals quickly

234
Q

How many times does the SA node fire

A

90-100 times per minute

235
Q

How many times does the AV node fire

A

40–50 times per minute

236
Q

What is the SA node known for

A

Pacemaker

237
Q

What is the name of the rhythm of the SA node produces

A

Sinus Rhythm

238
Q

What is the full name of the SA node

A

Sinoatrial Node

239
Q

What is the full name of the AV node

A

Atrioventriuclar node

240
Q

Why does AV node delayed

A

Small Diameter

241
Q

Describe AV bundle

A

Gets signals from AV node

242
Q

What is the other name of AV bundle

A

Bundle of His

243
Q

What is the tract that goes to SA node to AV

A

internodal tract

244
Q

Where does the AV node signal sent to

A

Bundle of His

245
Q

The bundle of His Branches off in where

A

Interventricular septum

246
Q

The branches is sent to the where

A

prukinje fibers

247
Q

What is the P wave and what does it do

A

Atrial depolarization or Atrial contraction

248
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization or ventrical contraction

249
Q

What happens to the atrium during the QRS complex

A

Atrial repolarization or Atrial relaxation

250
Q

Why is the S-T segment have a zero net charge

A

Completed ventricular depolarization

251
Q

What happens the T Wave

A

Ventricular repolarization or Ventricular relaxation

252
Q

What does ECG stand for

A

Electrocardiogram

253
Q

What brain centers effect the cardiovascular center

A

Cerebral Cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus

254
Q

What is the Tunica Media made out of

A

Circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers

255
Q

What is the Tunica Externa

A

Elastic and collagen fibers

256
Q

What is vasospasm

A

muscle contraction of the artery or arteriole reducing blood loss

257
Q

What chemicals causes vasodilation

A

Nitric oxide, K+, H + and lactic acid

258
Q

How does arteries propel blood

A

Stretch and recoil- pressure reservoir

259
Q

How do materials in the blood move in and out of the capillaries

A

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk flow

260
Q

What is diffusion

A

(all plasma solutes)

substances move down the concentration gradient

261
Q

What is Transcytosis

A

passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis

262
Q

What is bulk flow

A

movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction
move in response to pressure ( high to low)
Faster rate of movement vs diffusion

263
Q

What is filtration in bulk flow

A

movement of material into interstitial fluid

264
Q

What is reabsorption in bulk flow

A

movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries

265
Q

What is net filtration pressure

A

balance of filtration and reabsorption

266
Q

What percent of filtered fluid is returned to the capillary

A

85%

267
Q

What are the names of the SL valves

A

pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

268
Q

The aortic valve separates what two parts of the heart

A

the Aorta and the L ventricle

269
Q

The pulmonary valve separates what two parts of the heat

A

The R ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

270
Q

1st heart sound or Lub

A

The closing of the the Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve

271
Q

2nd heart sound or Dub

A

The closing of the semilunar valves

272
Q

How much volume of blood is in the systemic veins and venules

A

60%

273
Q

How much volume of blood is in the systemic arteries and arterioles

A

15%

274
Q

How much volume of blood is in the pulmonary vessels

A

12%

275
Q

How much volume of blood is in the heart

A

8%

276
Q

How much volume of blood is in the systemic capillaries

A

5%

277
Q

Where in the blood is the blood moving fastest

A

Aorta

278
Q

Where in the blood is the blood moving the slowest

A

Capillaries

279
Q

What are the 3 major veins that drop deoxygenated blood into the R arteries

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Ceva

Coronary sinus

280
Q

What are the 4 major divisions of the Aorta

A

Ascending
Arch
Thoracic
Abdominal

281
Q

What is the subclavian brances

A

Subclavian to Axillary to Brachial to Radial and Ulnar

282
Q

What Aorta supplies the Lower extremities

A

Abdominal Aorta

283
Q

The abdominal aorta splits into what

A

External and Illiac arteries

284
Q

The Superior Vena Cava brings blood from where to the R atrium

A

Head and Upper extremities

285
Q

The Inferior Vena Cava brings blood from where to the R Atrium

A

abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs

286
Q

The Coronary sinus brings blood from where

A

Heart

287
Q

What does the ovarian ligament attach too

A

Anchors ovary medially to the uterus

Biology 181 (4 decks)

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