Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
Cardiovascular system Blood
1
Q
What are the functions of blood
A
transporting substance, regulating blood levels of particular substances, and protecting the body
2
Q
What are the transport functions of blood
A
Delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from digest tract to body of cells
Transport metabolic waste products
Transporting Hormones
3
Q
What re the Regulatory functions of the blood
A
Maintain appropriate body temp- absorb and distribute heat throughout body
Maintain Normal pH - acts as alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintain adequate fluid volume
4
Q
What are the protective functions of the blood
A
Prevents blood loss
Preventing infection- contain leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins
5
Q
What is blood consist of
A
Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes 45%
Buffy Coat (contains Leukocytes >1% and platelets
6
Q
Blood is what type of tissue and consist of what
A
Connective tissue
Consist of suspended formed elements (leukocytes and Erythrocytes) in plasma
7
Q
What is dissolved in blood and what is it used for
A
Dissolved Fibrous
Fibrin strands used for blood clotting
8
Q
What is the hematocrit percent
A
Percent of Erythrocytes from the total volume
Normal is 45% Average 47%
Male 40-54%
Female 37-47%
9
Q
Characteristics of blood
A
Blood is sticky, opaque fluid
Slightly Alkaline pH 7.4-7.5
More dense and vicious then water
When number of red blood cells increase normal range
blood becomes more vicious and flows more slowly
When number of red blood decrease normal range blood becomes less vicious and fast
10
Q
What is plasma made out of
A
90% water Electrolytes- most abundant Nutrients gases hormones waste and products of cells activities proteins inorganic ions
11
Q
What are the formed elements
A
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets
12
Q
What are Erythrocytes
A
RBCs
Mature ones are anucleate (no nucleus) and organelles
Contains hemoglobin (Hb)
13
Q
What is hemoglobin
A
bags that performs gas transportation in RBCs
14
Q
Where does Erythrocytes/RBCs have gas exchange
A
at the capillaries (lungs and other sites)
15
Q
Why are Erythrocytes/RBCs concave
A
To increase surface area for gas exchange, due to cytoplasm close to surface
16
Q
How much hemoglobin does Erythrocytes/RBCs contain
A
97%
17
Q
Why are Erythrocytes good for carrying oxygen
A
No mitochondria, no use of O2. Uses anaerobic mechanism to create ATP
18
Q
How much hemoglobin do humans have
A
Males 13-18 g per/ 100 ml
Females 12-16 g per 100ml
19
Q
What is hemoglobin made of
A
Heme - red pigment
Globin- protein
Iron (Fe) - in the middle
20
Q
What is Globin consist of
A
2 Alpha
2 Beta
All bind with heme
21
Q
What is the mechanism of oxygen loading
A
O2 in the lungs attach to the Erythrocytes via Fe becomes oxyhemoglobin
Color - Ruby Red
22
Q
What is the mechanism of oxygen unloading
A
Goes to tissue O2 detaches from Fe
Deoxyhemoglobin
23
Q
Where does the CO2 attach on the erythrocytes
A
On the globin protein
24
Q
What is the name of blood formation
A
hematopoiesis
25
Where does blood formation happen
Adult-In Red bone marrow, in the axial skeleton and sternum, ribs, pelvis , proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur
Embryo- Yolk Sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and red bone marrow
26
What is the name of Erythrocyte production
Erythropoiesis
27
In Erythropoiesis, what is the name of the stem cell
Myeloid Stem Cell a descendant of Hematopoietic stem cell
28
What does Proerythroblast become
Basophilic
29
What are the two stem cells that differentiates from the pluripotent stem cell
Myeloid or lymphoid stem cell
30
What is a unique characteristic of reticulocyte
No nucleus but has clumped ribosomes.
31
How much does reticulocytes account for in the blood
1-2%
32
What does high amounts of reticulocytes mean
abnormal amounts of erthrocyte formation
33
What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do
Stimulates the formation of erythrocytes
34
What is Erythropoietin
glycoprotein hormone
35
Where is Erythropoietin made
Mostly in the kidneys then in the liver
36
What triggers synthesis of Erythropoietin
Decrease blood oxygen levels
37
What drops in normal blood oxygen can result from
Reduced RBC due to hemorrhage or excessive RBC destruction
Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (as in iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of oxygen (i.e high altitude or during pneumonia)
38
What controls the rate of erythropoiesis
Ability to transport oxygen
39
What are other factors needed for erythropoiesis
Nutrients - amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates
Two B- Complex vitamins- Vitamin B 12 and folic acid are necessary for normal DNA synthesis
Iron
40
What is the life span of RBCs
120 days
41
What are antigens and where are they found
Found on the RBC plasma membrane.
They are highly specific molecular markers.
There job is to perceives foreign objects and creates an immune response
42
What are medical uses of Erythropoietin
Used to simulate RBC production in end stage kidney disease
43
Characteristic of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Biconcave disk
8 microns in diameter
No nucleus or oranelles
44
What is the normal Erythrocytes (RBCs) count
Male 5.4 million/drop
| Female 4.8 million/drop
45
How much new RBCs enter the circulation
2 million/second
46
What does the globin protein made of
4 polypeptide chains
47
Globin protein connects what
1 heme pigment connected to polypeptide chain
48
heme contains what
Iron Ion Fe2+
49
Heme can combine with what
Oxygen molecule
50
What are Leukocytes
White blood cells
51
What is it called when Leukocyte count >11,000
Leukocytosis
52
What does it mean when Leukocyte count >11,000
Body fighting an infection, can be from exercise, anesthesia or surgery
53
What leukocytes are considered granular
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils
54
What leukocytes are considered Agranulocytes
Monocytes or Lymphocytes
55
How much does leukocytes account for in total blood volume
1%
56
Where is the majority of leukocytes
lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymphnodes and spleen
57
What is Diapedesis
When Leukocytes slip out of the capillary blood vessels
58
What are characteristics of granular leukocytes
Large, short lived vs RBCs, have multiple nucleus (2-5) connected by thin nuclear strands. Diameter 10-12 cells , Granules are fine and pale liliac
59
What is the most abundant leukocytes
Neutrophils
60
How much WBC are there in a drop of blood
5000-10,000 cells
61
Due to neutrophils having nuclear variability, what is another name
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
62
Where are neutrophils attracted to
Sites of inflammation and active sites of phagocytosis
63
What is it called when leukocyte count is low
Leukopenia
64
What is a cause of low leukocyte count
radiation, shock or chemotherapy
65
What are characteristics of Esoinophils
Large (10-12 Diameters), Granules are uniform sized,
66
How much Eosinophils account for in Leukocytes
2%-4%
67
What are characteristics of granular leukocytes
Large, short lived vs RBCs, have multiple nucleus (2-5) connected by thin nuclear strands.
68
What is the most abundant granular leukocyte
Neutrophils (50%-70%)
69
How many nucleus does older granulocytes contain
usually >3
70
Due to neutrophils having nuclea, what is another name
polymmorphnucle
71
What are neutrophils attracted to and what does it attack
Sites of inflammation and active sites of phagocytosis.
| Attacks bacteria and some fungi
72
What are the characteristics of Basophils
Large ( Diameter 8-10 microns), Nucleus is U or S shaped and bilobed nuclei
73
What does Basophils' granules contain
Histamines to vasodilate
74
What type of leukocyte are Eosinophils
Granular and polymorphonuclear
75
What does the Eosinophils enzymes do not "digest"
bacteria
76
What is the importance of Eosinophils
Fight parasites
77
Where are Eosinophils found
Loose connective tissue
78
How much basophils account for in Leukocytes
0.5%-1% (rarest)
79
What do B lymphocytes (B cells) do
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
80
What are the characteristics of basophils
Large ( Diameter 8-10 microns),
81
What are characteristics of monocytes
Largest ( 12-20 microns), Contains a kidney shaped or U shaped nucleus.
82
What are monocytes "job"
Turns into macrophages to fight virus, certain bacteria, and chronic infections
83
How much does lymphocytes account for in leukocytes
25% or more
84
What are characteristics of lymphotcytes
Dark, oval to round nucleus, Can be small (6-9 microns) to Large ( 10-14 microns), increase during viral infections
85
Where are majority of lymphocytes found
In lymphoid tissues
86
What are characteristics of platelets
Disc-shaped, 2-4 microns fragments, no nucleus ( anucleate)
87
What do T lymphocytes ( T cells ) do
function for immune response by acting directly against virus infected cells or tumor cells
88
What are the steps of Hemostasis in order
1) Vascular Spasm, 2) Platelet plug, 3) coagulation
89
Describe Vascular spasm
Damaged blood vessels vasoconstrict ( smooth muscle contract)
Chemical release by endothelial cells and activated platelets
Bigger damage more effecient
90
What are characteristics of monocytes
Largest ( 12-20 microns)
91
What are monocytes "job"
Turns into macrophages to fight virus, certain bacteria, and chronic infections
92
What type of macrophages does monocytes turn into
alveolar macrophages in lungs
| Kupffer Cells in liver
93
What cells do platelets derive from
megakarytocytes
94
What are platelets used for
Clotting process in the blood vessels
95
What hormone regulates the formation of platelets
thrombopoietin
96
What are the events of Hemostasis
Vascular Spasm, Platelet plug, coagulation
97
What are the steps of vascular spasm
Damaged blood vessel stimulates pain receptors
| Reflex contraction constrict smooth muscle of small blood vessels
98
Vascular spasm only occurs with what type of blood vessels
Small blood vessels and ateriole
99
What triggers vascular spasm
damaged vascular smooth muscle
chemical released by damaged endothelial cells
activated platelets
100
What is the steps of platelet plug formation
When endothelium cells is damaged and collagen fibers are exposed, platelets adhere via willebrand factor
101
What prevents platelets from adhering when there is no damage
Endothelial cells release nitric oxide and prostacyclin
102
What does it mean for platelets to become activiated
The swell
for spike processed
becomes stickier
103
What chemicals platelets release
ADP, Serotonin, thromboxane A
104
What are platelet-derived growth factor
causes proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscles and fibroblast to repair damaged vessels
105
In platelet plug formation, what are alpha granules
Clotting fibers
| platelet-derived growth factors
106
In platelet plug formation, what are dense granules
ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A
107
How long can vascular spasm can prevent blood loss
20-30 mins
108
What do ADP, Serotonin, thromboxane A do
They are vasoconstrictors
109
Describe Coagulation/Blood clotting
Blood becomes liquid to gel via fibrin thread
110
What substances are needed for clotting
Ca+2
enzymes synthesized by liver cells
Substances release by platelets or damaged tissues
111
What is Clotting Cascade
Prothrombinase & Ca+2 convert prothrombin into thrombin
| thrombin coverts fibrinogen into fibrin threads
112
Describe the Extrinsic pathway
Damaged tissue leak thromboplastin into bloodstream
Prothrombinase
In the presence of Ca+2 clotting factor X combines with V to form prothrombinase
113
Describe the Intrinsic pathway
Endothelium is damaged & platelets come in contact with collagen of blood vessel wall
Platelets damaged & release phospholipids
Requires several minute for reaction to occur
Substances involved Ca+2 and clotting factors XII, X , V
114
Describe the common pathway
Prothrombinase and Ca+2 catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
In the presence of Ca+2 converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads
Activates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII
115
What are antigens/ agglutinogens
Anything that the body perceives foreign and generates immune response. Made out of glycoproteins and glycolipids
116
What are A/B antibodies
Reacts to antigens ( A reacts to A) (B reacts to B)
117
What is the universal recipient
AB
118
What is the universal donor
O
119
What is the Rh blood groups
Rh are a type of agglutinogens
120
What does Rh+ mean
That the person carries D antigen
121
What happens when Rh- receives Rh+ blood
body starts producing anti Rh bodies
122
What is hemolytic disease of a newborn
Rh negative mom and Rh+ fetus will mis blood. Mom creates Rh antibodies causing second child hemolysis of the fetal RBCs
123
What are transfusion reactions
When recipients antibodies attack the RBCs.
124
What happens during a transfusion reaction
RBCs clog blood vessels then ruptures. Hemoglobin is released
125
What are the effects of free hemoglobin in the blood
Blood cells cannot transport oxygen
| Can damage kidneys
126
What is the pulmonary circuit
Blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the lungs
127
What is the systemic circuit
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the all body tissues
128
What type of blood does RA contain
Deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena ceva
129
What type of blood does RV contain
Deoxygenated blood from R atrium
130
Where does the RV blood go to
The deoxygenated blood goes to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to the lung
131
What type of blood does LA contain
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
132
What type of blood does LV contain
Oxgenated blood from the L atrium
133
Where does the blood from the LV go to
Through the arota and the rest of body
134
What is the heart enclosed in
Pericardium (Double walled sac)
135
What is the serous pericardium
two-layer serious membrane that creates and enclosed sac around the heart
136
What is the most outer layer of the serous pericardium
Parietal layer
137
What is the most inner layer of the serous pericardium
visceral layer ( epicardium )
138
What is between the the parietal layer and visceral layer
the pericardial cavity
139
What does the pericardial cavity contain
serious fluid
140
What is the job of the serious fluid
glide smoothly past one another, allowing the mobile heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment.
141
What are the layers of the heart wall
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
142
What is the myocardium and what does it contain
The muscle heart and composed of mainly cardiac muscle
143
What three veins return blood to the heart
Superior Vena Ceva
Inferior Vena Ceva
Coronary Sinus
144
Where is the largest artery in the heart
The aorta
145
The aorta receives blood from where
The L ventricle
146
The pulmonary veins are different from other veins because why
It brings blood from the lungs ( oxygenated blood ) to the L Atrium
147
The endocardium lines what
Chambers and valves
148
What is the coronary sulcus
Encircles heart and marks the boundary between the atria and the ventricles
149
What is the Sulci
Grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat
150
What is the anterior interventricular sulcus
Marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly
151
What is the posterior interventricular sulcus
Marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly
152
What does left coronary artery branch into
Anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
153
What does the Anterior interventricular arter/left anterior descending artery supply
Interventricular septrum and the anterior wall of both ventricles
154
What does the right coronary artery branch off to
Right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery
155
Cardic veins form what
coronary sinus
156
What is the name of the valve that separates the R Atrium and the R ventricle
the tricuspid valve
157
What is the name of the valve the separates the L atrium and the L ventricle
mitral valve/bicuspid valve
158
What are the name of the valves that guard the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
Semilunar valves
159
What is the trabeculae carneae
Mark the internal wall of the ventricular chambers
160
What does the papillary muscles connect too
Valve function
161
What are blood vessels
Closed system of tubes that carries blood
162
Where does arteries send blood
Heart to Tissues
163
What are the 3 types of arteries
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
164
What does capillaries do
Allow exchanged
165
What does do venule merge to form
Veins
166
Where does veins send blood too
to the heart
167
What are the 3 layers of the arteries
```
Tunica internia (intima)
Tunica Media
Tunica externa
```
168
What the Tunica interna made of
simple squamous epithelium ( endothelium)
basement membrane
internal elastic lamnia
169
Vascular smooth muscle is innervated by what
sympathetic nervous system
170
What happens to the vessels when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated
Muscle contraction or vasoconstriction
171
What does the elastic arteries do
Help propel blood onward despite ventricular relaxation
| stretch and recoil - pressure reservoir
172
There are most abundant of elastic fibers in tunica media are in what type of arteries
Largest-diameter arteries (Aorta)
173
There are most abundant of muscle fibers in tunica media are in what type of arteries
Medium sized arteries
174
What are muscular arteries do
Distributing arteries because capable vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust rate of flow
175
What are arterioles
Small arteries delivering blood to capillaries
176
What is the major function of the arteriorles
Control blood pressure
177
What happens to Blood pressure when arteries vasoconstrict
Increase BP
178
What happens to Blood pressure when arteries vasodilate
Decrease BP
179
What do Capillaries do
Exchange vessels
| Exchange nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue fluid
180
What do veins do
Blood reservoir Low pressure
181
What does Capillaries form
Microcirculation
182
What is microcirculation
connects ateriorles to venules
183
Where are capillaries found
Usually found in extensive highly active tissue
| muscles, liver, kidneys, brain
184
Where are capillaries not found
Epithelia, cornea and lens of eye and cartilage
185
What are the type of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, sinusoids
186
What are continuous capillaries and where are they found
Intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells
| Found in skeletal and smooth, connective tissue and lungs
187
What are venules
Small veins collecting blood from capillaries
188
Veins have what and not found in arteries
Valves
189
What do veins lack
external and internal elastic lamina
190
In veins, Tunica media has more or less muscle
less
191
What are valves in veins made out of
tunica interna
192
What is valves in the veins do
prevent backflow
193
What does venous sinus lack
Muscle
194
What are varicose veins
Twisted, dilated superficial veins
allows backflow and pooling of blood causing increase fluid in the tissues
tissues become inflamed and tender
Not found in deep veins due to muscles
195
What cause varicose veins
leaky venous valves
196
What are fenestrated capillaries and where are they found
Plasma membranes have many holes
| Kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses, ciliary process, endocrine glands
197
Anastomoses
2 or more arteries supplying the same body region
198
How much of blood volume at rest is found in the veins and venules
60%
199
Veins are known as what
Blood reservoir
200
Where is the vein that store the most blood
skin or abdominal organs
201
How much blood volume in arteries and arterioles
15%
202
Capillary exchange moves how
movement of materials in and out of a capillary via diffusion
203
What is bulk flow
Movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction
Move in response to pressure
204
What is Edema
Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption
205
What factors effect circulation
```
Pressure difference that drive the blood flow
Velocity of blood flow
volume of blood flow
blood pressure
resistance to flow
venous return
```
206
What is polycythemia
Increase RBC causing thick blood, usually do to hypoxia
207
Speed of blood flow
Inversely proportional to cross-sectional area
Blood flow is slower in aterial branches
(40cm/sec in aorta)
(.1 cm/sec in capillaries)
208
What is circulation time
Time it takes a drop of blood to travel from R Atrium to R atrium.
209
What are sinusoids and where are they found
Very large fenestrations
| Liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary and parathyroid gland
210
What is equation of cardiac output
Cardiac output =stroke volume x heart rate
211
What other factors influence cardiac output
blood pressure
resistance due to friction between blood cells and blood vessel walls
Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
212
How much percent blood volume does pulmonary vessels
12%
213
How much percent blood volume does hearts
8%
214
How much percent blood volume does the brain contain
5%
215
What is blood pressure
Pressure exerted by by blood on walls or vessels
216
What happens to the blood pressure when HR increases
BP rises
217
What happens to blood pressure in the systemic circulation
Pressure falls steadily in systemic circulation
218
What happens when cardiac output
Increase BP
219
What factors effects blood pressure
Blood Viscosity
Blood vessel length
Radius of blood vessels
220
What happens to BP when blood viscosity is thick
Increase resistance increase blood pressure
221
What happens to BP when blood vessels are long
Longer length greater resistance increase blood pressure
222
What happens to BP when blood vessels vasoconstrict
More resistance increase blood pressure
223
How does aterioles control BP
Changes diameter
224
What is systemic vascular resistance
Blood vessel radius, Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length
225
What is venous return
Volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins
226
What is the skeletal muscle pump
Contraction of muscles and presence of valves
227
What is the respiratory pump
Decreased thoracic pressure and increase abdominal pressure during inhalation, moves blood into thoracic veins and the right atrium
228
What are the cardiovascular centers
Parasympathetic ( Vagus nerve)- Decrease HR
Sympathetic ( Cardiac accelerator nerves)- causes increase or decrease in contractility and rate
Vasomotor nerves ( sympathetic)
229
What controls the blood vessels
Sympathetic vasomotor nerves
230
What are the functions of the autorhythmic cells
Cells fire spontaneously, act as a pacemaker and form conduction system for the heart
231
What is the SA node and what does it do
cluster of cells in wall of Right Atria
begins heart activity that spreads to both atria
excitation spreads to AV node
232
What is the AV node
Fires .15s later
| in atrial septum, transmits signal to bundle of His
233
What is the AV bundle of His
The connection between atria and ventricles
divides into bundle trances and purkinje fibers
large diameter fibers that conduct signals quickly
234
How many times does the SA node fire
90-100 times per minute
235
How many times does the AV node fire
40--50 times per minute
236
What is the SA node known for
Pacemaker
237
What is the name of the rhythm of the SA node produces
Sinus Rhythm
238
What is the full name of the SA node
Sinoatrial Node
239
What is the full name of the AV node
Atrioventriuclar node
240
Why does AV node delayed
Small Diameter
241
Describe AV bundle
Gets signals from AV node
242
What is the other name of AV bundle
Bundle of His
243
What is the tract that goes to SA node to AV
internodal tract
244
Where does the AV node signal sent to
Bundle of His
245
The bundle of His Branches off in where
Interventricular septum
246
The branches is sent to the where
prukinje fibers
247
What is the P wave and what does it do
Atrial depolarization or Atrial contraction
248
What is the QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization or ventrical contraction
249
What happens to the atrium during the QRS complex
Atrial repolarization or Atrial relaxation
250
Why is the S-T segment have a zero net charge
Completed ventricular depolarization
251
What happens the T Wave
Ventricular repolarization or Ventricular relaxation
252
What does ECG stand for
Electrocardiogram
253
What brain centers effect the cardiovascular center
Cerebral Cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus
254
What is the Tunica Media made out of
Circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers
255
What is the Tunica Externa
Elastic and collagen fibers
256
What is vasospasm
muscle contraction of the artery or arteriole reducing blood loss
257
What chemicals causes vasodilation
Nitric oxide, K+, H + and lactic acid
258
How does arteries propel blood
Stretch and recoil- pressure reservoir
259
How do materials in the blood move in and out of the capillaries
Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk flow
260
What is diffusion
(all plasma solutes)
| substances move down the concentration gradient
261
What is Transcytosis
passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis
262
What is bulk flow
movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction
move in response to pressure ( high to low)
Faster rate of movement vs diffusion
263
What is filtration in bulk flow
movement of material into interstitial fluid
264
What is reabsorption in bulk flow
movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries
265
What is net filtration pressure
balance of filtration and reabsorption
266
What percent of filtered fluid is returned to the capillary
85%
267
What are the names of the SL valves
pulmonary valve and the aortic valve
268
The aortic valve separates what two parts of the heart
the Aorta and the L ventricle
269
The pulmonary valve separates what two parts of the heat
The R ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
270
1st heart sound or Lub
The closing of the the Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve
271
2nd heart sound or Dub
The closing of the semilunar valves
272
How much volume of blood is in the systemic veins and venules
60%
273
How much volume of blood is in the systemic arteries and arterioles
15%
274
How much volume of blood is in the pulmonary vessels
12%
275
How much volume of blood is in the heart
8%
276
How much volume of blood is in the systemic capillaries
5%
277
Where in the blood is the blood moving fastest
Aorta
278
Where in the blood is the blood moving the slowest
Capillaries
279
What are the 3 major veins that drop deoxygenated blood into the R arteries
Superior/Inferior Vena Ceva
| Coronary sinus
280
What are the 4 major divisions of the Aorta
Ascending
Arch
Thoracic
Abdominal
281
What is the subclavian brances
Subclavian to Axillary to Brachial to Radial and Ulnar
282
What Aorta supplies the Lower extremities
Abdominal Aorta
283
The abdominal aorta splits into what
External and Illiac arteries
284
The Superior Vena Cava brings blood from where to the R atrium
Head and Upper extremities
285
The Inferior Vena Cava brings blood from where to the R Atrium
abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs
286
The Coronary sinus brings blood from where
Heart
287
What does the ovarian ligament attach too
Anchors ovary medially to the uterus
