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Anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy Exam 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Where two bones meet

- Where body movement occurs

A

Joints

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2
Q

What are the 4 structural classifications?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Bony
  • Synovial
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3
Q

Immovable Joint; strong; edges may touch or interlock

A

Synarthrosis

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4
Q

Slightly moveable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

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5
Q

Freely moveable joint

A

Diarthrosis

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of Synarthrosis joints?

A
  • Suture
  • Gomphosis
  • Synchondrosis
  • Synostosis
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7
Q
  • Found only between bones of skull
  • Edges of bones interlock
  • Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
A

Suture

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8
Q
  • Binds teeth to bony sockets

- Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

A

Gomphosis

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9
Q
  • Rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
  • Found between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
  • Also, epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones
A

Synchondrosis

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10
Q
  • Created when two bones fuse
  • Example: metopic suture of frontal bone
  • And epiphyseal lines of mature long bones
A

Synostosis

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of Amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Syndesmosis and Symphysis

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12
Q

Bones connected by a ligament

A

Syndesmosis

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13
Q

Bones connected by fibrocartilage

A

Symphysis

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14
Q
  • Freely movable joints
  • At ends of long bones
  • Surrounded by joint capsule
A

Synovial joints

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15
Q
  • Covers articulating surfaces

- Prevents direct contact between bones

A

Articular cartilage

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16
Q
  • Has the consistency of egg yolk
  • Primary functions include
  • -Lubrication
  • -Nutrient distribution
  • -Shock absorption
A

Synovial fluid

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17
Q

What joint is stabilized by accessory structures

  • Cartilages and fat pads
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
A

Synovial

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18
Q

Fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones

A

Meniscus

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19
Q
  • Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane

- Protect articular cartilages

A

Fat Pads

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20
Q

Support and strengthen joints

A

Ligaments

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21
Q

Ligament with torn collagen fibers

A

Sprain

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22
Q

Attach to muscles around joint

A

Tendons

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23
Q
  • Small pockets of synovial fluid

- Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues

A

Bursae

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24
Q

How are movements described?

A

In terms that reflect the

  • Plane or direction of movement
  • Relationship between structures
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25
Q

Monaxial

A

1 Plane

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26
Q

Biaxial

A

2 Planes

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27
Q

Triaxial

A

3 Planes

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28
Q

-When two flat surfaces slide past each other

Example: between carpal bones

A

Gliding Movement

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29
Q

Movement away from longitudinal axis

A

Abduction

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30
Q

Movement toward longitudinal axis

A

Adduction

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31
Q

-Flattened or slightly curved surfaces
-Limited motion (nonaxial)
Ex- Manubrium and Clavical

A

Plane Joint (Gliding)

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32
Q

Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)

Ex- Elbow, knee, and ankle joint

A

Hinge Joint

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33
Q

-Oval articular face within a depression
-Motion in two planes (biaxial)
Ex-

A

Condylar Joint (Ellipsoid)

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34
Q

-Articular faces fit together like a rider in a saddle
-Biaxial
Ex- Metacarpal bone of thumb and trapezium

A

Saddle Joint

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35
Q

-Rotation only
-Monaxial
Ex- Axis and Atlas vertebrae

A

Pivot Joint

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36
Q

-Round head in a cup-shaped depression
-Triaxial
Ex- Shoulder and hip joint

A

Ball and Socket Joint

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37
Q

Separates vertebral bodies

A

Intervertebral disc

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38
Q
  • Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage

- Attaches disc to vertebrae

A

Anulus fibrosus

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39
Q
  • Elastic, gelatinous core

- Absorbs shocks

A

Nucleus pulposus

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40
Q

-Cover superior and inferior surfaces of disc

A

Vertebral end plates of cartilage

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41
Q

Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae

A

Ligamenta flava

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42
Q
  • Bind vertebrae together

- Stabilize the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral ligaments

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43
Q

What are the 4 movements vertebrae are capable of?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation
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44
Q
  • Largest, strongest joint at elbow
  • Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
  • Limited movement
A

Humero-ulnar joint

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45
Q
  • Smaller joint

- Articulation between capitulum of humerus and head of radius

A

Humeroradial joint

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46
Q
  • Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
  • Greatest range of motion of any joint
  • Most frequently dislocated joint
A

Shoulder Joint

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47
Q

Between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

A

Hip joint

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48
Q

Pain and stiffness in musculoskeletal system

A

Rheumatism

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49
Q

All rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

A

Arthritis (joint inflammation)

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50
Q
  • Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
  • Generally affects people over age 60
A

Osteoarthritis

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51
Q

Crystals of uric acid form within synovial fluid

A

Gouty arthritis

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52
Q

Bone formation

A

Osteoblasts

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53
Q

Bone recycling

A

Osteoclasts

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54
Q

___ and ____ muscles control movements inside the body

A

Cardiac and Smooth

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55
Q

___ muscles moves the body by pulling on bones

A

Skeletal

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56
Q

What are the 4 common properties of muscle tissue?

A
  • Excitability (responsiveness)
  • Contractility (ability of cells to shorten)
  • Extensibility (stretching)
  • Elasticity (recoil)
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57
Q

Skeletal muscles have three layers of connective tissue which are…

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
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58
Q
  • Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
  • Connected to deep fascia
  • Separates muscle from surrounding tissues
A

Epimysium

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59
Q 
Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
Contains
-Collagen fibers
-Elastic fibers
-Blood vessels 
-Nerves
A

Perimysium

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60
Q

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
Contains
-Capillary networks
-Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
-Nerve fibers

A

Endomysium

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61
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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62
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscles are striated muscle

A

True

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63
Q

How are skeletal muscle fibers developed?

A

Fusion of embryonic cells

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64
Q

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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65
Q

___ surrounds the sarcoplasm

A

Sarcolemma

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66
Q
  • Tubes that extend from surface of muscle fiber deep into sarcoplasm
  • Transmit action potentials from sarcolemma into cell interior
A

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

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67
Q
  • A tubular network surrounding each myofibril
  • Similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Forms chambers
A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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68
Q

Responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myofibrils

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69
Q

Composed primarily of actin

A

Thin filaments

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70
Q

Composed primarily of myosin

A

Thick filaments

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71
Q

Smallest functional units of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

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72
Q

Dark bands of sarcomeres

A

A bands

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73
Q

Light bands of sarcomeres

A

I bands

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74
Q

What does the A band consist of?

A

M line, H band, and Zone of overlap

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75
Q
  • In center of A band

- Proteins stabilize positions of thick filaments

A

M Line

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76
Q
  • On either side of M line

- Has thick filaments but no thin filaments

A

H Band

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77
Q
  • Dark region

- Where thick and thin filaments overlap

A

Zone of Overlap

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78
Q
  • Elastic protein
  • Extends from tips of thick filaments to the Z line
  • Keeps filaments in proper alignment
  • Aids in restoring resting sarcomere length
A

Titin

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79
Q

Contain F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin proteins

A

Thin Filaments

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80
Q
  • Twisted strand composed of two rows of globular G-actin molecules
  • Active sites on G-actin bind to myosin
A

Filamentous actin (F-actin)

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81
Q

Holds F-actin strand together

A

Nebulin

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82
Q

Covers active sites on G-actin

Prevents actin–myosin interaction

A

Tropomyosin

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83
Q

A globular protein

Binds tropomyosin, G-actin, and Ca2+

A

Troponin

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84
Q

A graph showing tension development in muscle fibers

A

Myogram

85
Q
  • Action potential moves across sarcolemma

- SR releases Ca2+

A

Latent period

86
Q
  • Calcium ions bind to troponin and cross-bridges form

- Tension builds to a peak

A

Contraction phase

87
Q
  • Ca2+ levels in cytosol fall

- Cross-bridges detach and tension decreases

A

Relaxation phase

88
Q
  • Caused by repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
  • Produces a series of contractions with increasing tension
A

Treppe

89
Q
  • Increasing tension due to summation of twitches

- Caused by repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation phase

A

Wave summation

90
Q
  • Muscle produces near-maximum tension

- Caused by rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation

A

Incomplete Tetanus

91
Q
  • Higher stimulation frequency eliminates relaxation phase
  • Muscle is in continuous contraction
  • All potential cross-bridges form
A

Complete Tetanus

92
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

A

Motor Unit

93
Q

Characteristics of Motor Units

A
  • May contain a few muscle fibers or thousands

- All fibers in a motor unit contract at the same time

94
Q
  • Involuntary “muscle twitch”

- Involves more than one muscle fiber

A

Fasciculation

95
Q

The normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

A

Muscle Tone

96
Q
  • Skeletal muscle changes length

- Resulting in motion

A

Isotonic contractions

97
Q
  • Muscle tension > load (resistance)

- Muscle shortens

A

Isotonic concentric contraction

98
Q
  • Muscle tension < load

- Muscle elongates

A

Isotonic eccentric contraction

99
Q
  • Skeletal muscle develops tension that never exceeds the load
  • Muscle does not change length
A

Isometric contractions

100
Q

The ____ the load, the longer it takes for movement to begin.

A

Heavier

101
Q

How ATP relates to muscles

A
  • Contracting muscles use a lot of ATP
  • Muscles store a lot of ATP so they can start up a contraction
  • More ATP must be generated to sustain a contraction
102
Q
  • Anaerobic process
  • Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles
  • Produces two ATP per molecule of glucose
A

Glycolysis

103
Q
  • Primary energy source of resting muscles

- Breaks down fatty acids

A

Aerobic metabolism

104
Q

The time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal

A

Recovery Period

105
Q

What hormones increase metabolic activities in skeletal muscles?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Testosterone
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Epinephrine
106
Q

The maximum amount of tension produced

A

Force

107
Q

The amount of time an activity can be sustained

A

Endurance

108
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • Fast
  • Slow
  • Intermediate
109
Q
  • Majority of skeletal muscle fibers
  • Contract very quickly
  • Produce strong contractions, but fatigue quickly
A

Fast Fibers

110
Q
  • Slow to contract and slow to fatigue

- Contain myoglobin (red pigment that binds oxygen)

A

Slow Fibers

111
Q
  • Are mid-sized
  • Little myoglobin
  • Slower to fatigue than fast fibers
A

Intermediate Fibers

112
Q

Muscle growth from heavy training

A

Muscle Hypertrophy

113
Q

Reduction of muscle size, tone, and power due to lack of activity

A

Muscle Atrophy

114
Q

When muscles can no longer perform at a required level

A

Muscle Fatigue

115
Q

Fast/quick activities are known as ___ endurance

A

Anaerobic

116
Q

Prolonged activities is known as ___ endurance

A

Aerobic

117
Q

Join sarcolemmas of adjacent cardiac muscle cells by gap junctions and desmosomes

A

Intercalated discs

118
Q
  • Contraction without neural stimulation

- Controlled by pacemaker cells

A

Automaticity

119
Q

Structural characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • Long, slender, spindle-shaped cells
  • Single, central nucleus
  • No T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres
120
Q

True or false: smooth muscle is nonstriated muscle

A

True

121
Q

The ability to function over a wide range of lengths

A

Plasticity

122
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called…

A

Fascicles

123
Q
  • Muscle fibers spread out like a fan and converge on an attachment site
  • Fibers pull in different directions, depending on activity
A

Convergent muscles

124
Q

Slender band of collagen fibers

A

Raphe

125
Q
  • Muscle fibers pull at an angle relative to tendon
  • Do not move their tendons as far
  • Contain more myofibrils
  • Develop more tension
A

Pennate muscles

126
Q

All fascicles on same side of tendon

A

Unipennate

127
Q

Fascicles on both sides of a central tendon

A

Bipennate

128
Q

Tendon branches within muscle

A

Multipennate

129
Q
  • Act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts

- Surround body openings and hollow organs

A

Circular muscles (sphincters)

130
Q

Almost all skeletal muscles attach to ___

A

Bones

131
Q

Site of connection to a bone affects ___, ___, and ___

A

Force, speed, and range of motion

132
Q

Moves on a fixed point

A

Fulcrum

133
Q

Fulcrum lies between applied force and load

A

First-class lever

134
Q

Load lies between applied force and fulcrum

A

Second-class lever

135
Q

Applied force is between load and fulcrum

A

Third-class lever

136
Q

Fixed point of attachment of a muscle to bone is the…

A

origin

137
Q

Movable point of attachment is the..

A

insertion

138
Q

Mostly responsible for producing a particular movement

A

Agonist

139
Q

Opposes movement of a particular agonist

A

Antagonist

140
Q

A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist

A

Synergist

141
Q

A synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint

A

Fixator

142
Q

The body has approx. ___ skeletal muscles

A

700

143
Q

Muscles visible at body surface

A

Externus (superficialis)

144
Q

Deeper muscles

A

Internus (profundus

145
Q

Position or stabilize an organ

A

Extrinsic muscles

146
Q

Located entirely within an organ

A

Intrinsic muscles

147
Q

Run across the long axis of the body

A

Transversus muscles

148
Q

Run at a slant to long axis

A

Oblique muscles

149
Q

Run along the long axis

A

Rectus (straight) muscles

150
Q

Deltoid

A

Triangle

151
Q

Orbicularis

A

Circle

152
Q

Pectinate

A

Comblike

153
Q

Piriformis

A

Pear Shaped

154
Q

Platysma

A

Flat Plate

155
Q

Pyramidal

A

Pyramid

156
Q

Rhomboid

A

Parallelogram

157
Q

Serratus

A

Serrated

158
Q

Splenius

A

Bandage

159
Q

Teres

A

Round and long

160
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezoid

161
Q

Alba

A

White

162
Q

Brevis

A

Short

163
Q

Gracilis

A

Slender

164
Q

Latae

A

Wide

165
Q

Latissimus

A

Widest

166
Q

Longissimus

A

Longest

167
Q

Longus

A

Long

168
Q

Magnus

A

Large

169
Q

Major

A

Larger

170
Q

Maximus

A

Largest

171
Q

Minimus

A

Smallest

172
Q

Minor

A

Smaller

173
Q

Vastus

A

Great

174
Q

Buccinator

A

Trumpeter

175
Q

Risorius

A

Laugher

176
Q

Sartorius

A

Like a tailor

177
Q

Constricts the mouth opening

A

Orbicularis oris

178
Q
  • Moves food across the teeth

- In infants, provides suction for nursing

A

Buccinator

179
Q
  • Elevate, depress, and protract mandible

- Slide mandible from side to side (lateral excursion)

A

Pterygoid muscles

180
Q

Helps elevate the mandible

A

Temporalis

181
Q

Strongest jaw muscle

A

Masseter

182
Q

Move food into esophagus

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

183
Q
  • Elevate the soft palate and adjacent portions

- Pull open entrance to auditory tube

A

Palatal muscles

184
Q

Raise the larynx

A

Laryngeal elevators

185
Q
  • Controls position of larynx
  • Extends from chin to hyoid bone
  • And from hyoid to mastoid portion of temporal bone
A

Digastric

186
Q
  • Elevates floor of the mouth

- Depresses jaw

A

Mylohyoid

187
Q

Extends between hyoid bone and chin

A

Geniohyoid

188
Q

Between hyoid bone and styloid process of skull

A

Stylohyoid

189
Q
  • Extends from clavicle and sternum to mastoid

- Turns head obliquely to opposite side

A

Sternocleidomastoid

190
Q

Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid

A

Omohyoid

191
Q

Rotate and flex the neck

A

Longus capitis and longus colli

192
Q

Flexes vertebral column and depresses ribs

A

Quadratus lumborum

193
Q
  • Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis
  • Divided longitudinally by linea alba
  • Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions
A

Rectus abdominis

194
Q
  • Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles

- Move upper and lower limbs

A

Appendicular Muscles

195
Q
  • Large and superficial
  • Covers back and portions of the neck
  • Extends to base of skull
  • Originates on midline of neck and back
  • Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
A

Trapezius

196
Q
  • Fan-shaped muscle on chest
  • Originates along ribs
  • Inserts on anterior margin of scapula
A

Serratus anterior

197
Q

Produce medial rotation at shoulder

A

Subscapularis and teres major

198
Q

Produce lateral rotation at shoulder

A

Infraspinatus and teres minor

199
Q

Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

A

Coracobrachialis

200
Q
  • Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus

- Produces extension at shoulder joint

A

Latissimus dorsi

201
Q

Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm

A

Extensors

202
Q

Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

A

Flexors

203
Q
  • Flexes elbow and supinates forearm
  • Stabilizes shoulder joint
  • Originates on scapula
  • Inserts on radial tuberosity of radius
A

Biceps brachii

204
Q

Flex the elbow

A

Brachialis and brachioradialis

205
Q
  • Originate on humerus and ulna

- Rotate radius

A

Supinator and pronator teres

206
Q
  • Originates on ulna

- Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of supinator or biceps brachii

A

Pronator quadratus

207
Q
  • Wide band of connective tissue
  • Posterior surface of wrist
  • Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles
A

Extensor retinaculum

208
Q
  • Anterior surface of wrist

- Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles

A

Flexor retinaculum

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

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