Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal System Includes
A
Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues
2
Q
Functions of Skeletal System
A
Support, protection, leverage, blood cell production, and storage of minerals and lipids
3
Q
How are bones classified?
A
By shape and structure
4
Q
What are the different bone shapes?
A
Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long and sesamoid
5
Q
Sutural Structure
A
Small, flat, oddly shaped. Found between flat bones of the skull
6
Q
Irregular Structure
A
Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. (Vertebra)
7
Q
Short Structure
A
Boxlike. (Carpal and tarsal)
8
Q
Flat Structure
A
Thin, parallel surfaces. (Sternum)
9
Q
Long Structure
A
Long and slender. (Arm, leg, fingers, toes)
10
Q
Sesamoid Structure
A
Small, round, and flat. (Patella)
11
Q
What are projections?
A
Where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach.
12
Q
Where are projections located?
A
At articulations with other bones
13
Q
What are openings and depressions for?
A
Passage of blood vessels and nerves
14
Q
Shaft of the bone. Wall of compact bone. Central space called Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity)
A
Diaphysis
15
Q
Wide part at each end. Mostly Spongy Bone.
A
Epiphysis
16
Q
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
A
Metaphysis
17
Q
About Bone Tissue
A
Dense, supportive connective tissue
Contains specialized cells
Solid extracellular matrix with collagen fibers
18
Q
Characteristics of Bone
A
Dense matrix
19
Q
Osteocytes
A
(Bone cells)
20
Q
What are Canaliculi?
A
Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases
21
Q
What does the Periosteum do?
A
Covers outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
22
Q
How much of bone mass is collagen fibers?
A
One third
23
Q
What percent of bone mass is made up of bone cells?
A
2%
24
Q
How many types of bones cells are there?
A
4
25
What are the 4 different types of bone cells?
Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
26
Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts. They are located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum. They assist in fracture repair
Osteogenic Cells
27
Immature cells. Produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis
Osteoblasts
28
Matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet become calcified
Osteoid
29
Osteoblasts become....
Osteocytes
30
Mature bone that don’t divide. In lacunae between layers of matrix. Have cytoplasmic extensions that pass through canaliculi
Osteocytes-
31
Major function of Osteocytes
Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix and help repair damaged bone
32
Large, multinucleate cells. Absorb and remove bone matrix. Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes.
Osteoclasts
33
Functional unit of compact bone
Osteon
34
Contains blood vessels
Central Canal
35
Perpendicular to surface of bone and carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow
Perforating Canals
36
Layers of bone matrix
Lamellae
37
Surround central canal
Concentric
38
Fill space between osteons
Interstitial
39
At outer and inner bone surfaces
Circumferential
40
Spongy Bone lacks.....
Osteons
41
Fills spaces between trabeculae, forms blood vessels, and contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion
Red Bone Marrow
42
Yellow Bone Marrow stores...
Fat
43
Membrane that covers outside of bones (except with joint cavities)
Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
Fibers interwoven with tendons
Periosteum
44
Fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue
Perforating fibers
45
Functions of Periosteum include
Isolates bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for blood vessels and nerves, and participates in bone growth and repair
46
Incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity
Endosteum
47
Functions of Endosteum
Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
– Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
– Lines central canals of compact bone
– Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells
48
bone formation
Ossification (osteogenesis)
49
deposition of calcium salts
| Occurs during ossification
Calcification
50
What are the two forms of ossification?
Endochondral and intramembranous
51
To what age do some humans grow bones until?
25
52
What is cartilage replaced by?
Bone
53
How do most bones form?
Endochondral ossification
54
—growth in width
Thickens and strengthens long bones
Layers of circumferential lamellae are added at outer surface
Appositional growth
55
Produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicles (collarbones)
Intramembranous ossification
| Also called dermal ossification
56
Most bones have one of each (some have more)
| Pass through nutrient foramina in diaphysis
Nutrient artery and vein
57
Supply blood to epiphyseal cartilages
| Where bone growth occurs
Metaphyseal vessels
58
Supply blood to superficial osteons
| And to secondary ossification centers
Periosteal vessels
59
Periosteum also contains...
Network of lymphatic vessels
| Sensory Nerves
60
Bone degeneration
Up to one-third of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity
61
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
62
Calcium ions are vital to...
Many physiological processes
63
Bones store up to ____% of the body's ___
99%/Calcium
64
Cracks or breaks in bones due to physical stress
Fractures
65
What are the major types of fractures?
Transverse, displaced, compression, spiral, epiphyseal, comminuted, greenstick, Colles, Pott’s
66
What are the 4 steps to fracture repair?
1. Fracture hematoma formation
2. Callus formation
3. Spongy bone formation
4. Compact bone formation
67
- Production of a large blood clot
- Establishes a fibrous network
- Bone cells in the area die
Fracture hematoma formation
68
Cells of endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone
Callus Formation
69
Internal callus develops in medullary cavity
| External callus of cartilage and bone surrounds break
Calluses stabilize the break
70
Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
Spongy bone formation
71
Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal
Compact bone formation
72
(reduction of bone mass)
Osteopenia
73
Facts about Osteopenia
Begins between ages 30 and 40
Women lose 8 percent of bone mass per decade
Men lose 3 percent
74
What parts/areas are most affected by Osteopenia?
Epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected
75
What results can come from Osteopenia?
fragile limbs, reduced height, and tooth loss
76
severe loss of bone mass
Osteoporosis
77
Facts on Osteoporosis
Compromises normal function
Over age 45, occurs in
29 percent of women
18 percent of men
78
About hormones and bone loss:
Sex hormones help maintain bone mass
| In women, osteoporosis accelerates after menopause
79
- Bones of head and trunk
| - Forms longitudinal axis of body
Axial Skeleton
80
Bones that support the limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
81
How many bones does the Axial skeleton have?
80
82
The skulls has...
8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
83
The thoracic cage consists of...
Sternum and 24 ribs
84
The vertebral column consists of...
24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
85
Functions of the axial skeleton
Supports and protects organs in body cavities
| Provides points of attachment for muscles
86
The skull contains ___ bones
22
87
There are __ superficial facial bones and they are for ____
9/muscle attachment
88
There are ___ deeper facial bones that _____
5/Help separate oral and nasal cavities
Increase surface area of nasal cavities
Help form the nasal septum
89
Immovable joints of the skull
Sutures
90
What are the 4 major sutures?
Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous sutures
91
Separates occipital from parietal bones
| May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones)
Lambdoid
92
Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones
Coronal
93
Between parietal bones
| From lambdoid suture to coronal suture
Sagittal
94
Join temporal bones with parietal bones
Squamous
95
What are the cranial bones?
```
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
```
96
Occipital bone functions:
Forms much of posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium
97
Parietal bone functions:
Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium
98
Frontal bone functions:
Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets
| Contains frontal sinuses
99
Temporal bone functions:
Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
Articulate with mandible
Surround and protect internal ear
Attach muscles of jaws and head
100
Sphenoid bone functions:
Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites cranial and facial bones
Strengthens sides of the skull
101
Ethmoid function:
Anteromedial floor of the cranium
Roof of the nasal cavity
Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall
102
About the Infant Skull
```
Grows rapidly
Is large compared to the body
Has many ossification centers
Fusion of bones is not complete at birth
Two frontal bones
Four occipital bones
Several sphenoid and temporal elements
```
103
Large areas of fibrous connective tissue
Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
Allow the skull to flex during birth
Fontanelles
104
Vertebral column
Protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and body
26 bones
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx
105
The neck contains...
Seven cervical vertebrae
106
The upper back contains...
12 thoracic vertebrae and each articulates with one or more pairs of ribs
107
The lower back contains...
Five lumbar vertebrae
108
Pads of fibrocartilage
| Separate adjacent vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
109
Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
| For nerve connections to spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
110
Formed by vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae
| Encloses the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
111
Functions of thoracic cage
```
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
(Including heart, lungs, and thymus)
Provides attachment for muscles involved in
Breathing
Maintaining position of vertebral column
Moving pectoral girdles
```
112
A flat bone in anterior midline of thoracic wall and has 3 parts
Sternum
113
What are the 3 parts
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
114
What percentage of bones is included in the Appendicular Skeleton?
60%
115
Pectoral Girdle
Connects each arm to the body
Movements position the shoulder joint
And provide a basis for arm movement
116
What does each pectoral girdle consist of?
One clavicle
| One scapula
