Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of body structures
Physiology
The study of function
Main Organs in the Integumentary System
Skin, hair, Sweat glands, and nails
Main functions of the Integumentary System
Protects against the environment, and helps regulate body temperature, as well as provides sensory information.
Main Organs in the Skeletal System
Bones, Cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow
Main functions of the Skeletal System
Provides support and protection
Main Organs in the Muscular System
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Main functions of the Muscular System
Provides movement, protection, support, and generates heat that maintains body temperature
Main Organs in the Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Main functions of the Nervous System
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, provides sensory information about external conditions, and moderates activities of other systems
Main Organs in the Endocrine System
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads
Main functions of the Endocrine System
Directs long term changes in the other organ systems and adjusts activity and energy use
Main Organs in the Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Main functions of the Cardiovascular System
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, and distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
Main Organs in the Lymphatic System
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Main functions of the Lymphatic System
Defends against infections and disease
Main Organs in the Respiratory System
Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Main functions of the Respiratory System
Provides oxygen to the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
Main Organs in the Digestive System
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Main functions of the Digestive System
Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, and stores energy
Main Organs in the Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Main functions of the Urinary System
Excretes waste products from the blood, as well as regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Define Homeostasis
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Describe Negative Feedback
The effector moves the parameter in the opposite direction of the stimuli, body is in a normal range
Describe Positive Feedback
The effector moves the parameter in the same direction of the stimulus, normal range is lost, speeds up the processes
What are the major organs in the Dorsal Cavity?
Brain, skull, spinal cavity
What are the major organs in the Ventral Cavity?
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
What are the major organs in the Thoracic Cavity?
Gallbladder, liver, stomach, and pancreas
What are the major organs in the Pelvic Cavity?
Ovaries, ureter, and bladder
What does the Parietal layer line?
The body cavity
What does the Visceral layer cover?
The organ itself
What is the study of cells?
Cytology
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
What is the correct order of the six levels of organization of the human body in order from smallest to largest?
Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, Organism
A plane through the body that passes perpendicularly to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior sections is a …..
Transverse Plane
The mediastinum is the region between the…..
Heart and pericardium
The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called …
Peritoneum
The tissue that always has a free surface exposed to the internal or external enviornment is called….
Epithelial Tissue
Visceral Pericardium is located….
On the heart itself
What does the pleural cavity surround?
The lungs
What is NOT a primary tissue type?
Osseous
The basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the followin except….
Stratified
Dead skin cells are shed in thick sheets because of some strong intercellular connections called,,,
Desmosomes
The heart and blood vessels are lined by…
Simple Squamous Epithelium
You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the…
Trachea
Unlike cartilage, bone….
Is very vascular
The framework of stroma of orans such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of _____ tissue.
Reticular connective tissue
Glands that accumulate secretions and release them only when the individual secretory cells repture and die are called….
Holocrine
A tissue with a large number of collagen fibers organized parallel to each other most likely be found in…
Tendons
Supine is when…
Lying down on SPINE, face up
Prone is when…
Lying face down
A vertical plane divides the body into…
Anterior and posterior portions
A sagittal plane divides the body…
Into left and right portions
Serous Membrane
Lines body cavities and covers organs.
What is Autoregulation
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to environmental change
What is Extrinsic Regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Receptor
Receives the stimulus
Control Center
Processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector
Carries out instructions
What are the 4 main types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscles, and Nervous
Epithelial Tissue…
Covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways
Connective Tissue…
Fills internal spaces, stores energy, transports materials, and supports other tissues
Muscles Tissue…
Specialized for contraction
Nervous Tissue…
Carries electrical signals
Gap Junctions…
Allow rapid communication
Tight Junctions…
Prevent passage of wastes and is between two plasma membranes
Desmosomes
Allow bending and twisting
Squamous
Thin and flat; Absorption and diffusion
Cuboidal
Square shaped
Columnar
Tall and slender rectangles
Simple Epithelium
Single layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium
Several layers of cells
Mesothelium
Lines body cavities
Endothelium
Forms inner lining of heart and blood vessels
Simple Cuboidal function
Secretion and absorption. In glands and portions of kidney tubules
Stratified Cuboidal Function
Pretty rare, found in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
Transitional Epithelia
Stretchy, found in bladder
Simple Columnar
Absorption and secretion; found in stomach, small intestines, and large intestine
Pseudostratified Columnar
Have cilia; found in nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
Stratified Columnar
Rare; provide protection to anus, urethra
Merocrine Secretion
Sweat glands
Apocrine Secretion
Mammary glands
Holocrine
Sebaceous glands
Adipocytes
Fat cells
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection
Melanocytes
Synthesize and store pigment
Macrophages
Engulf pathogens and damaged cells
Mast cells
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection and release histamine and heparin
Lymphocytes
Migrate throughout body, may develop into plasma cells
Microphages
Attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells
Collagen Fibers
Strong, most common is connective tissues, resist force in 1D
Reticular Fibers
Stabilize functional cells
Elastic Fibers
Return to original length after stretching
Fasciae
Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common, tough but flexible, reduces friction
Elastic Cartilage
Support but bends
Fibrocartilage
Tough and durable, limits movement, prevents bone to bone contact
Skeletal Muscle
Responsible for body movement
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart
Smooth Muscle
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs
Neuroglia
Supporting cells
Cell Body
Contains nucleus and nucleolus
Dendrites
Short branches extending from the cell body that receive incoming signals
Axon
Long thin extension of the cell body that carries electrical signals to destination
Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)
Loose connective tissue, below the dermis
Epidermis
Stratified squamous; nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
How many layers of thin skin?
4; covers most of the body
How many layers of thick skin?
5; covers palms and soles
Insensible Perspiration
Water diffuses across skin
Sensible Perspiration
Water is excreted by sweat glands
Dermis
Located between epidermis and hypodermis; anchors accessory structures
Jundice
Buildup of bile produced by liver that may turn skin yellow
Pituitary Tumor
Excess MSH icreases production of melanin
Addison’s Disease
Cause pituitary gland to release excess ACTH
Vitilogo
Loss of melanocytes cause loss of color
Medulla
Cenral core of hair structure
Cortex
Intermediate layer of hair structure
Cuticle
Surface layer of hair structure
Vellus Hairs
Soft, fine hairs that cover most of the body surface
Terminal Hairs
Heavy, pigmented hairs; head, eyebrows and eyelashes
Ceruminous Glands
Prevents foreign particles from reaching eardrums
