Anatomy exam Flashcards
Know it all and own the world
Identify the axillary nerve, and describe its function ?
The axillary nerve
It innervates the flexors of the shoulder Teres major muscle, Teres minor muscle and the Deltoids.
The cutaneous branches supply the lateral surface of the arm and cranial aspect of the forearm.
Location = purple dot
it dives between the teres major and subscapularis, medially to reach the lateral side of the shoulder.
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the triceps brachii ?
Location = blue
lateral head, medial head and long head
Origin = long head caudal border of the scapular, and the medial and lateral head on corresponding part of humeral shaft.
Insertion = olecranon of the ulna
Function = flexion of the elbow
Identify the bones below ?
blue dot = pterygold bone
red dot = vomer
white = palantine
Identify, provide the origin, insertion and function of the long digital extensor ?
Long digital extensor
Location = cream
Origin = femoral extensor fossa
insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 1-5
Action = flexion of the tarsus and extension of the phalanges
Locate the rhomboideus ?
Describe the location of the muscle Lateralis Pterygoid, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location shown below
Origin = ventral side of sphenoid
Insertion = lateral aspect of pterygoid process
Function = Closing of jaws and chewing
Identify the zygomaticus and orbicularis oculi muscle in the face ?
Zygomaticus muscle = green
Obicularis muscle = pink
Yellow = Temporalis
Orange = Masseter
Identify the Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis and the third Peroneus muscle, provide its origin, insertion and extension ?
Third Peroneus muscle
(absent in carnivores), location = yellow Peroneus longus
Origin = extensor fossa of the distal femur
Insertion = tarsel bone 3, 4 and metacarpal bone 2, and calcaneous
Function = flexes the tarsal joint
Explain the pastern joint in the horse ?
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Articulation occurs between the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx
- provides flexion and extension
- condylar synovial joint
- collateral and palmar ligaments
- synovial 1, recessus 1 dorsal and 1 palmar
Identify the 10 bony land marks of the scapular ?
Identify the muscles of the mideal view of the proximal hindlimb ?
15 = gracilis
14 = adductor
13 = pectineus
1 = sartorius
11 = rectus abdominus
9 = internal obturator
Identify the location, insertion, origin and function of the lateral digital extensor muscle?
Location = 3
Origin = collateral lateral ligament of the elbow
Insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 3-5
Function = extends the carpus and the digits
Explain the variation between species in communication between the femoropetalla, medial femorotibial and and lateral femorotibial joints ?
Identify the muscles on the medial side of the distal limb in the horse ?
medial digital flexor = green
gastrocnemius = blue
popliteus = yellow, note the popliteus muscle is only in the horse and ruminant.
Identify the Trapezius, its origin, insertion and function ?
Trapezius has cervical and thoracic parts.
Origin = the nuchal ligament and the supraspinous ligament
insertion = the spine of the scapular
Function = abduct the scapular and move it up.
Identify the radial nerve and its function, pathway?
Function = The radial nerve acts as the extensor of the elbow, carpus and digits.
- extends from brachial plexus - into triceps brachii
- reaches around the caudal aspect of the humerus into the humeral groove
- superficial branch supplies the craniolateral aspect of the forearm
Identify the middle gluteal, deep gluteal and superficial gluteal. Provide the origin insertion and function for the middle gluteal ?
Loctaion
Middle gluteal = 24
In the horse and rumenant the superficial gluteal is fused with biceps femoris to share the later muscles insertion. Gluteobiceps.
Deep gluteal sits inder the middle gluteal
Middle gluteal
- Origin gluteal surface of the ilium
- insertion greater trochanter of the femur
- Function = extension of the hip joint (important propulsive muscle).
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the superficial digital flexor muscle ?
Location = red
origin = medial epicondyle of the humerus
insertion = middle phalanx (dog difits 1-5)
Function = Flexion of the carpus and digits
Explain the carpal canal?
The carpal canal allows passage of the flexor tendon
The carpal canal is formaed by the accessory carpal bone laterally, and the other carpal bones dorsally with the flexor retinaculum.
Felxor retinaculum = Palmer thickening of the deep fascia that connects to the medial side of the carpus and the accessory bone.
Identify 13 bony landmarks of the humerus ?
Identify the transverse abdominus its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = 18
Function = supports the viscerae and pulls back the ribs for expiration
Origin = the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
Insertion = the xyphoid process of the sternum
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the semimembranosus ?
Semimembranosus
Origin = Ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion = medial condyle of the femur and tibia
Function = When the limb is weight bearing it extends the stifle and hock, when the limb is not weight bearing it acts to retract the limb.
Identify the temporalis muscle, its origin, insertion and function ?
Function = closes the jaw and chewing.
Origin = temporal fossa of the skull
Insertion = coronoid process of the mandible
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the ulnaris lateralis ?
Note this is the same muscle as the extensor carpi ulnaris
Location =
Origin = humerus and ulna
Insertion = acessory carpal bone
Function = flexion of the carpus
Describe the common peroneal ?
Common peroneal
Location = light purple or 13’
Innervates = craniolateral muscles of the leg (crus), and sensation craniolateral leg and foot.
- inner branch of the sciatic nerve
- runs down the lateral side of the leg, overtop of the fibular.
Identify this structure, and name some species differences ?
Describe the ischiatic nerve’s pathway, and what muscles it innervates ?
Ischiatic nerve
Function = innervation of the hamstrings / caudal thigh muscles (semitendenosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris).
The terminal branches become the tibial and peroneus nerve.
Pathway
- lumbosacral plexis caudal to the hip joint runs distally to the femur and deep biceps muscle
- it bracnches mid thigh into tibial and common peroneal muscle
Identify the rectus abdominus, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = 9
Function = support of viscerae
flexion of the vertebral column
pulls ribs back for expiration
Origin = ventral aspect of the sternum, xyphoid process
Insertion = caudal edge of pubis or prepubic tendon.
Identify all the bony land marks of the coxal bones ?
Identify the quadriceps femoris, provide the origin, insertion and function ?
Quadriceps femoris
Location = yellow dot
Origin = four heads rectus femoris = ilium, (vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis) = medial, cranial and lateral side of the femur
Insertion = patellar
Function = extends the stifle
Identify the numbered bony landmarks of the skull ?
1 = lacrimal turbicle
2 = mental foramen
3 = infraorbital foramen
4 = facial crest
5 = external acoustic meatus
6 = paracondylar process
7 = occipital condyle
Identify the Sternohyoideus, provide it’s function, origin and insertion?
Sternohyoideus is the most superficial, with the sternothyroideus lying underneath.
Origin = cranial sternum manumbrium
insertion = ventral side of hyoideus body
Function = Pulls the hyoid back and the larynx
Identify the external abdominal oblique, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = 4
Origin = the ventral side of the last ribs
Insertion = the tuber coxae of the ilium
Function = To support the vicerae, and pull the ribs back for expiration.
What is the suspensory apparatus in the horse ?
This is an important structure which prevents hyperextension in the horse.
- Formed via the proximal seasamoid bones, suspensory ligament and the distal seasamoid phalangeal ligament
- Originates in the carpal row, and proximal palmer surface
- act as a unit to support the fetlock sinking.
Identify and describe the innervations of the caudal and cranial gluteal nerve ?
cranial gluteal nerve
Supplies the flexors and extensors of the hip
middle and deep gluteal muscles
superficial gluteal muscle
innervates the tensor facia lata and the superficial gluteal muscle.
Describe the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve?
Deep peroneal nerve
motor innervation to the craniolateral muscles
Superficial peroneal nerve
Mainly sensory for the dorsal surface of the distal hind limb.
+ divides into the dorsal common digital nerves.
Locate the Omo - hyoideus
Identify the bony landmarks of the hoof shown in the image below? 8
yellow = flexor tuberosity
Blue = solar groove with solar foramen
pink = palmer process
orange = semilunar line
green = solar border
bottom of hoof is called the solar surface
Additionally the indent on the tip of the hoof is called the crena.
Identify the Latissimus Dorsi, provide the origin, insertions and function?
Function = Pulls the Brachium back
Origin = from the supraspinous ligamnet and the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion = teres major turberosity of the humerus
Identify the carpal bones and describe species differences ?
Identify nine bony land marks of the radius ulna ?
Explain the knee joint?
Carpus joint
Consits of five joints
Radiocarpal joint
antebrachial, one synovial, 1 recessus
Mediocarpal joint
Synovial 1 large, recessus = no
communicates with the carpometacarpal jiont
Carpometacarpal joint
Synovial = one large and no recessus
communicates with the mediocarpal joint
Intercarpal joints = proximal and distal
No own synovial fluid or recessus
plane joints
This joint contains intercarpal ligaments and collateral ligaments.
Describe the innervation of the obturator nerve and its pathway ?
Obturator nerve
Innervates the medial adductors of the thigh
Pathway
- extends from the lumbosacral plexus
- through the pelvic cavity on the body of the ilium
- through the obturator foramen
- to the medial side of the thigh
Identify the Omotransversarius, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = number 3
Origin = the scapular spine
Insertion = atlas in dogs, but axis and atlas in horses and ruminants
Function = if fixed point is the spine it pulls the neck dorso laterally, if the fixed point is the neck it pulls the forelimb cranially. If both muscles acts together it pulls the head down between the forelimb.
Identify the sternothyroideus, and its origin, insertion and function ?
Function = Pulls back the larynx
originates = from the cranial part of the sternum manubrium
insertion = the lateral side of the thyroid cartilage
Identify the bony land marks of the femur ?
Identify the bones which make up the metacarpus in the horse, cow and dog ?
Identify the Medialis Pterygoid, its origin, insertion and function ?
Function = closing of jaws and chewing
Origin = Pterygopalatin crest
Insertion = Pterygoid fossa
Describe the ventral branch of nerves 6-7 in the cervical spine ?
The prhrenic nerve
Function = motor of the diaphragm
Dysfunction = apnea
Nerve exam = observe the breathing process
Explain the elbow joint?
Humeroradioulnar joint
Synovial hinge joint (compound joint)
- Articulates between the Head of the radius with the humeral condyle.
trochlear notch of the ulna and anconeal process of the ulna.
- allows for flexion and extension
- collateral ligaments on the side of the joint restrict movement to just flexion and extension
- synovial = one large
- recessus = one caudal, one dorsal and one medial + (one lateral in ruminants and horses).
Identify the location of the splenius ?
Describe the two radioulna joints?
Radioulnar joint
Proximal radioulnar joint
- Between the proximal radius and ulna
- this joint is fused in the horse and ruminant
Distal radioulnar joint
- Between the distal radius and ulna
- it is apart of the radiocarpal joint, with which it shares a capsule
Describe the lumbosacral plexus ?
The lumbosacral plexus
Ventral branches of the lumbar nerves 4,5,6, and the sacral nerves 1,2
Lumbosacral nerves ;
femoral nerve, obturator nerve, caudal and cranial gluteal nerve, caudal cutaneous femoral nerve, ischiatic nerve, comon peroneal nerve, tibial nerve and pudendal nerve.
Describe the location of the scalenus muscle?
The Scalenus muscle has a ventral, dorsal and middle head.
Identify, provide the origin, insertion and function of the superficial digital flexor ?
Superficial digital flexor
Location = yellow
origin = supracondylar fossa of the humerus
insertion = middle phalanx of the digits 2-5
action = flexion of the digits, extension of the tarsus
Name the nerve which innervates the Latissamus Dorsi ?
Thoracodorsal nerve.
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the lateral digital extensor ?
Origin = head of fibula and lateral edge of tibia
insertion = most later digit proximal in the horse, middle phalanx cow and distal phalanx in the dog
function = flexes the tarsus and extends the digits
Describe the structure and function of a tendinous recess ?
Extra synovial sheath diverticulum that is generally located where the fibrous membrane is thinner or absent.
- accumlation of synovial fluid
- may indicate a tendinous problem, but not nessesarily
Identify the bones of the tarsus and identify the species difference between the horse, cow and dog ?
Bones = talus, calcaneus, central tarsal bone,
tarsal bone 1,2,3,4
Species differences
- 6 Horse tarsal bone 1 and 2 are fused
- 5 Cow central and tarsal bone 4 is fused ; tarsal bone 2 and 3 fused
- 7 Dog no fusion all eight bones
Describe the fetlock in horses ?
Metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)
The joint articulates between the metacarpal bones the proximal phalanx, and the proximal seasamoid bones.
- modified condylar joint
- allowing for extension and flexion
- two condyles of one bone fitting into the concavities of another bone
- 1 synovial for each phalanx
- 1 dorsal and one palmar recessus for each phalanx.
red = collateral ligaments
green = ligament or sesamoidophalangeal distal ligaments (straight, oblique and cruciate).
yellow = palmar ligament
Locate the longissimus muscle ?
Identify the bicep femoris, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = yellow
Origin = ischiatic tuberosity
Insertion = tibial crest, patellar, femoropetallar ligament and the tuber calcanei.
Function = cranial portion extends the hip and stifle. The caudal portion flexes the stifle.
Provide the location, origin, insertion and function of the Deltoid brachii ?
Location = 6
Origin = the scaular spine, second head the acromion
Insertion = humeral deltoid turberosity
Function flexes the shoulder, abducts and internally rotates the arm
Identify the masseter in the picture, its origin, insertion and function ?
Function = closing of jaws and chewing
Origin = zygomatic arch
insertion = caudal border of the mandible
Describe what the tibial nerve innervates, and its pathway ?
Tibial nerve
- Supplies motor innervation to the caudal aspect of the distal hind limb. (caudal muscles of the leg crus).
- Also provides sensation to the plantar side of the manus
Pathway
- It constitutes one of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve.
- It dives down between the two heads of the gastrocnemius
- it splits at the level of the hock into medial and lateral plantar branches to provide sensory nerves to the manus.
Identify the nerves below within the brachial plexus ?
yellow = supraspinous
green = subscapularis
blue = axillary nerve
orange = radial nerve
pink = median nerve
purple = musculocutaneous nerve
Locate the Serratus Ventralus?
What is the dorsal ligamnet ?
The dorsal ligamnet is paired and only found in carnivores.
In the cat it is highly developed and responsible for keeping the claw retracted. While the deep flexor tendon is responsible for protrusion of the claw.
Identify the deep digital flexor, its origin, insertion and function ?
Deep digital flexor
- location = dark blue
- origin caudal face of tibia and fibula
- insertion : semilunar line on each functional digit
- Function = flexion of the digits, extension of the tarsus
Explain the coffin joint in horses ?
Distal phalangeal joint (coffin in horses)
Articulation between the middle phalanx, distal phalanx and distal seasamoid bone
- provides a sliding surface pulley for the deep digital flexor tendon
- collateral ligaments, distal seasamoid ligamnets
- condylar synovial joint.
Describe the location of pectoralis descendens, pectoralis transversus and pectoralis ascendens ?
5 = pectoralis descendus
6 = pectoralis transversus
7 = pectoralis ascendus or deep pectoral.
Identify the median nerve, describe its pathway and what is innervates ?
Median nerve
Supplies motor innervations to the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits
It is also is a sensory nerve to the palmar surface of the manus
Pathway
- The median nerve runs with the brachial vessels, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerve in the arm.
- It continues down the medial side of the forearm to divide into the the medial and lateral palmar nerves, just proximal to the carpus.
Identify all the muscles shown below ?
pink = middle gluteal
purple = quadraceps femoris
orange = adductor muscle
light green = semimembranosus
dark green = semitendinosus
yellow = gastroccnemius
blue = peroneus (third, longus and brevis)
brown = superficial digital flexor
red = long digital extensor muscle
Identify all the muscles within the following image ?
light blue = supraspinatus
dark green = subscapularis
pink = teres major
light green = coracobrachialis
yellow = biceps brachi
Dark blue = light Triceps brachi medial head, darker triceps brachi long head.
orange = tensor fasciae antebrachii
Identify the gastrocnemius provides its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = pink
origin = lateral and medial supracondylar crest
insertion = calcaneus summit
function = extends the tarsus
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the biceps brachii ?
Location = yellow
Origin = supraglenoid tubercle of the scapular
Insertion = radial tuberosity of the radius
Function = Flexes the elbow (may also extend the shoulder)
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the common digital extensor ?
Location = number 2
Origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus
insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 2-5
Function = extension of the carpus and digits
Identify the sternocephalicus in the picture, provide it’s origin insertion and function?
Function = flexion of the head and neck
Origin = cranial manbrium of the sternum
Insertion = the mastoid process dog
basilar process of the occibital ruminants
molar part of the mandible horses
Identify the internal abdominal oblique, its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = 7 top diagram
Origin = The cranial border of the pubis and the tuber coxae of the illium
Insertion = lateral side of the last rib
Function = Supports the viscerae and pulls the ribs and expirates
Identify the muscles of the hind limb ?
pink = middle gluteal
red = superficial gluteal
dark green = semitendinosas
light green = semimembranosas
dark purple = biceps femoris
light purple = facia lata
dark blue = tensor faciae latae
light blue = sartorius.
Describe the pelvic symphasis ?
Pelvic symphasis
Cartiliganous joint
synchondrosis - articular cartilage is hyaline and ossified over time
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the flexor carpi ulnaris ?
Location = orange
Origin = humerus and ulna
Insertion = accessory bone of the carpus
Function = flexes the carpus
Identify the nerves of the hind leg ?
- yellow = ischiatic
- light green = femoral
- dark green = tibial nerve
- orange = saphenous
- blue = fibular (peroneal nerve)
- purple = obturator nerve.
Identify the digastricus its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = green front image and C on back image
Origin = Jugular process of the occipital
Insertion = medioventral side of the mandible
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the extensor carpi ulnaris ?
Location = picture one - blue , and picture two - red
Origin = the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion = accessory carpal bone, and the most lateral distal phalanx, at the proximal end
Function = If the carpus is extended it assist with extension, if the carpus is flexed it assist with flexion.
Identify the bony land marks of the front of the hoof ?
Orange = extensor process
yellow = coronary border
green = parietal groove
blue = crena
purple = solar border
Identify the nerves depicted in the hind limb ?
blue = sciatic
green = common peroneal
yellow = tibial
Provide the location, origin, insertion and function of the supraspinatus ?
Location = light blue
Origin = Supraspinous fossa of the scapular
Insertion = the major and lesser tubercles of the humerus
Function = Extends the should and stablises the joint laterally.
Provide the origin, insertion and function of the semitendinosus ?
Semitendinosus
origin = ischiatic notch of the hip
insertion = tibial crest and the tuber calcanei
Function = when the limb is weight bearing it causes extension of the hip stifle and hock. If the limb is not weight
Identify all the nerves of the forearm ?
Describe the coxofemoral joint ?
Coxofemoral joint
Articulating surfaces = acetabulum and head of femur
joint = spheroid synovial
synovial = 1 no recess
Ligaments
acetabular lip
accessory ligamnet ( only in the horse)
transverse acetabular ligament
ligament of femoral head
Describe the innervation of the suprascapular nerve ?
Suprascapular nerve
It innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle.
Extends from the brachial plexus, around the cranial surface of the neck of the scapula.
Identify all the muscles depicted in the image below ?
red = extensor carpi radialis
purple = common digital extensor
light blue = lateral digital extensor
dark blue = extensor carpi ulnaris
pink = flexor carpi ulnaris
Describe the location, origin, insertion and function of the common digital extensor muscle ?
Location = 2
Origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx (2 + 3 in the dog)
Function = Extension of the carpus and digits
Identify the saphenous nerve, its innervation and pathway ?
Location = light blue
The superficial branch of the femoral nerve, supplying cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb and motor innervation to the satorius muscle.
Identify all bones pictured below ?
yellow = incisive
peach = maxilla
orange = lacrimal bone
golden = nasal bone
red = zygomatic arch
light green = frontal
purple = sphenoid
bright blue = palatine
light blue = occipital
bright green = parietal
dark green = temporal squamous part
turquiose = Temporal petrous part
grey = mandible
Identify the ulnar nerve and describe what it innervates ?
Ulna nerve = 2 and purple dot
Dark purple = ulna nerve
The ulna nerve is motor to some caudomedial muscles of the forearm (flexor group), and muscles of the manus.
+ sensory to the caudal aspect of the forearm
Pathway
- runs from the brachial plexus on the medial side of the forearm
- at elbow reaches around to the caudal aspect of the forearm
Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the extensor carpi radialis ?
Location = green
Origin = humeral coronoid fossa
Insertion = metacarpus 2 and 3
Function = extension of the carpus
Identify the muscles of the distal hindlimb ?
purple = tibialis cranialis
blue = long digital extensor
green = peroneus
yellow = deep digital flexor
orange = superficial digital flexor
pink = gastrocnemius
Identify the iliocostal thoracis ?
Name the bony land marks of the tibia and fibula ?
Identify all the muscles of the forelimb depicted below
light blue = infraspinatus
purple = Deltoid two heads,
Red = infraspinatus
pink = Teres major
Dark blue = light, Triceps brachi long head
dark Triceps brachi lateral head
yellow = biceps brachi
grey = Brachialis
Locate the deep digital flexor muscle, provide its origin, insertion and function ?
Location = orange
origin = humerus, radius and ulna
insertion = semilunar line of the distal phalanx digits 2-5
Function = flexes the carpus and digits
Explain the shoulder joint?
Scapulohumeral joint
Points of articulation = head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapular.
Spheroid synovial joint
Synovial = one large
Recesses = 1, synovial bursa = 1
Glenohumeral ligament red = strengthen the joint capsule
Transverse ligament yellow = attaches to the greater and lesser tubercles, holding the biceps tendon in place.
Identify the erector spinae, its insertion, origin and Function ?
Origin = iliac crest and ilium angles
Insertion = lumbar vertebrae and the spinous process of the last thoracic vertebrae
Function = Strengthens the colomn and flexes it
Identify all the bony landmarks depicted below ?
Dark green = Interparietal
light green = frontal
apple green = parietal
blue = occipital squamous part
dull blue = Temporal
light purple = occipital lateral part
dark purple = occipital, basilar part
Name the nerve which innervates the serratus ventralis muscle ?
Long thoracic nerve.
Identify in the picture the Orbicularis oculi, Levator nasolabialis and Orbicularis oris muscle ?
Orbicularis oculi = 7
Lavator nasolabialis = 5
Orbicularis oris = 1
Identify the bones below
red star = ethmoid
orange = sphenoid
blue = frontal
yellow = parietal
green = temporal
red = occipital
Describe the sacroiliac joint ?
Sacroiliac joint
- cartiliginous synovial
- limited movement
- articulating surfaces the auricular surface of the ilium and the auricular surface of the scarum
- Ligaments involved the dorsal/ventral scaroiliac ligament, sacrospinotuberal ligament and sacrociatic ligamnet.
Species differences
dog = only the sacrospinotuberal ligamnet
horse = sacroiliac and sacrociatic ligamnet
cow = sacroiliac, sacrociatic and sacrospinotubal ligamnet.
Identify the femoral nerve and describe its innervation and pathway ?
Femoral nerve
Innervates the extensor muscles of the stifle (quadracepfemoris).
Pathway
- It passes through the psoas muscle, out of the abdominal cavity through the femoral canal to the quadraceps femoris muscle.
- the superficial branch of the femoral nerve is the saphenous nerve
Identify the musculocutaneus nerve, and describe its innervation ?
It innervates the flexors of the elbow (biceps brachii and brachialis muscles), and the corocobrachialis muscle.
It gives off the median cutaneous antebrachial nerve
Describe the location, origin, insertion and function of the Teres major muscle?
Location = 2
Origin = caudoproximal border of the scapular
insertion = teres major turberosity of the humerus
Function = flexes the shoulder (in conjunction with the deltoids), and adducts the arm
Discuss the two joint which make up the stifle ?
Stifle joint
The stifle is composed of two joint femoropetalla, and femorotibial.
Femoropetallar
- hinge synovial
- 1 large synovial, 1 recess
- femoral trochlea and articular surface of patella
- three ligaments = petalla ligament, femoropetalla ligament and collateral ligaments.
Femorotibial joints
- condylar synovial
- condyles of femur - menisci of tibia
- four ligaments = caudal and cranial cruciate ligamnet, collateral ligament, and meniscofemoral ligament
Identify the location of the Brachiocephalicus, it’s origin and insertion and function ?
Superficial muscle
Function = pulls the forelimb cranially and stabilises the neck
Origin = humeral crest
Insertion = mastoid process
Identify all the muscles depicted below in the distal forelimb ?
Purple = superficial digital flexor muscle
orange = deep digital flexor
light green = ulnaris lateralis, or extensor carpi ulnaris
dark green = flexor carpi ulnaris
yellow = pronator teres major (only in dogs)
pink = flexi carpi ulnaris
Describe the tarsus / hock joint ?
The Hock is composed of five joints.
ligaments = medial and lateral collateral ligamnets
intertarsal ligamnets.
tiobiotarsal
- compound hinge
- proximal trochlear ridges of talus into the cochlear of the tibia
- 1 synovial two recesses (dorsal, caudal)
- communicates directly into meditarsal fluid
proximal intertarsal joint
- synovial = 3
- no movement
Distal intertarsal joint
- no movement, syovial 1
Tarsometatarsal joint
- synovial one, no movement
Mediotarsal joint
- movement - no in horse, litle in carnivores, alot in ruminants
- synovial 1
Identify the structures coloured in the sagittal cut of the forelimb ?
Saggital cut
- yellow = SDF
- blue = DDF
- red = digital cushion
- light purple = common digital extensor tendon
- orange = distal and proximal seasamoid
- green = ergot cushion
- light blue = interseasamoid ligamnet
- dark purple = middle scutum
- pale yellow = straight seasamoid ligamnet
- pale orange = oblique seasamoid ligamnet
