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Anatomy exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the axillary nerve, and describe its function ?

A

The axillary nerve

It innervates the flexors of the shoulder Teres major muscle, Teres minor muscle and the Deltoids.

The cutaneous branches supply the lateral surface of the arm and cranial aspect of the forearm.

Location = purple dot

it dives between the teres major and subscapularis, medially to reach the lateral side of the shoulder.

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2
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the triceps brachii ?

A

Location = blue

lateral head, medial head and long head

Origin = long head caudal border of the scapular, and the medial and lateral head on corresponding part of humeral shaft.

Insertion = olecranon of the ulna

Function = flexion of the elbow

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3
Q

Identify the bones below ?

A

blue dot = pterygold bone

red dot = vomer

white = palantine

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4
Q

Identify, provide the origin, insertion and function of the long digital extensor ?

A

Long digital extensor

Location = cream

Origin = femoral extensor fossa

insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 1-5

Action = flexion of the tarsus and extension of the phalanges

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5
Q

Locate the rhomboideus ?

A
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6
Q

Describe the location of the muscle Lateralis Pterygoid, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location shown below

Origin = ventral side of sphenoid

Insertion = lateral aspect of pterygoid process

Function = Closing of jaws and chewing

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7
Q

Identify the zygomaticus and orbicularis oculi muscle in the face ?

A

Zygomaticus muscle = green

Obicularis muscle = pink

Yellow = Temporalis

Orange = Masseter

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8
Q

Identify the Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis and the third Peroneus muscle, provide its origin, insertion and extension ?

A

Third Peroneus muscle

(absent in carnivores), location = yellow Peroneus longus

Origin = extensor fossa of the distal femur

Insertion = tarsel bone 3, 4 and metacarpal bone 2, and calcaneous

Function = flexes the tarsal joint

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9
Q

Explain the pastern joint in the horse ?

A

Proximal interphalangeal joint

Articulation occurs between the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx

  • provides flexion and extension
  • condylar synovial joint
  • collateral and palmar ligaments
  • synovial 1, recessus 1 dorsal and 1 palmar
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10
Q

Identify the 10 bony land marks of the scapular ?

A
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11
Q

Identify the muscles of the mideal view of the proximal hindlimb ?

A

15 = gracilis

14 = adductor

13 = pectineus

1 = sartorius

11 = rectus abdominus

9 = internal obturator

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12
Q

Identify the location, insertion, origin and function of the lateral digital extensor muscle?

A

Location = 3

Origin = collateral lateral ligament of the elbow

Insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 3-5

Function = extends the carpus and the digits

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13
Q

Explain the variation between species in communication between the femoropetalla, medial femorotibial and and lateral femorotibial joints ?

A
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14
Q

Identify the muscles on the medial side of the distal limb in the horse ?

A

medial digital flexor = green

gastrocnemius = blue

popliteus = yellow, note the popliteus muscle is only in the horse and ruminant.

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15
Q

Identify the Trapezius, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Trapezius has cervical and thoracic parts.

Origin = the nuchal ligament and the supraspinous ligament

insertion = the spine of the scapular

Function = abduct the scapular and move it up.

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16
Q

Identify the radial nerve and its function, pathway?

A

Function = The radial nerve acts as the extensor of the elbow, carpus and digits.

  • extends from brachial plexus - into triceps brachii
  • reaches around the caudal aspect of the humerus into the humeral groove
  • superficial branch supplies the craniolateral aspect of the forearm
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17
Q

Identify the middle gluteal, deep gluteal and superficial gluteal. Provide the origin insertion and function for the middle gluteal ?

A

Loctaion

Middle gluteal = 24

In the horse and rumenant the superficial gluteal is fused with biceps femoris to share the later muscles insertion. Gluteobiceps.

Deep gluteal sits inder the middle gluteal

Middle gluteal

  • Origin gluteal surface of the ilium
  • insertion greater trochanter of the femur
  • Function = extension of the hip joint (important propulsive muscle).
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18
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the superficial digital flexor muscle ?

A

Location = red

origin = medial epicondyle of the humerus

insertion = middle phalanx (dog difits 1-5)

Function = Flexion of the carpus and digits

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19
Q

Explain the carpal canal?

A

The carpal canal allows passage of the flexor tendon

The carpal canal is formaed by the accessory carpal bone laterally, and the other carpal bones dorsally with the flexor retinaculum.

Felxor retinaculum = Palmer thickening of the deep fascia that connects to the medial side of the carpus and the accessory bone.

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20
Q

Identify 13 bony landmarks of the humerus ?

A
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21
Q

Identify the transverse abdominus its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = 18

Function = supports the viscerae and pulls back the ribs for expiration

Origin = the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

Insertion = the xyphoid process of the sternum

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22
Q

Identify the origin, insertion and function of the semimembranosus ?

A

Semimembranosus

Origin = Ischiatic tuberosity

Insertion = medial condyle of the femur and tibia

Function = When the limb is weight bearing it extends the stifle and hock, when the limb is not weight bearing it acts to retract the limb.

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23
Q

Identify the temporalis muscle, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Function = closes the jaw and chewing.

Origin = temporal fossa of the skull

Insertion = coronoid process of the mandible

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24
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the ulnaris lateralis ?

A

Note this is the same muscle as the extensor carpi ulnaris

Location =

Origin = humerus and ulna

Insertion = acessory carpal bone

Function = flexion of the carpus

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25
Q

Describe the common peroneal ?

A

Common peroneal

Location = light purple or 13’

Innervates = craniolateral muscles of the leg (crus), and sensation craniolateral leg and foot.

  • inner branch of the sciatic nerve
  • runs down the lateral side of the leg, overtop of the fibular.
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26
Q

Identify this structure, and name some species differences ?

A
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27
Q

Describe the ischiatic nerve’s pathway, and what muscles it innervates ?

A

Ischiatic nerve

Function = innervation of the hamstrings / caudal thigh muscles (semitendenosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris).

The terminal branches become the tibial and peroneus nerve.

Pathway

  • lumbosacral plexis caudal to the hip joint runs distally to the femur and deep biceps muscle
  • it bracnches mid thigh into tibial and common peroneal muscle
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28
Q

Identify the rectus abdominus, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = 9

Function = support of viscerae

flexion of the vertebral column

pulls ribs back for expiration

Origin = ventral aspect of the sternum, xyphoid process

Insertion = caudal edge of pubis or prepubic tendon.

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29
Q

Identify all the bony land marks of the coxal bones ?

A
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30
Q

Identify the quadriceps femoris, provide the origin, insertion and function ?

A

Quadriceps femoris

Location = yellow dot

Origin = four heads rectus femoris = ilium, (vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis) = medial, cranial and lateral side of the femur

Insertion = patellar

Function = extends the stifle

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31
Q

Identify the numbered bony landmarks of the skull ?

A

1 = lacrimal turbicle

2 = mental foramen

3 = infraorbital foramen

4 = facial crest

5 = external acoustic meatus

6 = paracondylar process

7 = occipital condyle

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32
Q

Identify the Sternohyoideus, provide it’s function, origin and insertion?

A

Sternohyoideus is the most superficial, with the sternothyroideus lying underneath.

Origin = cranial sternum manumbrium

insertion = ventral side of hyoideus body

Function = Pulls the hyoid back and the larynx

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33
Q

Identify the external abdominal oblique, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = 4

Origin = the ventral side of the last ribs

Insertion = the tuber coxae of the ilium

Function = To support the vicerae, and pull the ribs back for expiration.

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34
Q

What is the suspensory apparatus in the horse ?

A

This is an important structure which prevents hyperextension in the horse.

  • Formed via the proximal seasamoid bones, suspensory ligament and the distal seasamoid phalangeal ligament
  • Originates in the carpal row, and proximal palmer surface
  • act as a unit to support the fetlock sinking.
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35
Q

Identify and describe the innervations of the caudal and cranial gluteal nerve ?

A

cranial gluteal nerve

Supplies the flexors and extensors of the hip

middle and deep gluteal muscles

superficial gluteal muscle

innervates the tensor facia lata and the superficial gluteal muscle.

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36
Q

Describe the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

motor innervation to the craniolateral muscles

Superficial peroneal nerve

Mainly sensory for the dorsal surface of the distal hind limb.

+ divides into the dorsal common digital nerves.

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37
Q

Locate the Omo - hyoideus

A
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38
Q

Identify the bony landmarks of the hoof shown in the image below? 8

A

yellow = flexor tuberosity

Blue = solar groove with solar foramen

pink = palmer process

orange = semilunar line

green = solar border

bottom of hoof is called the solar surface

Additionally the indent on the tip of the hoof is called the crena.

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39
Q

Identify the Latissimus Dorsi, provide the origin, insertions and function?

A

Function = Pulls the Brachium back

Origin = from the supraspinous ligamnet and the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae.

Insertion = teres major turberosity of the humerus

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40
Q

Identify the carpal bones and describe species differences ?

A
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41
Q

Identify nine bony land marks of the radius ulna ?

A
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42
Q

Explain the knee joint?

A

Carpus joint

​Consits of five joints

Radiocarpal joint

antebrachial, one synovial, 1 recessus

Mediocarpal joint

Synovial 1 large, recessus = no

communicates with the carpometacarpal jiont

Carpometacarpal joint

Synovial = one large and no recessus

communicates with the mediocarpal joint

Intercarpal joints = proximal and distal

No own synovial fluid or recessus

plane joints

This joint contains intercarpal ligaments and collateral ligaments.

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43
Q

Describe the innervation of the obturator nerve and its pathway ?

A

Obturator nerve

Innervates the medial adductors of the thigh

Pathway

  • extends from the lumbosacral plexus
  • through the pelvic cavity on the body of the ilium
  • through the obturator foramen
  • to the medial side of the thigh
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44
Q

Identify the Omotransversarius, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = number 3

Origin = the scapular spine

Insertion = atlas in dogs, but axis and atlas in horses and ruminants

Function = if fixed point is the spine it pulls the neck dorso laterally, if the fixed point is the neck it pulls the forelimb cranially. If both muscles acts together it pulls the head down between the forelimb.

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45
Q

Identify the sternothyroideus, and its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Function = Pulls back the larynx

originates = from the cranial part of the sternum manubrium

insertion = the lateral side of the thyroid cartilage

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46
Q

Identify the bony land marks of the femur ?

A
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47
Q

Identify the bones which make up the metacarpus in the horse, cow and dog ?

A
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48
Q

Identify the Medialis Pterygoid, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Function = closing of jaws and chewing

Origin = Pterygopalatin crest

Insertion = Pterygoid fossa

49
Q

Describe the ventral branch of nerves 6-7 in the cervical spine ?

A

The prhrenic nerve

Function = motor of the diaphragm

Dysfunction = apnea

Nerve exam = observe the breathing process

50
Q

Explain the elbow joint?

A

Humeroradioulnar joint

Synovial hinge joint (compound joint)

  • Articulates between the Head of the radius with the humeral condyle.

trochlear notch of the ulna and anconeal process of the ulna.

  • allows for flexion and extension
  • collateral ligaments on the side of the joint restrict movement to just flexion and extension
  • synovial = one large
  • recessus = one caudal, one dorsal and one medial + (one lateral in ruminants and horses).
51
Q

Identify the location of the splenius ?

A
52
Q

Describe the two radioulna joints?

A

Radioulnar joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

  • Between the proximal radius and ulna
  • this joint is fused in the horse and ruminant

Distal radioulnar joint

  • Between the distal radius and ulna
  • it is apart of the radiocarpal joint, with which it shares a capsule
53
Q

Describe the lumbosacral plexus ?

A

The lumbosacral plexus

Ventral branches of the lumbar nerves 4,5,6, and the sacral nerves 1,2

Lumbosacral nerves ;

femoral nerve, obturator nerve, caudal and cranial gluteal nerve, caudal cutaneous femoral nerve, ischiatic nerve, comon peroneal nerve, tibial nerve and pudendal nerve.

54
Q

Describe the location of the scalenus muscle?

A

The Scalenus muscle has a ventral, dorsal and middle head.

55
Q

Identify, provide the origin, insertion and function of the superficial digital flexor ?

A

Superficial digital flexor

Location = yellow

origin = supracondylar fossa of the humerus

insertion = middle phalanx of the digits 2-5

action = flexion of the digits, extension of the tarsus

56
Q

Name the nerve which innervates the Latissamus Dorsi ?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve.

57
Q

Identify the origin, insertion and function of the lateral digital extensor ?

A

Origin = head of fibula and lateral edge of tibia

insertion = most later digit proximal in the horse, middle phalanx cow and distal phalanx in the dog

function = flexes the tarsus and extends the digits

58
Q

Describe the structure and function of a tendinous recess ?

A

Extra synovial sheath diverticulum that is generally located where the fibrous membrane is thinner or absent.

  • accumlation of synovial fluid
  • may indicate a tendinous problem, but not nessesarily
59
Q

Identify the bones of the tarsus and identify the species difference between the horse, cow and dog ?

A

Bones = talus, calcaneus, central tarsal bone,

tarsal bone 1,2,3,4

Species differences

  • 6 Horse tarsal bone 1 and 2 are fused
  • 5 Cow central and tarsal bone 4 is fused ; tarsal bone 2 and 3 fused
  • 7 Dog no fusion all eight bones
60
Q

Describe the fetlock in horses ?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)

​The joint articulates between the metacarpal bones the proximal phalanx, and the proximal seasamoid bones.

  • modified condylar joint
  • allowing for extension and flexion
  • two condyles of one bone fitting into the concavities of another bone
  • 1 synovial for each phalanx
  • 1 dorsal and one palmar recessus for each phalanx.

red = collateral ligaments

green = ligament or sesamoidophalangeal distal ligaments (straight, oblique and cruciate).

yellow = palmar ligament

61
Q

Locate the longissimus muscle ?

A
62
Q

Identify the bicep femoris, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = yellow

Origin = ischiatic tuberosity

Insertion = tibial crest, patellar, femoropetallar ligament and the tuber calcanei.

Function = cranial portion extends the hip and stifle. The caudal portion flexes the stifle.

63
Q

Provide the location, origin, insertion and function of the Deltoid brachii ?

A

Location = 6

Origin = the scaular spine, second head the acromion

Insertion = humeral deltoid turberosity

Function flexes the shoulder, abducts and internally rotates the arm

64
Q

Identify the masseter in the picture, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Function = closing of jaws and chewing

Origin = zygomatic arch

insertion = caudal border of the mandible

65
Q

Describe what the tibial nerve innervates, and its pathway ?

A

Tibial nerve

  • Supplies motor innervation to the caudal aspect of the distal hind limb. (caudal muscles of the leg crus).
  • Also provides sensation to the plantar side of the manus

Pathway

  • It constitutes one of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve.
  • It dives down between the two heads of the gastrocnemius
  • it splits at the level of the hock into medial and lateral plantar branches to provide sensory nerves to the manus.
66
Q

Identify the nerves below within the brachial plexus ?

A

yellow = supraspinous

green = subscapularis

blue = axillary nerve

orange = radial nerve

pink = median nerve

purple = musculocutaneous nerve

67
Q

Locate the Serratus Ventralus?

A
68
Q

What is the dorsal ligamnet ?

A

The dorsal ligamnet is paired and only found in carnivores.

In the cat it is highly developed and responsible for keeping the claw retracted. While the deep flexor tendon is responsible for protrusion of the claw.

69
Q

Identify the deep digital flexor, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Deep digital flexor

  • location = dark blue
  • origin caudal face of tibia and fibula
  • insertion : semilunar line on each functional digit
  • Function = flexion of the digits, extension of the tarsus
70
Q

Explain the coffin joint in horses ?

A

Distal phalangeal joint (coffin in horses)

Articulation between the middle phalanx, distal phalanx and distal seasamoid bone

  • provides a sliding surface pulley for the deep digital flexor tendon
  • collateral ligaments, distal seasamoid ligamnets
  • condylar synovial joint.
71
Q

Describe the location of pectoralis descendens, pectoralis transversus and pectoralis ascendens ?

A

5 = pectoralis descendus

6 = pectoralis transversus

7 = pectoralis ascendus or deep pectoral.

72
Q

Identify the median nerve, describe its pathway and what is innervates ?

A

Median nerve

Supplies motor innervations to the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits

It is also is a sensory nerve to the palmar surface of the manus

Pathway

  • The median nerve runs with the brachial vessels, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerve in the arm.
  • It continues down the medial side of the forearm to divide into the the medial and lateral palmar nerves, just proximal to the carpus.
73
Q

Identify all the muscles shown below ?

A

pink = middle gluteal

purple = quadraceps femoris

orange = adductor muscle

light green = semimembranosus

dark green = semitendinosus

yellow = gastroccnemius

blue = peroneus (third, longus and brevis)

brown = superficial digital flexor

red = long digital extensor muscle

74
Q

Identify all the muscles within the following image ?

A

light blue = supraspinatus

dark green = subscapularis

pink = teres major

light green = coracobrachialis

yellow = biceps brachi

Dark blue = light Triceps brachi medial head, darker triceps brachi long head.

orange = tensor fasciae antebrachii

75
Q

Identify the gastrocnemius provides its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = pink

origin = lateral and medial supracondylar crest

insertion = calcaneus summit

function = extends the tarsus

76
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the biceps brachii ?

A

Location = yellow

Origin = supraglenoid tubercle of the scapular

Insertion = radial tuberosity of the radius

Function = Flexes the elbow (may also extend the shoulder)

77
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the common digital extensor ?

A

Location = number 2

Origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus

insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx 2-5

Function = extension of the carpus and digits

78
Q

Identify the sternocephalicus in the picture, provide it’s origin insertion and function?

A

Function = flexion of the head and neck

Origin = cranial manbrium of the sternum

Insertion = the mastoid process dog

basilar process of the occibital ruminants

molar part of the mandible horses

79
Q

Identify the internal abdominal oblique, its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = 7 top diagram

Origin = The cranial border of the pubis and the tuber coxae of the illium

Insertion = lateral side of the last rib

Function = Supports the viscerae and pulls the ribs and expirates

80
Q

Identify the muscles of the hind limb ?

A

pink = middle gluteal

red = superficial gluteal

dark green = semitendinosas

light green = semimembranosas

dark purple = biceps femoris

light purple = facia lata

dark blue = tensor faciae latae

light blue = sartorius.

81
Q

Describe the pelvic symphasis ?

A

Pelvic symphasis

Cartiliganous joint

synchondrosis - articular cartilage is hyaline and ossified over time

82
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the flexor carpi ulnaris ?

A

Location = orange

Origin = humerus and ulna

Insertion = accessory bone of the carpus

Function = flexes the carpus

83
Q

Identify the nerves of the hind leg ?

A
  • yellow = ischiatic
  • light green = femoral
  • dark green = tibial nerve
  • orange = saphenous
  • blue = fibular (peroneal nerve)
  • purple = obturator nerve.
84
Q

Identify the digastricus its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = green front image and C on back image

Origin = Jugular process of the occipital

Insertion = medioventral side of the mandible

85
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the extensor carpi ulnaris ?

A

Location = picture one - blue , and picture two - red

Origin = the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion = accessory carpal bone, and the most lateral distal phalanx, at the proximal end

Function = If the carpus is extended it assist with extension, if the carpus is flexed it assist with flexion.

86
Q

Identify the bony land marks of the front of the hoof ?

A

Orange = extensor process

yellow = coronary border

green = parietal groove

blue = crena

purple = solar border

87
Q

Identify the nerves depicted in the hind limb ?

A

blue = sciatic

green = common peroneal

yellow = tibial

88
Q

Provide the location, origin, insertion and function of the supraspinatus ?

A

Location = light blue

Origin = Supraspinous fossa of the scapular

Insertion = the major and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Function = Extends the should and stablises the joint laterally.

89
Q

Provide the origin, insertion and function of the semitendinosus ?

A

Semitendinosus

origin = ischiatic notch of the hip

insertion = tibial crest and the tuber calcanei

Function = when the limb is weight bearing it causes extension of the hip stifle and hock. If the limb is not weight

90
Q

Identify all the nerves of the forearm ?

A
91
Q

Describe the coxofemoral joint ?

A

Coxofemoral joint

Articulating surfaces = acetabulum and head of femur

joint = spheroid synovial

synovial = 1 no recess

Ligaments

acetabular lip

accessory ligamnet ( only in the horse)

transverse acetabular ligament

ligament of femoral head

92
Q

Describe the innervation of the suprascapular nerve ?

A

Suprascapular nerve

It innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle.

Extends from the brachial plexus, around the cranial surface of the neck of the scapula.

93
Q

Identify all the muscles depicted in the image below ?

A

red = extensor carpi radialis

purple = common digital extensor

light blue = lateral digital extensor

dark blue = extensor carpi ulnaris

pink = flexor carpi ulnaris

94
Q

Describe the location, origin, insertion and function of the common digital extensor muscle ?

A

Location = 2

Origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion = extensor process of the distal phalanx (2 + 3 in the dog)

Function = Extension of the carpus and digits

95
Q

Identify the saphenous nerve, its innervation and pathway ?

A

Location = light blue

The superficial branch of the femoral nerve, supplying cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb and motor innervation to the satorius muscle.

96
Q

Identify all bones pictured below ?

A

yellow = incisive

peach = maxilla

orange = lacrimal bone

golden = nasal bone

red = zygomatic arch

light green = frontal

purple = sphenoid

bright blue = palatine

light blue = occipital

bright green = parietal

dark green = temporal squamous part

turquiose = Temporal petrous part

grey = mandible

97
Q

Identify the ulnar nerve and describe what it innervates ?

A

Ulna nerve = 2 and purple dot

Dark purple = ulna nerve

The ulna nerve is motor to some caudomedial muscles of the forearm (flexor group), and muscles of the manus.

+ sensory to the caudal aspect of the forearm

Pathway

  • runs from the brachial plexus on the medial side of the forearm
  • at elbow reaches around to the caudal aspect of the forearm
98
Q

Identify the location, origin, insertion and function of the extensor carpi radialis ?

A

Location = green

Origin = humeral coronoid fossa

Insertion = metacarpus 2 and 3

Function = extension of the carpus

99
Q

Identify the muscles of the distal hindlimb ?

A

purple = tibialis cranialis

blue = long digital extensor

green = peroneus

yellow = deep digital flexor

orange = superficial digital flexor

pink = gastrocnemius

100
Q

Identify the iliocostal thoracis ?

A
101
Q

Name the bony land marks of the tibia and fibula ?

A
102
Q

Identify all the muscles of the forelimb depicted below

A

light blue = infraspinatus

purple = Deltoid two heads,

Red = infraspinatus

pink = Teres major

Dark blue = light, Triceps brachi long head

dark Triceps brachi lateral head

yellow = biceps brachi

grey = Brachialis

103
Q

Locate the deep digital flexor muscle, provide its origin, insertion and function ?

A

Location = orange

origin = humerus, radius and ulna

insertion = semilunar line of the distal phalanx digits 2-5

Function = flexes the carpus and digits

104
Q

Explain the shoulder joint?

A

Scapulohumeral joint

Points of articulation = head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapular.

Spheroid synovial joint

Synovial = one large

Recesses = 1, synovial bursa = 1

Glenohumeral ligament red = strengthen the joint capsule

Transverse ligament yellow = attaches to the greater and lesser tubercles, holding the biceps tendon in place.

105
Q

Identify the erector spinae, its insertion, origin and Function ?

A

Origin = iliac crest and ilium angles

Insertion = lumbar vertebrae and the spinous process of the last thoracic vertebrae

Function = Strengthens the colomn and flexes it

106
Q

Identify all the bony landmarks depicted below ?

A

Dark green = Interparietal

light green = frontal

apple green = parietal

blue = occipital squamous part

dull blue = Temporal

light purple = occipital lateral part

dark purple = occipital, basilar part

107
Q

Name the nerve which innervates the serratus ventralis muscle ?

A

Long thoracic nerve.

108
Q

Identify in the picture the Orbicularis oculi, Levator nasolabialis and Orbicularis oris muscle ?

A

Orbicularis oculi = 7

Lavator nasolabialis = 5

Orbicularis oris = 1

109
Q

Identify the bones below

A

red star = ethmoid

orange = sphenoid

blue = frontal

yellow = parietal

green = temporal

red = occipital

110
Q

Describe the sacroiliac joint ?

A

Sacroiliac joint

  • cartiliginous synovial
  • limited movement
  • articulating surfaces the auricular surface of the ilium and the auricular surface of the scarum
  • Ligaments involved the dorsal/ventral scaroiliac ligament, sacrospinotuberal ligament and sacrociatic ligamnet.

Species differences

dog = only the sacrospinotuberal ligamnet

horse = sacroiliac and sacrociatic ligamnet

cow = sacroiliac, sacrociatic and sacrospinotubal ligamnet.

111
Q

Identify the femoral nerve and describe its innervation and pathway ?

A

Femoral nerve

Innervates the extensor muscles of the stifle (quadracepfemoris).

Pathway

  • It passes through the psoas muscle, out of the abdominal cavity through the femoral canal to the quadraceps femoris muscle.
  • the superficial branch of the femoral nerve is the saphenous nerve
112
Q

Identify the musculocutaneus nerve, and describe its innervation ?

A

It innervates the flexors of the elbow (biceps brachii and brachialis muscles), and the corocobrachialis muscle.

It gives off the median cutaneous antebrachial nerve

113
Q

Describe the location, origin, insertion and function of the Teres major muscle?

A

Location = 2

Origin = caudoproximal border of the scapular

insertion = teres major turberosity of the humerus

Function = flexes the shoulder (in conjunction with the deltoids), and adducts the arm

114
Q

Discuss the two joint which make up the stifle ?

A

Stifle joint

The stifle is composed of two joint femoropetalla, and femorotibial.

Femoropetallar

  • hinge synovial
  • 1 large synovial, 1 recess
  • femoral trochlea and articular surface of patella
  • three ligaments = petalla ligament, femoropetalla ligament and collateral ligaments.

Femorotibial joints

  • condylar synovial
  • condyles of femur - menisci of tibia
  • four ligaments = caudal and cranial cruciate ligamnet, collateral ligament, and meniscofemoral ligament
115
Q

Identify the location of the Brachiocephalicus, it’s origin and insertion and function ?

A

Superficial muscle

Function = pulls the forelimb cranially and stabilises the neck

Origin = humeral crest

Insertion = mastoid process

116
Q

Identify all the muscles depicted below in the distal forelimb ?

A

Purple = superficial digital flexor muscle

orange = deep digital flexor

light green = ulnaris lateralis, or extensor carpi ulnaris

dark green = flexor carpi ulnaris

yellow = pronator teres major (only in dogs)

pink = flexi carpi ulnaris

117
Q

Describe the tarsus / hock joint ?

A

The Hock is composed of five joints.

ligaments = medial and lateral collateral ligamnets

intertarsal ligamnets.

tiobiotarsal

  • compound hinge
  • proximal trochlear ridges of talus into the cochlear of the tibia
  • 1 synovial two recesses (dorsal, caudal)
  • communicates directly into meditarsal fluid

proximal intertarsal joint

  • synovial = 3
  • no movement

Distal intertarsal joint

  • no movement, syovial 1

Tarsometatarsal joint

  • synovial one, no movement

Mediotarsal joint

  • movement - no in horse, litle in carnivores, alot in ruminants
  • synovial 1
118
Q
A
119
Q

Identify the structures coloured in the sagittal cut of the forelimb ?

A

Saggital cut

  • yellow = SDF
  • blue = DDF
  • red = digital cushion
  • light purple = common digital extensor tendon
  • orange = distal and proximal seasamoid
  • green = ergot cushion
  • light blue = interseasamoid ligamnet
  • dark purple = middle scutum
  • pale yellow = straight seasamoid ligamnet
  • pale orange = oblique seasamoid ligamnet

All subjects (10 decks)

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