Anatomy: Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
skull is covered by:
A
skin (scalp) and subcutaneous tissues that overlay a thin layer of muscles
2
Q
Coronal suture sagittal suture lambdoid suture sphenosquamous suture zygomatic temporozygomatic suture
A
coronal: junction between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal suture: between parietal bones
lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bones
sphenosquamous: squamous part of temporal bone and sphenoid
zygomatic: squamous part of temporal bone and parietal bone
3
Q
Facial Skeleton is made up of:
A
2 palatine bones 2 maxillary bones 2 nasal bones 2 zygomatic bones 2 inferior nasal conchae 1 vomer 1 mandible
4
Q
Neurocranium is made up of:
A
1 occipital bone 1 frontal bone 2 temporal bones 2 parietal bones 1 sphenoid bone 1 ethmoid bone
5
Q
Other associated bones include:
A
auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones
hyoid bone
6
Q
Ossification of bones of skull:
A
intramembranous ossification
7
Q
Structure and connections of skull bones
A
cortex: peripheral compact part
central part: spongy bone (diploe)
8
Q
Fontanelles:
A
unossified areas between bones during infancy and early childhood
includes: larger anterior & posterior, smaller mastoid and sphenoidal
these ossify 6-36 months after birth
9
Q
Nasion:
A
articulation of the frontal bone and the nasal bone
10
Q
Metopic Suture:
A
remnant of it found between the frontal bones
11
Q
What makes up the orbits:
A
bones: frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary
12
Q
Zygomatic Arch
A
zygomatic proccess of temporal bone and and zygomatic bone
13
Q
What foramens open into the Pterygopalatine Fossa?
A
pterygoid canal greater and lesser palatine canals pharyngeal canal sphenopalatine foramen foramen rotundum
14
Q
pterygoid canal content:
A
nerve and artery of the pterygoid canal
15
Q
greater and lesser palatine canal content:
A
greater and lesser palatine nerve and vessels and lead to the palate
16
Q
pharyngeal canal content:
A
pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve and pterygoid branches of the maxillary artery
17
Q
sphenopalatine foramen:
A
sphenopalatine artery and vein
superior and nasopalatine nerve
18
Q
foramen rotundum:
A
maxillary nerve
19
Q
choanae:
A
posterior openings of nasal cavities at entrance to nasopharynx
20
Q
incisive foramen:
A
nasopalatine nerve and vessels
21
Q
greater and lesser palatine foramen:
A
greater and lesser palatine nerves and vessels
22
Q
foramen ovale
A
mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve) and small vessels
23
Q
foramen rotundum:
A
maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)
24
Q
foramen spinosum:
A
middle meningeal artery and branch of the trigeminal nerve to meninges (meningeal branch of madibular nerves)
25
foramen lacerum:
- covered by cartilage in a living person and transmit small vessels
internal carotid artery runs above and across the foramen, NOT thru it
26
carotid canal:
foramen that transmits the internal carotid artery and sympathetic nerve plexus
27
jugular fossa:
foramen that transmits the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 4, 5, 6
28
stylomastoid foramen:
facial nerve and stylomastoid artery
29
foramen magnum:
spinal cord, vertebral arteries, accesory nerves, and spinal vessels
is flanked by the occipital condyles are articulation with the atlas
30
condylar canal:
transmits emissary veins
31
Granular foveolae:
small intrusions on inner surface of calvaria where arachnoid granulations protrude
32
foramen caecum:
emissary vein
| cribriform plates flank the crista galli in the middle
33
cribriform plate:
transmits the olfactory nerves (CN1)
corresponding foramens pass around the plate
34
optic canal
cranial nerves 3, 4, 5 (ophthalmic branch), and cranial nerve 6, the ophthalmic wins, and sympathetic nerves
35
internal acoustic meatus:
transmit cranial nerves 7 and 8, and labyrinthine artery
36
jugular foramen:
transmits the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 4, 5, and 6; also mengineal arteries from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries
37
hypoglossal canal:
hypoglossal nerve to tongue
38
mandibular foramen:
inferior alveolar nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve, CN V/3)
39
inferior alveolar nerve innervates:
sensory functions to the lower teeth
40
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve innervates:
skin of forehead in mediolateral direction via supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves
and laterally via the zygomaticotemporal nerve
41
What innervates the face:
ophthalmic nerve: area above orbit and superolateral aspect of nose
maxillary nerve: infraorbital region
mandibular branch: mandible, area below and lateral to oral region
42
Innervation of scalp of posterior and lateral aspects of head:
C2: greater occipital nerve
43
C3 innervates what regions?
lateral aspect of upper neck and in front over thyroid area
44
C4-C6 innverate what?
posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of neck
45
Superficial muscles of face (facial expression muscles) innervated by what?
facial nerve
46
Deeper muscles of face innervated by what?
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
47
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius innervated by:
accessory nerve
48
infrahyoid muscles in deeper layer on anterior aspect of neck innervated by:
cervical ansa and cervical plexus
49
innervation of suprahyoid muscles:
branches of cranial nerve 5 and 7, as well as the cervical nerves
50
Occipitofrontalis:
(epicranius)
- two bellies: frontal occipital connected by galea aponeurotica
Function:
Frontal - raises eyebrow, displacement of galea aponeurotica that brings scalp forward; wrinkling of forehead
Occipital - drawing back galea aponeurotica, smiliing, yawning, movements of auricle; potentially active during eyebrow raising
Innervation: facial nerve
51
temporoparietalis
also called auricular muscle
| Innervation: facial nerve
52
orbicularis oculi
orbital: closes eye tightly
palpebral: closes eye lightly, protects superficial structures of the eye
lacrimal: pulls eyelid medially; may help in expeling tears from lacrimal sac
Innervation: facial nerve
53
Parts of the orbicularis oculi
three parts:
orbital (outer) part: thick, encircles orbital region
palpebral: thin, covers tarsal plate (eyelid)
lacrimal: deep and medial, close to lacrimal bone
Innervation: facial nerve
54
wrinkles formed with what muscle:
contraction of orbicularis oculi forms wrinkles and folds in lateral angle of eye = crow's feet may become permanent with age
55
Corrugator Supercilii:
produce vertical folds (thinker's brow expression); brings eyebrown down medially
Innervation: facial nerve
56
Procerus:
contractions forms wrinkles on skin of bride of nose
Innervation: facial nerve
57
Nasalis
Function: respiration
transverse part: compresses nostril
alar part: dilates nostril
Innervation: facial nerve
58
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN)
superfical and deep layers
Function: elevates upper lip and nasal wing that opens nostrils; expression of displeasure
Innervation: facial nerve
59
levator labii superioris
book doesn't state function
60
zygomaticus minor
function: aids zygomaticus major; contraction deepens nasolabial groove
Innervation: facial nerve
61
zygomaticus major
function: elevates the angle of mouth while smiling and laughing
Innervation: facial nerve
62
levator anguli oris
function: helps elevate angle of mouth
Innervation: facial nerve
63
orbicularis oris muscle:
function:helps during eating/drinking; closes lips, aids in sucking
Innervation: facial nerve
64
risorius
with zygomaticus major, aids in laughing
| Innervation: facial nerve
65
buccinator
function: pulls angle of mouth up, compresses cheeks, hold food between teeth while chewing, blow air out of mouth, keeps mucous membrane of cheek free of folds; expression of satisfaction
Innervation: facial nerve
66
depressor anguli oris:
extends angle of mouth down; expression of sadness
| Innervation: facial nerve
67
depressor labii inferioris
function: brings down the lower lip
Innervation: facial nerve
68
mentalis
forms wrinkles in chin, aids in pushing up the lower lip
| Innervation: facial nerve
69
platysma
function: depresses angle of mouth
Innervation: facial nerve
70
temporalis:
function: elevate lower jaw
innervation: deep temporal branch of mandibular nerve
71
muscles of mastication are innervated by:
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
72
masseter:
function: elevation of mandible and closing jaw
innerv: masseteric branch of mandibular nerve
73
lateral pterygoid:
function: mandibular movements (guiding muscle)
innerv: lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular n
74
medial pterygoid
function: elevates mandible and pushes it forward
innerv: medial pterygoid branch of mandibular n
75
sternocleidomastoid
function:
unilateral contractions turn head to opposite side and bends it ipsilaterally
bilateral lifts the head
aids in respiration by elevating upper part of thorax
Innerv: accessory nerve (spinal root of the CN 11) and C2-C3
76
trapezius
function: support scapula and shoulder; elevation of the scapula, slight elevation of arm with serratus anterior, pulls clavicle toward vertebrae, adduct arm, rotate scapula
innerv: CN 11 motor inn; C3-C4 sensory inn.
77
cervical plexus:
```
C1-C4 roots
upper and lower roots of cervical ansa
deep cervicalis ansa
lesser occipital n
greater auricular n
transverse cervical n
supraclavicular n
phrenic n
```
78
digastric
function: raising hyoid bone and stabilizing it during speaking and swallowing; brings down mandible
innerv: anterior belly innerv. by nerve to the myelohyoid by a branch of mandibular n; posterior belly innerv. by branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
79
stylohyoid
function: elevates and retracts the hyoid bone, elongates the floor of the mouth
innerv: cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
80
mylohyoid
function: elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
innerv: mylohyoid nerve
81
mylohyoid nerve origin
inferior alveolar branch of mandibular n.
82
geniohyoid
function: pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly, shortens the floor of the mouth, widens the pharynx
inner: C1, via hypoglossal nerve
83
omohyoid
function: depresses hyoid, opens mouth, lateral flexion of head
is a fascia tensor; dilates internal jugular vein lying beneath it which helps return of blood to the heart
innerv: cervical ansa (C1-C3) of cervical plexus
84
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
function: lowers hyoid bone, bringing it closer to thyroid cartilage
innerv: cervical ansa (C1-C3) of cervical plexus
85
rectus capitus anterior
function: head flexion
innerv: C1
is a paravertebral muscle
86
longus capitis
function: head flexion and turning the head
innerv: C1-C4
is a paravertebral muscle
87
longus colli
function: flexion of cervical spine
innerv: C1-C8 nerves
88
scalene muscles
anterior, middle, posterior
| function: respiration, thoracic cage movement, bend neck
89
what runs thru the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
subclavian artery
90
blood supply of head and neck
common carotid artery
- left CCA from arch of aorta, right CCA from brachiocephalic trunk
- carotid sinus (dilated part of CCA) befurcates into external and internal carotid arteries
- external carotid artery supplies head and neck
- internal carotid artery enters skull thru carotid foramen and supplies brain
- branches extend from external carotid artery: superior thyroidal, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal arteries
91
venous drainage of head and neck
- internal jugular vein on each side of neck joins subclavian vein and forms brachiocephalic vains on each side in root of neck
- left brachiocephalic vein (longer than right) joins right side forming superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava enters right atrium bring blod from lower limbs and abdominal cavity back to heart
92
lymphatic drainage of head and neck:
```
occipital
mastoid
buccal
parotid
submandibular
submental
cervical
```
drained by regional lymph nodes --> deep cervical nodes --> left and right jugular trunks --> left drains into thoracic duct in left venous angle and right joins subclavian and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks forming right lymphatic duct which drains into right venous angle
93
scalp layers:
5 layers
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue/ superficial fascia (thick and strong w. vessels and nerves)
- aponeurosis of galea (deep fascia)
- subaponeurotic layer
- pericranium (periosteum)
94
Skin Innervation:
cervical n. and terminl branches of fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve (CN V)
ophthalmic (CN V/1)
maxillary (CN V/2)
mandibular (CN V/3)
95
large hematomas:
develop in scalp following head injuries due to loose subaponeurotic layer
- infection reaching this layer can spread to dura thru emissary veins or diploic veins between bony tables of skull
96
parotid (stensen's) duct function
brings saliva into vestibule of mouth
97
mandibular nerve block
injection of local anesthesia around mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa
extraoral approach: anesthesize auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves
intraoral approach: buccal mucosa, inferior alveolar, lingual nerves
98
Neck fascias:
superficial layer of cervical fascia: encloses all structures of neck except platysma
middle (pretracheal) layer: embeds infrahyoid muscles; connected to carotid sheath
deep (prevertebral) layer: vertebral column and deep muscles of vertebrae
99
Submandibular triangle borders and contents:
border: base of mandible, anterior belly of digastric, angular tract of cervical fascia
contents:submandibular gland
lymph nodes
submandibular duct accompanied by lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve
facial artery giving off submental artery,
facial vein
mylohyoid nerve and artery
100
carotid triangle borders and contents:
borders: posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid
```
contents:
inferior root of cervical ansa
internal juglar vein
common carotid artery (carotid sinus)
upper roots of cervical ansa
hypoglossal nerve
```
101
hering's nerve is which nerve?
parasympathetic from CN IX
102
What is a carotid angiography:
x-ray diagnosis of cerebral vascular diseases
- contrast medium is injected into internal carotid artery by catheterization of femoral artery. catheter direct under x-ray to reach artery and than medium is injected (direct vessel puncture is rarely necessary)
103
thyroid:
largest endocrine gland of body
| has right lobe, left lobe, with isthmus connecting the lobes
104
hyperthyroidism
blood flow to the gland is markedly increased
105
colloid:
proteineceous fluid that contains thyroglobulin, the protein precursor of thyroid hormones
