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Anatomy > Anatomy: Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Anatomy: Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

skull is covered by:

A

skin (scalp) and subcutaneous tissues that overlay a thin layer of muscles

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2
Q 
Coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
sphenosquamous suture
zygomatic
temporozygomatic suture
A

coronal: junction between frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture: between parietal bones

lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bones

sphenosquamous: squamous part of temporal bone and sphenoid
zygomatic: squamous part of temporal bone and parietal bone

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3
Q

Facial Skeleton is made up of:

A 
2 palatine bones
2 maxillary bones
2 nasal bones
2 zygomatic bones
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
1 mandible
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4
Q

Neurocranium is made up of:

A 
1 occipital bone
1 frontal bone
2 temporal bones
2 parietal bones
1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone
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5
Q

Other associated bones include:

A

auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones

hyoid bone

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6
Q

Ossification of bones of skull:

A

intramembranous ossification

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7
Q

Structure and connections of skull bones

A

cortex: peripheral compact part

central part: spongy bone (diploe)

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8
Q

Fontanelles:

A

unossified areas between bones during infancy and early childhood

includes: larger anterior & posterior, smaller mastoid and sphenoidal

these ossify 6-36 months after birth

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9
Q

Nasion:

A

articulation of the frontal bone and the nasal bone

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10
Q

Metopic Suture:

A

remnant of it found between the frontal bones

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11
Q

What makes up the orbits:

A

bones: frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary

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12
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

zygomatic proccess of temporal bone and and zygomatic bone

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13
Q

What foramens open into the Pterygopalatine Fossa?

A 
pterygoid canal
greater and lesser palatine canals
pharyngeal canal
sphenopalatine foramen
foramen rotundum
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14
Q

pterygoid canal content:

A

nerve and artery of the pterygoid canal

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15
Q

greater and lesser palatine canal content:

A

greater and lesser palatine nerve and vessels and lead to the palate

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16
Q

pharyngeal canal content:

A

pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve and pterygoid branches of the maxillary artery

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17
Q

sphenopalatine foramen:

A

sphenopalatine artery and vein

superior and nasopalatine nerve

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18
Q

foramen rotundum:

A

maxillary nerve

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19
Q

choanae:

A

posterior openings of nasal cavities at entrance to nasopharynx

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20
Q

incisive foramen:

A

nasopalatine nerve and vessels

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21
Q

greater and lesser palatine foramen:

A

greater and lesser palatine nerves and vessels

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22
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve) and small vessels

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23
Q

foramen rotundum:

A

maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)

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24
Q

foramen spinosum:

A

middle meningeal artery and branch of the trigeminal nerve to meninges (meningeal branch of madibular nerves)

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25
Q

foramen lacerum:

A
  • covered by cartilage in a living person and transmit small vessels

internal carotid artery runs above and across the foramen, NOT thru it

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26
Q

carotid canal:

A

foramen that transmits the internal carotid artery and sympathetic nerve plexus

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27
Q

jugular fossa:

A

foramen that transmits the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 4, 5, 6

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28
Q

stylomastoid foramen:

A

facial nerve and stylomastoid artery

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29
Q

foramen magnum:

A

spinal cord, vertebral arteries, accesory nerves, and spinal vessels

is flanked by the occipital condyles are articulation with the atlas

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30
Q

condylar canal:

A

transmits emissary veins

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31
Q

Granular foveolae:

A

small intrusions on inner surface of calvaria where arachnoid granulations protrude

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32
Q

foramen caecum:

A

emissary vein

cribriform plates flank the crista galli in the middle

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33
Q

cribriform plate:

A

transmits the olfactory nerves (CN1)

corresponding foramens pass around the plate

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34
Q

optic canal

A

cranial nerves 3, 4, 5 (ophthalmic branch), and cranial nerve 6, the ophthalmic wins, and sympathetic nerves

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35
Q

internal acoustic meatus:

A

transmit cranial nerves 7 and 8, and labyrinthine artery

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36
Q

jugular foramen:

A

transmits the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 4, 5, and 6; also mengineal arteries from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

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37
Q

hypoglossal canal:

A

hypoglossal nerve to tongue

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38
Q

mandibular foramen:

A

inferior alveolar nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve, CN V/3)

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39
Q

inferior alveolar nerve innervates:

A

sensory functions to the lower teeth

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40
Q

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve innervates:

A

skin of forehead in mediolateral direction via supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves

and laterally via the zygomaticotemporal nerve

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41
Q

What innervates the face:

A

ophthalmic nerve: area above orbit and superolateral aspect of nose

maxillary nerve: infraorbital region

mandibular branch: mandible, area below and lateral to oral region

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42
Q

Innervation of scalp of posterior and lateral aspects of head:

A

C2: greater occipital nerve

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43
Q

C3 innervates what regions?

A

lateral aspect of upper neck and in front over thyroid area

44
Q

C4-C6 innverate what?

A

posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of neck

45
Q

Superficial muscles of face (facial expression muscles) innervated by what?

A

facial nerve

46
Q

Deeper muscles of face innervated by what?

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

47
Q

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius innervated by:

A

accessory nerve

48
Q

infrahyoid muscles in deeper layer on anterior aspect of neck innervated by:

A

cervical ansa and cervical plexus

49
Q

innervation of suprahyoid muscles:

A

branches of cranial nerve 5 and 7, as well as the cervical nerves

50
Q

Occipitofrontalis:

A

(epicranius)
- two bellies: frontal occipital connected by galea aponeurotica
Function:
Frontal - raises eyebrow, displacement of galea aponeurotica that brings scalp forward; wrinkling of forehead
Occipital - drawing back galea aponeurotica, smiliing, yawning, movements of auricle; potentially active during eyebrow raising

Innervation: facial nerve

51
Q

temporoparietalis

A

also called auricular muscle

Innervation: facial nerve

52
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

orbital: closes eye tightly
palpebral: closes eye lightly, protects superficial structures of the eye
lacrimal: pulls eyelid medially; may help in expeling tears from lacrimal sac

Innervation: facial nerve

53
Q

Parts of the orbicularis oculi

A

three parts:

orbital (outer) part: thick, encircles orbital region

palpebral: thin, covers tarsal plate (eyelid)
lacrimal: deep and medial, close to lacrimal bone

Innervation: facial nerve

54
Q

wrinkles formed with what muscle:

A

contraction of orbicularis oculi forms wrinkles and folds in lateral angle of eye = crow’s feet may become permanent with age

55
Q

Corrugator Supercilii:

A

produce vertical folds (thinker’s brow expression); brings eyebrown down medially

Innervation: facial nerve

56
Q

Procerus:

A

contractions forms wrinkles on skin of bride of nose

Innervation: facial nerve

57
Q

Nasalis

A

Function: respiration

transverse part: compresses nostril
alar part: dilates nostril

Innervation: facial nerve

58
Q

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN)

A

superfical and deep layers
Function: elevates upper lip and nasal wing that opens nostrils; expression of displeasure

Innervation: facial nerve

59
Q

levator labii superioris

A

book doesn’t state function

60
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

function: aids zygomaticus major; contraction deepens nasolabial groove

Innervation: facial nerve

61
Q

zygomaticus major

A

function: elevates the angle of mouth while smiling and laughing

Innervation: facial nerve

62
Q

levator anguli oris

A

function: helps elevate angle of mouth

Innervation: facial nerve

63
Q

orbicularis oris muscle:

A

function:helps during eating/drinking; closes lips, aids in sucking
Innervation: facial nerve

64
Q

risorius

A

with zygomaticus major, aids in laughing

Innervation: facial nerve

65
Q

buccinator

A

function: pulls angle of mouth up, compresses cheeks, hold food between teeth while chewing, blow air out of mouth, keeps mucous membrane of cheek free of folds; expression of satisfaction
Innervation: facial nerve

66
Q

depressor anguli oris:

A

extends angle of mouth down; expression of sadness

Innervation: facial nerve

67
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

function: brings down the lower lip
Innervation: facial nerve

68
Q

mentalis

A

forms wrinkles in chin, aids in pushing up the lower lip

Innervation: facial nerve

69
Q

platysma

A

function: depresses angle of mouth
Innervation: facial nerve

70
Q

temporalis:

A

function: elevate lower jaw
innervation: deep temporal branch of mandibular nerve

71
Q

muscles of mastication are innervated by:

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

72
Q

masseter:

A

function: elevation of mandible and closing jaw
innerv: masseteric branch of mandibular nerve

73
Q

lateral pterygoid:

A

function: mandibular movements (guiding muscle)
innerv: lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular n

74
Q

medial pterygoid

A

function: elevates mandible and pushes it forward
innerv: medial pterygoid branch of mandibular n

75
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

function:
unilateral contractions turn head to opposite side and bends it ipsilaterally
bilateral lifts the head
aids in respiration by elevating upper part of thorax

Innerv: accessory nerve (spinal root of the CN 11) and C2-C3

76
Q

trapezius

A

function: support scapula and shoulder; elevation of the scapula, slight elevation of arm with serratus anterior, pulls clavicle toward vertebrae, adduct arm, rotate scapula
innerv: CN 11 motor inn; C3-C4 sensory inn.

77
Q

cervical plexus:

A 
C1-C4 roots
upper and lower roots of cervical ansa
deep cervicalis ansa
lesser occipital n
greater auricular n
transverse cervical n
supraclavicular n
phrenic n
78
Q

digastric

A

function: raising hyoid bone and stabilizing it during speaking and swallowing; brings down mandible
innerv: anterior belly innerv. by nerve to the myelohyoid by a branch of mandibular n; posterior belly innerv. by branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

79
Q

stylohyoid

A

function: elevates and retracts the hyoid bone, elongates the floor of the mouth
innerv: cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

80
Q

mylohyoid

A

function: elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
innerv: mylohyoid nerve

81
Q

mylohyoid nerve origin

A

inferior alveolar branch of mandibular n.

82
Q

geniohyoid

A

function: pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly, shortens the floor of the mouth, widens the pharynx
inner: C1, via hypoglossal nerve

83
Q

omohyoid

A

function: depresses hyoid, opens mouth, lateral flexion of head

is a fascia tensor; dilates internal jugular vein lying beneath it which helps return of blood to the heart

innerv: cervical ansa (C1-C3) of cervical plexus

84
Q

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid

A

function: lowers hyoid bone, bringing it closer to thyroid cartilage
innerv: cervical ansa (C1-C3) of cervical plexus

85
Q

rectus capitus anterior

A

function: head flexion
innerv: C1

is a paravertebral muscle

86
Q

longus capitis

A

function: head flexion and turning the head
innerv: C1-C4

is a paravertebral muscle

87
Q

longus colli

A

function: flexion of cervical spine
innerv: C1-C8 nerves

88
Q

scalene muscles

A

anterior, middle, posterior

function: respiration, thoracic cage movement, bend neck

89
Q

what runs thru the anterior and middle scalene muscles?

A

subclavian artery

90
Q

blood supply of head and neck

A

common carotid artery

  • left CCA from arch of aorta, right CCA from brachiocephalic trunk
  • carotid sinus (dilated part of CCA) befurcates into external and internal carotid arteries
  • external carotid artery supplies head and neck
  • internal carotid artery enters skull thru carotid foramen and supplies brain
  • branches extend from external carotid artery: superior thyroidal, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal arteries
91
Q

venous drainage of head and neck

A
  • internal jugular vein on each side of neck joins subclavian vein and forms brachiocephalic vains on each side in root of neck
  • left brachiocephalic vein (longer than right) joins right side forming superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava enters right atrium bring blod from lower limbs and abdominal cavity back to heart
92
Q

lymphatic drainage of head and neck:

A 
occipital
mastoid
buccal
parotid
submandibular
submental
cervical

drained by regional lymph nodes –> deep cervical nodes –> left and right jugular trunks –> left drains into thoracic duct in left venous angle and right joins subclavian and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks forming right lymphatic duct which drains into right venous angle

93
Q

scalp layers:

A

5 layers

  • skin
  • subcutaneous tissue/ superficial fascia (thick and strong w. vessels and nerves)
  • aponeurosis of galea (deep fascia)
  • subaponeurotic layer
  • pericranium (periosteum)
94
Q

Skin Innervation:

A

cervical n. and terminl branches of fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve (CN V)

ophthalmic (CN V/1)

maxillary (CN V/2)
mandibular (CN V/3)

95
Q

large hematomas:

A

develop in scalp following head injuries due to loose subaponeurotic layer

  • infection reaching this layer can spread to dura thru emissary veins or diploic veins between bony tables of skull
96
Q

parotid (stensen’s) duct function

A

brings saliva into vestibule of mouth

97
Q

mandibular nerve block

A

injection of local anesthesia around mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa

extraoral approach: anesthesize auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves

intraoral approach: buccal mucosa, inferior alveolar, lingual nerves

98
Q

Neck fascias:

A

superficial layer of cervical fascia: encloses all structures of neck except platysma

middle (pretracheal) layer: embeds infrahyoid muscles; connected to carotid sheath

deep (prevertebral) layer: vertebral column and deep muscles of vertebrae

99
Q

Submandibular triangle borders and contents:

A

border: base of mandible, anterior belly of digastric, angular tract of cervical fascia

contents:submandibular gland
lymph nodes
submandibular duct accompanied by lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve
facial artery giving off submental artery,
facial vein
mylohyoid nerve and artery

100
Q

carotid triangle borders and contents:

A

borders: posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid

contents: 
inferior root of cervical ansa
internal juglar vein
common carotid artery  (carotid sinus)
upper roots of cervical ansa
hypoglossal nerve
101
Q

hering’s nerve is which nerve?

A

parasympathetic from CN IX

102
Q

What is a carotid angiography:

A

x-ray diagnosis of cerebral vascular diseases
- contrast medium is injected into internal carotid artery by catheterization of femoral artery. catheter direct under x-ray to reach artery and than medium is injected (direct vessel puncture is rarely necessary)

103
Q

thyroid:

A

largest endocrine gland of body

has right lobe, left lobe, with isthmus connecting the lobes

104
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

blood flow to the gland is markedly increased

105
Q

colloid:

A

proteineceous fluid that contains thyroglobulin, the protein precursor of thyroid hormones

Anatomy (6 decks)

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