Anatomy: Chapter 1

Question 1

gross anatomy:

Answer 1

dissection of body; deals with tissue that can be see by naked eye

Question 2

histology

Answer 2

cells/tissues or microscopic details of organs

Question 3

systemic anatomy:

Answer 3

systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory

Question 4

,regional anatomy

Answer 4

regions of body

Question 5

surface anatomy

Answer 5

shapes and markings of body surface

Question 6

functional anatomy:

Answer 6

function of the body structures

Question 7

rediographic anatomy and anatomy seen by other imaging techniques

Answer 7

study of body using x-ray, mri, ultrasound, pet

Question 8

embryology:

Answer 8

development of body before birth

Question 9

developmental anatomy:

Answer 9

deals with structural changes in body throughout life

Question 10

pathologic anatomy:

Answer 10

study of structural changes in tissues caused by disease

Question 11

Directions in space: rostral, median, proximal, distal, peripheral, central

Answer 11

• rostral: towards the mouth
• median: left and right side of body in half
• proximal: towards limb attachment
• distal: away from limb attachment

Question 12

How does an x-ray work?

Answer 12

• electrons moved from cathode anode and lose energy as they collide with anode; kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy
• 1% of energy produced is emitted to body
• tissues of high density (bones) show up white
• soft tissues appea-r gray
• 2-D
• can’t see spinal cord

Question 13

Contrast Media:

Answer 13

• angiography: blood vessels
• barium ingestion: internal covering of organs (intestines)
• myelography: spinal cord and nerve roots
• pyelography: urinary system
• arthrography: joints

Question 14

CT

Answer 14

• computed tomography: uses x-ray to study the 3-d view of the body
• series of 2d x-ray taken around single axis
• enhancment of view of tissues due to varying blood flow can be done by IV injection of contrast medium

Question 15

MRI

Answer 15

magnetic resonance imaging: body exposed to brief pulse of radio waves knocking protons out of alignment; protons return to alignment emitting faint radio waves.

• can differentiate between tissues and injury than x-ray or ct
• bone details can’t be seen

Question 16

PET

Answer 16

positron emission tomography: detect gamma rays emitted from decay of radioactive isotopes
- gall stones, female pregancy

Question 17

Ultrasound:

Answer 17

• ultrasound from by device and emitted to body, waves are reflected back detected by same probe, and reconverted into electrical energy.

Question 18

Intramembranous ossification:

Answer 18

bones are ossified directly from mesenchyme without any pre-existing cartilage
- bone of skull and clavicle

Question 19

Endochondral ossification:

Answer 19

bone development occurring from pre-existing cartilage (usually hyaline cartilage)

• mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and secrete a cartilage matrix forming cartilage model (hyaline)
• chondrocytes grow and burst to release contents and promote calcification
• chondrocytes trapped by calcification die producing gaps that merge to form cavities

Question 20

Ossification at the epiphyseal plate:

Answer 20

• responsible for lengthening of bones until age 21

Question 21

Cleidocranial dysostosis/dysplasia (CCD)

Answer 21

defective ossification, delayed bone and tooth development, and stomatognathic and cranio facial abnormalities
- RUNX2 (CBFA1) only gene known to be associated with CCD; responsible for osteoblast differentiation

Question 22

What are the types of muscles?

Answer 22

• Skeletal: connected to skeleton; voluntarily controlled, 40% of body weight
• Cardiac: wall of heart and is involved in cardiac contraction and flow of blood
• Smooth: walls of hollow organs, ie GI tract