Anatomy: Chapter 1 Flashcards
gross anatomy:
dissection of body; deals with tissue that can be see by naked eye
histology
cells/tissues or microscopic details of organs
systemic anatomy:
systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory
,regional anatomy
regions of body
surface anatomy
shapes and markings of body surface
functional anatomy:
function of the body structures
rediographic anatomy and anatomy seen by other imaging techniques
study of body using x-ray, mri, ultrasound, pet
embryology:
development of body before birth
developmental anatomy:
deals with structural changes in body throughout life
pathologic anatomy:
study of structural changes in tissues caused by disease
Directions in space: rostral, median, proximal, distal, peripheral, central
- rostral: towards the mouth
- median: left and right side of body in half
- proximal: towards limb attachment
- distal: away from limb attachment
How does an x-ray work?
- electrons moved from cathode anode and lose energy as they collide with anode; kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy
- 1% of energy produced is emitted to body
- tissues of high density (bones) show up white
- soft tissues appea-r gray
- 2-D
- can’t see spinal cord
Contrast Media:
- angiography: blood vessels
- barium ingestion: internal covering of organs (intestines)
- myelography: spinal cord and nerve roots
- pyelography: urinary system
- arthrography: joints
CT
- computed tomography: uses x-ray to study the 3-d view of the body
- series of 2d x-ray taken around single axis
- enhancment of view of tissues due to varying blood flow can be done by IV injection of contrast medium
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging: body exposed to brief pulse of radio waves knocking protons out of alignment; protons return to alignment emitting faint radio waves.
- can differentiate between tissues and injury than x-ray or ct
- bone details can’t be seen
PET
positron emission tomography: detect gamma rays emitted from decay of radioactive isotopes
- gall stones, female pregancy
Ultrasound:
- ultrasound from by device and emitted to body, waves are reflected back detected by same probe, and reconverted into electrical energy.
Intramembranous ossification:
bones are ossified directly from mesenchyme without any pre-existing cartilage
- bone of skull and clavicle
Endochondral ossification:
bone development occurring from pre-existing cartilage (usually hyaline cartilage)
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and secrete a cartilage matrix forming cartilage model (hyaline)
- chondrocytes grow and burst to release contents and promote calcification
- chondrocytes trapped by calcification die producing gaps that merge to form cavities
Ossification at the epiphyseal plate:
- responsible for lengthening of bones until age 21
Cleidocranial dysostosis/dysplasia (CCD)
defective ossification, delayed bone and tooth development, and stomatognathic and cranio facial abnormalities
- RUNX2 (CBFA1) only gene known to be associated with CCD; responsible for osteoblast differentiation
What are the types of muscles?
- Skeletal: connected to skeleton; voluntarily controlled, 40% of body weight
- Cardiac: wall of heart and is involved in cardiac contraction and flow of blood
- Smooth: walls of hollow organs, ie GI tract
