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Anatomy > Anatomy: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Anatomy: Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Sacroiliac joints

A

Sacrum articulates with hip bones on both sides

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2
Q

What ligaments reinforce the sacroiliac joint

A

Dorsal
Ventral
Interosseous sacroiliac
Iliolumbar

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3
Q

Iliolumbar ligament

A

Strong ligament between transverse process of lumbar vertebra and iliac crest; supports connection of vertebrae to hip bone

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4
Q

Sacrospinous ligament:

A

Ischial spine to sacrum

Encloses the greater sciatic notch making the greater sciatic foramen

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5
Q

What passes thru the greater sciatic foramen ?

A

Piriformis muscle

Sciatic nerve

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6
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Extends between the Ischial tuberosity and the sacrum

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7
Q

What forms the lesser sciatic foramen? What passes thru it?

A

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments cross each other to form it; contents: obturator internus muscle, pudendal nerve, pudendal artery and vein

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8
Q

Describe the obturator foramen.

A

Covered by the obturator membrane

Membrane leaves a small opening called obturator canal

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9
Q

What passes thru the obturator canal?

A

Obturator nerve

Obturator vessels

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10
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

Fibrocartilage tissue between the symphysial surface of the pubic bones; reinforced by superior and inferior pubic ligaments

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11
Q

Diameters (conjugates) of pelvic inlet?

A
  • Transverse diameter: 13.5-14cm; across middle of pelvic inlet
  • Oblique diameter 1: 12-12.5; right sacroiliac joint to opposite iliopubic eminence
  • Oblique diameter 2: 11.5-12cm; left sacroiliac joint opposite iliopubic eminence
  • anatomical conjugate: 12cm; upper border of symphysis pubis to middle of promontory
  • true(obstetric) conjugate: 11.5cm; posterosuperior aspect of symphysis to middle of promontory; narrowest fixed diameter calculated by subtracting 1.5 from diagonal conjugate
  • diagonal conjugate: 13cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to middle of promontory
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12
Q

How do you measure the diagonal conjugate?

A

Vaginal examination, use index and middle finger to touch promontory. Mark on glove and that mark to middle finger tip is distance.

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13
Q

Differences between male and female pubis?

A
  • pelvic inlet: F-wider, oval; M-narrow, heart shaped
  • pelvic outlet: F-wider, tuberosities=shorter, further apart, everted; M-more narrow, tuberosities=longer, sharper, point medially
  • iliac fossa: F- shallower; M-deeper
  • pubic arches: F- >90 degrees; M- <90 degrees
  • acetabulum: F- faces anteriorly; M- diverted laterally
  • ischial spine: F- points posteriorly; M- points medially
  • obturator foramen: F- oval; M- round
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14
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic outlet?

A
  • Interspinous diameter: 10cm; between two ischial spines; crucial!
  • median conjugate: 11.5 cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to inferior border of sacrum
  • straight conjugate: 9.5-10 cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to tip of coccyx; distance variable since coccyx can move
  • intercristal distance: 29cm; between lateral aspects of iliac crests
  • external conjugate: 20cm; superior border of symphysis pubis and L5 spinous process
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15
Q

At what angles does the femur neck connect to the body?

A

126 degrees in adults (angle of inclination)
145 in small children
120 in older people

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16
Q

What are the 5(6) ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Extracapsular:
- Iliofemoral lateral:prevents lateral rotation and adduction of femur
- Iliofemoral medial: prevents medial rotation of femur
- ischiofemoral: prevents medial rotation of femur
- pubofemoral: prevents femur abduction
- orbicular: maintains contact between head and socket
Intracapsular:
- teres: extends between the acetabulum and head of femur; contains acetabular artery (branch from obturator artery)

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17
Q

What kind of bone is the patella? Where is it?

A

largest sesamoid bone (bone that develops in the tendon of muscles); develops in the tendon of the guadriceps femoris muscle

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18
Q

Patellar ligament:

A

connects the patella and the tibial tuberosity

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19
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

bicondylar type of synovial joint

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20
Q

What types of ligaments support the knee? function?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping; locks the knew in extension, medial rotation
    – posterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping
    medial and lateral collateral ligament:
    transverse ligament of the knee
    patellar ligament
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21
Q

What different about the cruciate ligaments?

A

They are intracapsular but extraarticular; not inside the join cavity

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22
Q

Intercondyle eminences:

A

two bony processes consisting of lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles on the tibia

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23
Q

interosseous membrane:

A

continuous fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula

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24
Q

What ligaments support the ankle joint?

A

deltoid medially
anterior and posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

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25
Q

Recognize these ligaments of the foot:

A
  • anterior talofibular
  • talonavicular
  • cuboidonavicular
  • bifurcate
  • calcaneocuboid
  • interosseous talocalcaneal
  • calcaneofibular
  • deltoid
  • calcaneoclavicular (spring)
  • long plantar
26
Q

What major/important nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
  • Obturator (L2-L4)
  • Subcostal (T12)
  • Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
  • ilioinguinal (L1)
  • genitofemoral (L1-L2)
  • lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3)
27
Q

What major/important nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A
  • Anterior and Posterior rami (L4-S3)

- Sciatic (L4-S3) (thickest nerve in body & found in the greater sciatic foramen deep in gluteal region)

28
Q

What are some lumbosacral plexus syndromes?

A
  • plexus close to abdominal and pelvic structures
  • trauma following surgery such as hysterectomy (removal of uterus), during labor
    compression from abdominal/pelvic tumors
  • aortic aneurysm
  • radiotherapy
29
Q

What is positive trendelenberg’s sign and waddling gait?

A
  • damage to superior gluteal n (gluteus medius/minimus which keep pelvis level)
  • left side damaged, right side drops
30
Q

Why is the iliac crest clinically important?

A
  • can perform bone marrow biopsy (red bone marrow taken from crest)
  • bone grafting
31
Q

What is a congenital dislocation of the hip? Treatment?

A

common birth defect, more in female infants.
- acetebulum fails to form completely or ligaments of hip joint are loose.
Treatment: splint/diaper/harness of straps to fold femur in its proper position

32
Q

What are metatarsal stress fractures?

A

result of repetitive stress on foot; 2nd and 3rd metatarsals are mostly affected.
treatment: rest and wearing stiff or cushioned shoes

33
Q

What kind of bone is the patella? Where is it?

A

largest sesamoid bone (bone that develops in the tendon of muscles); develops in the tendon of the guadriceps femoris muscle

34
Q

Patellar ligament:

A

connects the patella and the tibial tuberosity

35
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

bicondylar type of synovial joint

36
Q

What types of ligaments support the knee? function?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping; locks the knew in extension, medial rotation
    – posterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping
    medial and lateral collateral ligament:
    transverse ligament of the knee
    patellar ligament
37
Q

What different about the cruciate ligaments?

A

They are intracapsular but extraarticular; not inside the join cavity

38
Q

Intercondyle eminences:

A

two bony processes consisting of lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles on the tibia

39
Q

interosseous membrane:

A

continuous fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula

40
Q

What ligaments support the ankle joint?

A

deltoid medially
anterior and posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

41
Q

Recognize these ligaments of the foot:

A
  • anterior talofibular
  • talonavicular
  • cuboidonavicular
  • bifurcate
  • calcaneocuboid
  • interosseous talocalcaneal
  • calcaneofibular
  • deltoid
  • calcaneoclavicular (spring)
  • long plantar
42
Q

What major/important nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
  • Obturator (L2-L4)
  • Subcostal (T12)
  • Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
  • ilioinguinal (L1)
  • genitofemoral (L1-L2)
  • lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3)
43
Q

What major/important nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A
  • Anterior and Posterior rami (L4-S3)

- Sciatic (L4-S3) (thickest nerve in body & found in the greater sciatic foramen deep in gluteal region)

44
Q

What are some lumbosacral plexus syndromes?

A
  • plexus close to abdominal and pelvic structures
  • trauma following surgery such as hysterectomy (removal of uterus), during labor
    compression from abdominal/pelvic tumors
  • aortic aneurysm
  • radiotherapy
45
Q

What is positive trendelenberg’s sign and waddling gait?

A
  • damage to superior gluteal n (gluteus medius/minimus which keep pelvis level)
  • left side damaged, right side drops
46
Q

Why is the iliac crest clinically important?

A
  • can perform bone marrow biopsy (red bone marrow taken from crest)
  • bone grafting
47
Q

What is a congenital dislocation of the hip? Treatment?

A

common birth defect, more in female infants.
- acetebulum fails to form completely or ligaments of hip joint are loose.
Treatment: splint/diaper/harness of straps to fold femur in its proper position

48
Q

What are metatarsal stress fractures?

A

result of repetitive stress on foot; 2nd and 3rd metatarsals are mostly affected.
treatment: rest and wearing stiff or cushioned shoes

49
Q

Foot drop:

A

dropping of a forefoot; injury to deep peroneal nerve

    • common peroneal n. would be damaged if there is a blow o the lateral mean
    • inversion is by the superficial peroneal n.
50
Q

What innervates all muscles of the foot?

A

lateral and medial plantar n.

51
Q

What are the important nerves of the lumbosacral trunk?

A

sciatic, common peroneal, tibial, posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal, superior gluteal

52
Q

All adductor muscles are innervated by:

A

obturator nerve

53
Q

Contents of the adductor hiatus (hiatus tendineus)?

A

femoral artery and vein from the adductor canal go thru the adductor hiatus becoming the popliteal artery and vein

54
Q

Flat foot:

A

arch of foot fails to develop; experience lack of stability

55
Q

Anterior of leg and dorsal foot is innervated by what nerve?

A

Deep peroneal n.

56
Q

Popliteal fossa: floor, content, walls?

A

Walls: inferior is gastrosnemius (medial and lateral) m and superior is the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

floor: popliteal surface of femur, knee joint, upper tibial bone, oblique popliteal ligament, popliteal muscle with covering fascia
content: popliteal a. and v, tibial n, common peroneal n, genicular arties and veins

57
Q

What ligament is in the medial Retromalleolar Region?

A

the flexor retinaculum

58
Q

What passes beneath the flexor retinaculum?

A 
tibialis posterior tendon
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial a. and v.
tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus
59
Q

Femoral triangle: borders, floor, content?

A

Borders: sartorius laterally, adductor lungus medially, and also the floor ilioinguinal ligament superiorly

Floor: iliopsoas m, pectineus m, adductor longus

Content: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, structures inside the femoral sheath

60
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath (femoral ring)?

A
  • femoral a. and v.
  • genitofemoral n
  • lymph nodes and areolar tissue (femoral canal), rosenmuller node (the drain the Glans penis and clitoris)
61
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

painful, more in female; lateral to pubic tubercle

62
Q

Adductor’s canal (Hunter’s canal) content

A 
femoral a. and v.
saphenous n,
n to vastus medialis
small branches of obturator nerve
great saphenous vein

Anatomy (6 decks)

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