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Anatomy > Anatomy: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Anatomy: Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Sacroiliac joints

A

Sacrum articulates with hip bones on both sides

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2
Q

What ligaments reinforce the sacroiliac joint

A

Dorsal
Ventral
Interosseous sacroiliac
Iliolumbar

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3
Q

Iliolumbar ligament

A

Strong ligament between transverse process of lumbar vertebra and iliac crest; supports connection of vertebrae to hip bone

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4
Q

Sacrospinous ligament:

A

Ischial spine to sacrum

Encloses the greater sciatic notch making the greater sciatic foramen

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5
Q

What passes thru the greater sciatic foramen ?

A

Piriformis muscle

Sciatic nerve

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6
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Extends between the Ischial tuberosity and the sacrum

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7
Q

What forms the lesser sciatic foramen? What passes thru it?

A

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments cross each other to form it; contents: obturator internus muscle, pudendal nerve, pudendal artery and vein

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8
Q

Describe the obturator foramen.

A

Covered by the obturator membrane

Membrane leaves a small opening called obturator canal

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9
Q

What passes thru the obturator canal?

A

Obturator nerve

Obturator vessels

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10
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

Fibrocartilage tissue between the symphysial surface of the pubic bones; reinforced by superior and inferior pubic ligaments

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11
Q

Diameters (conjugates) of pelvic inlet?

A
  • Transverse diameter: 13.5-14cm; across middle of pelvic inlet
  • Oblique diameter 1: 12-12.5; right sacroiliac joint to opposite iliopubic eminence
  • Oblique diameter 2: 11.5-12cm; left sacroiliac joint opposite iliopubic eminence
  • anatomical conjugate: 12cm; upper border of symphysis pubis to middle of promontory
  • true(obstetric) conjugate: 11.5cm; posterosuperior aspect of symphysis to middle of promontory; narrowest fixed diameter calculated by subtracting 1.5 from diagonal conjugate
  • diagonal conjugate: 13cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to middle of promontory
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12
Q

How do you measure the diagonal conjugate?

A

Vaginal examination, use index and middle finger to touch promontory. Mark on glove and that mark to middle finger tip is distance.

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13
Q

Differences between male and female pubis?

A
  • pelvic inlet: F-wider, oval; M-narrow, heart shaped
  • pelvic outlet: F-wider, tuberosities=shorter, further apart, everted; M-more narrow, tuberosities=longer, sharper, point medially
  • iliac fossa: F- shallower; M-deeper
  • pubic arches: F- >90 degrees; M- <90 degrees
  • acetabulum: F- faces anteriorly; M- diverted laterally
  • ischial spine: F- points posteriorly; M- points medially
  • obturator foramen: F- oval; M- round
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14
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic outlet?

A
  • Interspinous diameter: 10cm; between two ischial spines; crucial!
  • median conjugate: 11.5 cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to inferior border of sacrum
  • straight conjugate: 9.5-10 cm; inferior border of symphysis pubis to tip of coccyx; distance variable since coccyx can move
  • intercristal distance: 29cm; between lateral aspects of iliac crests
  • external conjugate: 20cm; superior border of symphysis pubis and L5 spinous process
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15
Q

At what angles does the femur neck connect to the body?

A

126 degrees in adults (angle of inclination)
145 in small children
120 in older people

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16
Q

What are the 5(6) ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Extracapsular:
- Iliofemoral lateral:prevents lateral rotation and adduction of femur
- Iliofemoral medial: prevents medial rotation of femur
- ischiofemoral: prevents medial rotation of femur
- pubofemoral: prevents femur abduction
- orbicular: maintains contact between head and socket
Intracapsular:
- teres: extends between the acetabulum and head of femur; contains acetabular artery (branch from obturator artery)

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17
Q

What kind of bone is the patella? Where is it?

A

largest sesamoid bone (bone that develops in the tendon of muscles); develops in the tendon of the guadriceps femoris muscle

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18
Q

Patellar ligament:

A

connects the patella and the tibial tuberosity

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19
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

bicondylar type of synovial joint

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20
Q

What types of ligaments support the knee? function?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping; locks the knew in extension, medial rotation
    – posterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping
    medial and lateral collateral ligament:
    transverse ligament of the knee
    patellar ligament
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21
Q

What different about the cruciate ligaments?

A

They are intracapsular but extraarticular; not inside the join cavity

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22
Q

Intercondyle eminences:

A

two bony processes consisting of lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles on the tibia

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23
Q

interosseous membrane:

A

continuous fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula

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24
Q

What ligaments support the ankle joint?

A

deltoid medially
anterior and posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

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25
Recognize these ligaments of the foot:
- anterior talofibular - talonavicular - cuboidonavicular - bifurcate - calcaneocuboid - interosseous talocalcaneal - calcaneofibular - deltoid - calcaneoclavicular (spring) - long plantar
26
What major/important nerves make up the lumbar plexus?
- Femoral nerve (L2-L4) - Obturator (L2-L4) - Subcostal (T12) - Iliohypogastric (T12-L1) - ilioinguinal (L1) - genitofemoral (L1-L2) - lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3)
27
What major/important nerves make up the sacral plexus?
- Anterior and Posterior rami (L4-S3) | - Sciatic (L4-S3) (thickest nerve in body & found in the greater sciatic foramen deep in gluteal region)
28
What are some lumbosacral plexus syndromes?
- plexus close to abdominal and pelvic structures - trauma following surgery such as hysterectomy (removal of uterus), during labor compression from abdominal/pelvic tumors - aortic aneurysm - radiotherapy
29
What is positive trendelenberg's sign and waddling gait?
- damage to superior gluteal n (gluteus medius/minimus which keep pelvis level) - left side damaged, right side drops
30
Why is the iliac crest clinically important?
- can perform bone marrow biopsy (red bone marrow taken from crest) - bone grafting
31
What is a congenital dislocation of the hip? Treatment?
common birth defect, more in female infants. - acetebulum fails to form completely or ligaments of hip joint are loose. Treatment: splint/diaper/harness of straps to fold femur in its proper position
32
What are metatarsal stress fractures?
result of repetitive stress on foot; 2nd and 3rd metatarsals are mostly affected. treatment: rest and wearing stiff or cushioned shoes
33
What kind of bone is the patella? Where is it?
largest sesamoid bone (bone that develops in the tendon of muscles); develops in the tendon of the guadriceps femoris muscle
34
Patellar ligament:
connects the patella and the tibial tuberosity
35
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
bicondylar type of synovial joint
36
What types of ligaments support the knee? function?
- anterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping; locks the knew in extension, medial rotation -- posterior cruciate ligament: prevents femur from slipping medial and lateral collateral ligament: transverse ligament of the knee patellar ligament
37
What different about the cruciate ligaments?
They are intracapsular but extraarticular; not inside the join cavity
38
Intercondyle eminences:
two bony processes consisting of lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles on the tibia
39
interosseous membrane:
continuous fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula
40
What ligaments support the ankle joint?
deltoid medially anterior and posterior talofibular calcaneofibular
41
Recognize these ligaments of the foot:
- anterior talofibular - talonavicular - cuboidonavicular - bifurcate - calcaneocuboid - interosseous talocalcaneal - calcaneofibular - deltoid - calcaneoclavicular (spring) - long plantar
42
What major/important nerves make up the lumbar plexus?
- Femoral nerve (L2-L4) - Obturator (L2-L4) - Subcostal (T12) - Iliohypogastric (T12-L1) - ilioinguinal (L1) - genitofemoral (L1-L2) - lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3)
43
What major/important nerves make up the sacral plexus?
- Anterior and Posterior rami (L4-S3) | - Sciatic (L4-S3) (thickest nerve in body & found in the greater sciatic foramen deep in gluteal region)
44
What are some lumbosacral plexus syndromes?
- plexus close to abdominal and pelvic structures - trauma following surgery such as hysterectomy (removal of uterus), during labor compression from abdominal/pelvic tumors - aortic aneurysm - radiotherapy
45
What is positive trendelenberg's sign and waddling gait?
- damage to superior gluteal n (gluteus medius/minimus which keep pelvis level) - left side damaged, right side drops
46
Why is the iliac crest clinically important?
- can perform bone marrow biopsy (red bone marrow taken from crest) - bone grafting
47
What is a congenital dislocation of the hip? Treatment?
common birth defect, more in female infants. - acetebulum fails to form completely or ligaments of hip joint are loose. Treatment: splint/diaper/harness of straps to fold femur in its proper position
48
What are metatarsal stress fractures?
result of repetitive stress on foot; 2nd and 3rd metatarsals are mostly affected. treatment: rest and wearing stiff or cushioned shoes
49
Foot drop:
dropping of a forefoot; injury to deep peroneal nerve * * common peroneal n. would be damaged if there is a blow o the lateral mean * * inversion is by the superficial peroneal n.
50
What innervates all muscles of the foot?
lateral and medial plantar n.
51
What are the important nerves of the lumbosacral trunk?
sciatic, common peroneal, tibial, posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal, superior gluteal
52
All adductor muscles are innervated by:
obturator nerve
53
Contents of the adductor hiatus (hiatus tendineus)?
femoral artery and vein from the adductor canal go thru the adductor hiatus becoming the popliteal artery and vein
54
Flat foot:
arch of foot fails to develop; experience lack of stability
55
Anterior of leg and dorsal foot is innervated by what nerve?
Deep peroneal n.
56
Popliteal fossa: floor, content, walls?
Walls: inferior is gastrosnemius (medial and lateral) m and superior is the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris floor: popliteal surface of femur, knee joint, upper tibial bone, oblique popliteal ligament, popliteal muscle with covering fascia content: popliteal a. and v, tibial n, common peroneal n, genicular arties and veins
57
What ligament is in the medial Retromalleolar Region?
the flexor retinaculum
58
What passes beneath the flexor retinaculum?
``` tibialis posterior tendon flexor digitorum longus posterior tibial a. and v. tibial nerve flexor hallucis longus ```
59
Femoral triangle: borders, floor, content?
Borders: sartorius laterally, adductor lungus medially, and also the floor ilioinguinal ligament superiorly Floor: iliopsoas m, pectineus m, adductor longus Content: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, structures inside the femoral sheath
60
What are the contents of the femoral sheath (femoral ring)?
- femoral a. and v. - genitofemoral n - lymph nodes and areolar tissue (femoral canal), rosenmuller node (the drain the Glans penis and clitoris)
61
What is a femoral hernia?
painful, more in female; lateral to pubic tubercle
62
Adductor's canal (Hunter's canal) content
``` femoral a. and v. saphenous n, n to vastus medialis small branches of obturator nerve great saphenous vein ```

Anatomy (6 decks)

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