Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory 2 > Anatomy Blood Supply Innervation of the Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy Blood Supply Innervation of the Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Tension pneumothorax is accumulation of air in the pleural space under pressure, compressing the lungs and decreasing venous return to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of a tension pneumothorax?

A

Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a racing heart, followed by shock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inhalation of a foreign body is more likely to enter which bronchus and why?

A

The right bronchus as it is wider than the left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Bronchoscopy: enables examination of trachea to carina:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carina

A

Point at which the trachea bifurcates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is bronchoscopy used for?

A

Can be used for biopsy of mucous membrane and removal of inhaled foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

An area of lung supplied by a segmental (tertiary) bronchus and accompanying pulmonary artery branch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the significance of having bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Smallest, functionally independent unit of a lung and smallest area that can be isolated and removed without affecting adjacent regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

A

10 in each lung (8-10 in left) as some of them fuse in the left lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pneumonia

A

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by parenchyma?

A

The functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the commonest organism that causes pneumonia?

A

Commonest organism Strep. Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer membrane of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Visceral pleura

A

The visceral pleura is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung (inner part of the membrane).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is a tension pneumothorax treated?

A

Treatment is immediate needle decompression by inserting a large-bore needle into the 2nd intercostal space in the midclavicular line.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Asthma mainly affects which part of the bronchial tree?

A

Tertiary bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What supplies blood to the lung?

A

Bronchial artery (branch off the thoracic aorta).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma secondary to infection. Symptoms of a productive cough.

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does pneumonia present on an CXR?

A

• Can demonstrate airway opacification • Radiological sign of lung space “consolidation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lung consolidation on a CXR suggests what?

A

Tissue inflammation/Pustular material within alveolar space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Consolidation

A

A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does deoxygenated blood reach the lungs?

A

SLIDE 17 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are classified as your true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are classified as your false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10 articulate with costal cartilage only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are classified as your floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain movement of the thoracic cage.

A

Articulations between vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum allow thoracic cage movement. Volume change in 3 planes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What the three planes that are involved in movement of the thoracic cage?

A

SLIDE 22-25 - 31

29
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

A fold in the lung peritoneum.

30
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

A

The pulmonary ligaments serve to hold the lower part of the lungs in position. The pulmonary ligaments also provide a potential space for the expansion of lung tissue.

31
Q

Sarcoidosis??

A

33

32
Q

Cough

A

Forced expulsive manoeuvre - to remove any respiratory irritant.

33
Q

What receptors stimulate cough reflex and where?

A

Pulmonary irritant sensors - most sensitive in the larynx and carina.

34
Q

How do you test cough reflex?

A

Inhalation of capsaicin.

35
Q

PLeural effusion - transudate exucde

A

.

36
Q

What is the diagnosis of this X-ray?

A

Tension pneumothorax

37
Q

Where does pneumothorax occur?

A

In the pleural space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

38
Q

What is normally contained within the pleural space?

A

A lubricating fluid that helps reduce friction between the lungs as they relax and contract.

39
Q

What causes a pneumothorax and what does it result in?

A

THe seal of the pleural space is punctured causing the lung to collapse.

40
Q

How does spontaneous pneumothorax occur?

A

Bullae forms on the surface of the lung (a large air pocket) and breaks.

41
Q

How do bullae form?

A

When alveoli in the terminal bronchioles have a tiny leak causing air to seap into the surrounding lung tissue.

42
Q

What is meant by a tension pneumothorax?

A

A tear in the pleura results in a one way valve which allows air to enter the pleural space but not leave, causing compression of the lung and heart.

43
Q

How can a tension pneumothorax present?

A

Can cause compression of the lung and heart causing them to function less well.

> this presents as shortness of breath and chest pain.

Cause tracheal deviation.

44
Q

What are the diagnostic steps for pneumothorax?

A

Reduced breath sounds in auscultation.

Hyperresonance in percussion.

X-ray / CT needed for diagnosis.

45
Q
A
46
Q

What is the treatment of pneumothorax?

A

Only treated in severe cases / tension pneumothorax - a chest tube / needle in inserted allow the air to escape out the lung.

47
Q

What effect does a tension pneumothorax have on venous return and cardiac function.

A

Decreased venous return and cardiac output - leading to a fall in blood pressure so the patient can lose consciousness.

48
Q

COPD affects what region of the lung?

A

Alveoli

49
Q

What is the diagnosis here?

A

Pneuomonia - detected from the consolidation on X-ray.

50
Q

Whats the difference between consolidation and effusion?

A

Effusion is fluid collection within the pleural space of the lung.

Consolidation is fluid collection within the lung tissue.

51
Q

How is deoxygenated blood brought to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries:
Left Pulmonary artery:

Branches into two lobar arteries.

Right pulmonary artery:

Truncus anterior which supplies blood to the upper lobe.

Interlobar artery that supplies blood to the middle and inferior lobe.

52
Q

Summary of pulmonary vasculature:

A
53
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

Give oxygenation of pleural and visceral lung tissue.

Supply:

Lung tissue
Hilum

Visceral pleura

Parenchyma

54
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?

A

The thoracic aorta at T5

55
Q

How are the ribs classified?

A
56
Q

Label the following MRI of the lungs:

A
57
Q

What is contained within the right lung hilum?

A

Right Lung Hilum (superior to inferior)

Eparterial bronchus (right superior lobe bronchus)

Pulmonary artery

Hyparterial bronchus (branches below the pulmonary artery).

Inferior pulmonary vein

58
Q

What is contained within the left lung hilum?

A

Left lung hilum (superior to inferior)

Pulmonary artery

Bronchus

Inferior pulmonary vein

59
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament and what does it do?

A

The pulmonary ligament is the fold in the pleura.

The pulmonary ligament helps anchor the lungs to the diaphragm.

60
Q

Pleural cavity

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

61
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary nodes?

A

A large collection of lymph nodes in the perihilar region.

62
Q

Inflammation of the bronchopulmonary is a clinical sign of what?

A

Sarcoidosis

63
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas. The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes.

64
Q

Explain the nerve route of the cough reflex.

A

Cough reflex is initiated by pulmonary irritant sensors (chemical and mechanical stimuli).

Afferent limb gives sensory input via the vagus - goes to the cough centre in the medulla.

Efferent lilb gives a motor response via the vagus, phrenic and motor spinal nerves.

65
Q

Where are the pulmonary irritant sensors most sensitive?

A

Larynx and carina are most sensitive.

66
Q

How do you test someones cough reflex?

A

Give them inhaled capsacin - which causes chemical irritation to the respiratory sensors.

67
Q

Explain the DAGAV-C mechanics of coughing.

A

Diaphragm contratcs with internal intercostals - inhalaiton.

Air enters the lungs to equalise pressure.

Glottis closes and vocal cords contract.

Abdominal muscles contract. Diaphragm relaxes. Increased pressure within the lungs.

Vocal cords and glottis opens. Air is released at >100mph

Collapse of bronchi and non-cartilaginous parts of the trachea. Forms a slit to force air through, clearing an irritants.

68
Q

What can cause an absent cough reflex?

A
69
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate pleural effusion?

A

In a pleural effusion, different fluids can enter the pleural cavity. Transudate is fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary. Exudate is fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation.

Respiratory 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions