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OMS 1 > Anatomy Block 5 > Flashcards

Anatomy Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q

flat bones of cranium formed

A

by intramembranous ossification

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2
Q

irregular bones of cranium formed

A

by endochondrial ossification

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3
Q

parts of cranium

A

viscerocranium and neurocranium

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4
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal bone - frontal crest, orbital part
ethmoid bone - crista galli, foramina and cribiform plate
sphenoid bone - lesser wing and anterior clinoid

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5
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

sphenoid bone - greater wing, foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, superior orbital fissure, foramen lacerum, dorsum sellae, prechiasmatic sulcus
temporal bone - trigeminal impression, arcuate eminence, groove/hiatus for greater petrosal n

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6
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

temporal bone - internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, superior border of petrous part, groove for sigmoid sinus
occipital bone - clivus, jugular tubercle, hypoglossal canal, groove for inferior petrosal sinus, foramen magnum, internal occipital protuberance, internal occipital crest, groove for transverse sinus

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7
Q

carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

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8
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

CN7 facial nerve

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9
Q

foramen magnum

A

spinal cord, vertebral aa, roots accessory nerve (CN 11)

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10
Q

foramen ovale

A

CN 5 trigeminal mandibular division

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11
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

CN12 hypoglossal n

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13
Q

jugular foramen

A

CN9 glossopharyngeal n, CN10 vagus n, CN11 accessory n, internal jugular v

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14
Q

hyoid

A

doesnt articulate other bones
important attachment for neck muscles

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15
Q

CN1

A

olfactory
special visceral afferent
olfaction/smell
exits cribiform plate

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16
Q

anosmia

A

loss of smell

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17
Q

naegleria fowler

A

brain eating amoeba

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18
Q

CN2

A

optic
special somatic afferent
exits optic canal
vision from retina

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19
Q

CN3

A

oculomotor
exits superior orbital fissure
general somatic efferent - extrinsic eye muscles
general visceral efferent - parasympathetic fibers to control pupil

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20
Q

CN4

A

trochlear
general somatic efferent
exits superior orbital fissure
innervates superior oblique

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21
Q

CN6

A

abducens
general somatic efferent
exits superior orbital fissure
innervates lateral rectus

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22
Q

CN5

A

trigeminal
ophthalmic - general somatic efferent, exits superior orbital fissure
maxillary - general somatic efferent, exits foramen rotundum
mandibular - exits foramen ovale, general somatic efferent and muscles of mastication

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23
Q

CN7

A

facial
special visceral efferent - muscles of fascial expression
general visceral efferent - parasympathetics to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands, nose and palantine glands
general somatic afferent - sense to external acoustic meatus
special visceral afferent - taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

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24
Q

CN8

A

vestibulocochlear
special somatic afferent - orientation/balance and hearing
exits internal acoustic meatus

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25
Q

CN9

A

glossopharyngeal
all types of fibers
innervation of stylopharyngeus
parasympathetics to parotid gland
sense to posterior 1/3 tongue
sense from carotid body/sinus
taste to posterior 1/3 tongue

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26
Q

CN10

A

vagus
all types of fibers
innervation of palatoglossus
parasympathetics to thorax and abdomen
sense to larynx
sense to thorax and abdomen
taste from epiglottis and palate
exits jugular foramen

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27
Q

CN11

A

spinal accessory
general somatic efferent
exits jugular foramen
motor to SCM and trapezius

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28
Q

CN12

A

hypoglossal
general somatic efferent
muscles of tongue
exits hypoglossal canal

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29
Q

boundaries of the neck

A

superior - base of skull, inferior mandible
inferior - clavicle, manubrium, C7 to acromia, base of neck

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30
Q

C1 (atlas)

A

no body
pivots around axis

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31
Q

C2 (axis)

A

dens
ligaments hold C1 in place - cruciate (superior and inferior longitudinal bands, transverse), alar, apical, atlantoaxial
breaks at pars interarticularis

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32
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

small bodies
C2-6 have bifid spinous processes
transverse foramen
anterior and posterior tubercles
uncinate processes

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33
Q

scalene muscles

A

anterior: C3-6 to rib 1, innervated by C4-7
middle: C2-7 to rib 1, innervated by C3-7
posterior: C4-7 to rib 2, innervated by C5-7
assist breathing
flex neck to ipsilateral side

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34
Q

longus muscles

A

colli: innervated by C2-6, flex neck
capitis: innervated by C1-3, flex AO joint

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35
Q

rectus capitis muscles

A

anterior: innervated by C1-2, flex OA joint
lateralis: innervated C1-2, flex OA joint

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36
Q

hyoid bone

A

body, lesser horn, greater horn

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37
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

mylohyoid (CNV3)
stylohyoid (CN7)
anterior digastric (CNV3)
posterior digastric (CN7)
glenohyoid
pull hyoid up

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38
Q

infrrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid (shoulder to hyoid)
sternohyoid (sternum to hyoid)
thyrohyoid (thyroid to hyoid)
sternothyroid (sternum to thyroid)
pull hyoid down

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39
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

mastoid to sternum
CN11
turn head to contralateral side

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40
Q

platysma

A

facial expression
CN7

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41
Q

carotid sheath

A

carotid arteries, internal jugular veins, vagus nerves

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42
Q

prevertebral fascia

A

nerves, vertebral arteries, pre/para vertebral muscles

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43
Q

pretracheal fascia

A

infrahyoid muscle (musclular)
visceral - recurrent laryngeal nn, parathyroid glands, thyroid
buccalpharyngeal fascia - esophagus

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44
Q

posterior triangle of neck

A

posterior to SCM anterior to trapezius superior to clavicle
subdivided into occipital triangle and omoclavicular triangle

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45
Q

anterior triangle of neck

A

anterior to SCM, inferior to mandible, lateral to midline of neck
subdivided into submandibular, submental, muscular, and carotid triangles

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46
Q

thyrocervical arteries

A

thyrocervical trunk - inferior thyroid, subscapular, transverse cervical (dorsal scapular)

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47
Q

cervical arteries

A

common carotid gives
internal carotid
external carotid - superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, fascial, occipital, maxillary, posterior auricular, superficial temporal

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48
Q

jugular veins

A

same path as carotid except posterior auricular drains into internal carotid

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49
Q

blood to brain

A

vertebral arteries, internal carotid artery

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50
Q

cervical lymph

A

spinal accessory (posterior lateral superficial cervical nodes)

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51
Q

suboccipital triangle

A

rectus capitis posterior major and minor
obliquis capitis superior and inferior

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52
Q

embryonic origins of skeletal elements

A

neural crest - frontal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, incisive, mandible, sphenoid, squamous temporal, hyoids
lateral plate mesoderm - laryngeals
paraxial mesoderm - parietal, pet temporal, occipitalis

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53
Q

arch 1

A

temporalis, stylohyoid, mylohyoid
meckels cartilage, incus, malleus
CNV

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54
Q

arch 2

A

orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, frontalis, auricularis, buccinator, stylohyoid, posterior digastric, platysma
stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid
CNVII

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55
Q

arch 3

A

stylopharyngeus
hyoid bone and greater horn of hyoid
CN IX

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56
Q

arch 4

A

middle/inferior constrictor of pharynx, cricothyroid
thyroid cartilage
CN X

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57
Q

arch 6

A

CN X
cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings

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58
Q

external ear development

A

auricular hillocks to cymba conchae, helix, concha, antihelix, antitragus, tragus sep

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59
Q

tongue and larynx

A

arch 1 - lateral lingual swellings and median lingual swelling
arch 2 - copula
arch 4 - hypopharyngeal eminence

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60
Q

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

from occipital somites and innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
mylohyoid and glenohyoid

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61
Q

thyroid gland

A

foramen cecum creates thyroglossal duct, thyroid precursors attached

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62
Q

tympanic membrane

A

combination of endoderm of 1st pharyngeal pouch and extoderm of 1st pharyngeal cleft

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63
Q

palantine tonsils

A

endoderm of 2nd pharyngeal pouch invaded by mesoderm and infiltrated by lymph cells

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64
Q

pharyngeal pouch 3

A

ventral wing - thymus
dorsal wing - inferior parathyroid gland

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65
Q

pharyngeal pouch 4

A

ventral wing - ultimobranchial body - parafollicular cells
dorsal wing - superior parathyroid gland

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66
Q

cervical cyst

A

proliferation of 2nd arch covers 2nd-4th cleft

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67
Q

humor filled spaces

A

anterior segment - aqueous humor, provide nutrients to avascular lens and cornea, divided into anterior and posterior chambers
posterior segment - vitreous humor, protects retina, holds lens and retina in place, maintain structural integrity

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68
Q

tunics of the eye

A

fibrous - corneoscleral coat
vascular - uvea (choroid, ciliary body, iris)
nervous - retina (neural retina: nonphotosensitive and photosensitive parts, retinal pigment epithelium: RPE)

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69
Q

fibrous tunic

A

sclera - opaque white of the eye, dense fibrous CT with microvasculature, attachment for extrinsic eye muscles
cornea - transparent convexity (window), primary refractive surface of eye (focuses rays), no blood or lymph vessels, 5 layers
corneosclera limbus (junction) - transition zone between cornea and sclera, corneal stem cells, barrier between cornea and sclera

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70
Q

sclera histology

A

episclera - external layer of loose CT, adjacent periorbital fissure
episcleral space - freedom for eyeball movement
substantia propria (sclera proper) - investing fascia of eye, dense network of thick collagen fibers, some elastic fibers and ground substance, scattered fibroblasts, attachment points for tendons of extraocular muscles
suprachorois lamina - external to choroid, thinner collagen and elastic fibers, melanocytes, macrophages

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71
Q

cornea histology

A

-corneal epithelium - nonkeratanized stratified squamous epithelium, basal proliferation (low columnar cells with round nuclei), surface has squamous cells with flat nuclei, 7 day turnover, limited proliferation, microvilli on surface, highly sensitive
-bowmans membrane - basal lamina of randomly oriented collagen, strength and barrier to infection, abruptly ends at sclera
-corneal stroma - 90% cornea thickness, parrallel bundles highly ordered collagen fibrils, sheets flattened fibroblasts, transparent bc arrangemen
-descements membrane - thick basal lamina of collagen, extends beneath sclera to pectinate ligament to maintain corneal curvature
-corneal endothelium - single squamous layer, metabolic exchange between cornea and aqueous humor, corneal swelling

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72
Q

limbus histology

A

bubar conjunctiva (Cj) - conjuctival epithelium (irregular thickness), loose vascular CT (replace Bowmans membrane)
stroma (S) - flat collagen bundles, fine networks of elastin and ground substance, scattered fibroblasts, highly vascularized
trabeculae network - decements and endothelium dissappear, reabsorb aqueous humor from anterior chamber into canal of schlemm
transition zone - corneolimbal stem cells (maintain corneal epithelium), proliferate/differentiate/migrate to cornea, cells prevent conjunctival epithelium to cornea, conjunctivalization of cornea upon injury (unstable epithelium)

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73
Q

uvea

A

choroid (dark brown vascular sheet between sclera and retina, nutrients to retina), ciliary body (thickened anterior aspect of vascular tunic), iris (thin anterior aspect of vascular tunic, contractile diaphram infront of lens, arises from anterior border of ciliary body, attached to sclera)

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74
Q

choroid histology

A

highly vascularized and pigmented with melanin, choriocapillaries (bed of highly fenestrated capillaries providing nutrients to retina), Bruchs membrane (elastin and collagen hyalin membrane between chorioreceptors and RPE of retina)

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75
Q

ciliary body histology

A

ciliary smooth muscle (changes in contraction determine flatness of lens), ciliary process (lined on inner surface by double layer ciliary epithelium, production of aqueous humor), zonular fibers (suspensory ligament of lens)

76
Q

aqueous humor

A

derived from blood plasma with similar ionic content to plasma, maintain intraocular pressure, provides nutrients and removes metabolites of lens and cornea, prouced in posterior chamber and moves to anterior chamber where its reabsorbed by iridocorneal angle, turnover 1.5 to 2 hours

77
Q

iris histology

A

posterior side (melanin containing cells, posterior pigment epithelium), anterior to PE (pigment myoepithelium with anterior contractile elements for dilator pupillae muscle), around pupil is smooth muscle (sphincter pupillae muscle), anterior iris is mostly stroma (highly vascularized CT with scattered melanocytes, pigment limits light through iris, muscle increases and decreases the size of the pupil to change the amount of light entering)

78
Q

lens

A

lens capsule - thick basal lamina, elastic type 4 collagen and proteoglycans, attachment for zonule fibers
subscapular lens epithelium - single layer of cuboid epithelial cells, only anterior lens surface
lens fibers - elongated/thin/flat cells, lack organelles, filled with crystallin (protein), differentiating lens fibers, mature lens fibers

79
Q

adaptation

A

changing pupil size with light intensity

80
Q

accomidation

A

change lens thickness when viewing near vs distance

81
Q

pupil

A

sympathetics to dilate, parasympathetics to constrict

82
Q

focus

A

distance relaxes ciliary muscles and tightens suspensory ligament to flatten lens
near contracts ciliary muscles and relaxes suspensory ligaments to thicken lens

83
Q

retina layers

A

RPE and neural retina

84
Q

primary conducting cells

A

photoreceptors (detect photons of light)
to
bipolar cells (receive signals from photoreceptors about light)
to
ganglion cells (receive signals from bipolar cells and send to brain, axons form optic nerve)

85
Q

association neurons

A

amocrine cells - process bipolar cell signal to control what ganglion cell receives
horizontal cells - process photoreceptor signal to control what bipolar cells receive

86
Q

muller cells (supporting cells)

A

extend nearly the length of neural retina, modified astrocytes (regulate water, waste, ions, blood flow), form adherent junctions with photoreceptor cells to form outer limiting membrane, extensions internal to ganglion cell axons from inner limitin membrane

87
Q

retinal pigment epithelium (supporting cells)

A

most outer retinal layer, simple cuboidal epithelium attached to Bruchs membrane, removes free radicals and supports photoreceptors, phagocytoses used photoreceptor discs, junctional complexes between RPE cells create barrier (blood retinal barrier) that governs selective entry of blood components from choroid vessels into posterior retina

88
Q

10 layers of retina (9 neural 1 RPE)

A

10 - inner limiting membrane
9 - optic nerve fibers
8 - ganglion cell layer
7 - inner plexiform layer
6 - inner nuclear layer
5 - outer plexiform layer
4 - outer nuclear layer
3 - outer limiting membrane
2 - photoreceptor outer segments
1 - RPE

89
Q

fovea

A

highest density of photoreceptors, all cone receptors, other retina layers pushed aside to minimize light scattering, part of macula

90
Q

optic disc

A

spot ganglion cell axons converge and exit as optic nerve “blindspot”

91
Q

ora serrata

A

irregular border of ciliary body, anterior edge optic retina

92
Q

blood supply of retina

A

layers 6-10 central artery of retina
layers 1-5 choroid vessels

93
Q

eyelids

A

protect and lubricate eye, anterior covered with epidermis, orbicularis oculi beneath, tendon of levator palpebrae superioris opens eyelid, tarsal palate of dense fibrous elastic CT, lid margin with apocrine sweat glands, tarsal glands and lacrimal glands, superior border attachment for superior tarsal muscle for eyelid elevation, eyelashes with sebacious glands, posterior covered in palpebral conjunctiva

94
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin tansparent mucous membrane, numerous goblet cells, palpebral (posterior eyelid), conjunctival (where eyelid ends), bulbar (outer sclera from conjunctival fornix to corneoscleral limbus)

95
Q

lacrimal glands

A

produce tears to lubricate conjunctival surface, tubuloacinar serous glands (acinar with large lumens filled with columnar cells), tears drain through lacrimal apparatus into nasal cavity below inferior nasal concha

96
Q

embryology

A

nervous tissue of eye from second superior vesicle in development, rest of eye from surface ectoderm and mesoderm
optic vesicle extends and interacts with overlying ectoderm signaling it to become lens and cornea
as retinal ganglion cells develop they extend axons out stalks to become optic nerve
ventral folding internalizes hyaloid vessels and creates choroid fissure

97
Q

colomba

A

failure of fusion of choroid fissure

98
Q

regression of hyaloid vessels

A

leave empty hyaloid canal through vitrous body (lens doesnt need blood around week 10 of development)

99
Q

boundaries of temporal fossa

A

superior/posterior - temporal lines
anterior - zygomatic and fromtal lobes
lateral - zygomatic arch
inferior - infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid
floor - pterion

100
Q

boundaries of infratemporal fossa

A

lateral - ramus of mandible
medial - lateral pterygoid plate and pharynx
anterior - posterior surface of maxilla
posterior - tympanic plate
superior / roof - greater wing of sphenoid
inferior - insertion medial pterygoid muscle on lower mandibular ramus

101
Q

temporal fossa contents

A

temporal fascia, temporalis muscle, pterion, deep temporal arteries, deep temporal nerve of V3, zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve of V2, auriculotemporal branch of V3

102
Q

infratemporal fossa contents

A

medial and lateral pteygoid, sphenomandibular ligament and tendon temporalis muscle, mandibular nerve branches (inferior alveolar, buccal, chordatympani), otic ganglia, maxillary artery, pterygoid venus plexus

103
Q

CN V

A

supraorbital foramen (V1 ophthalmic)
infraorbital foramen (V2 maxillary)
mental foramen (V3 mandibular)

104
Q

main nerve in infratemporal fossa

A

mandibular which gives auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal

105
Q

chorda tympani

A

joins lingual in infratemporal fossa

106
Q

parotid gland

A

largest salivary gland
anteroinferior to external acoustic meatus in parotid sheath

107
Q

parotid duct

A

crosses over masseter
pierces buccinator
opens into vestibule of mouth opposite second upper molar

108
Q

parotid sympathetic innervation

A

preganglionic neurons in interomediolateral cell column of T1 and T2
post ganglionic fibers reach gland through external carotid nerve plexus on external carotid artery

109
Q

parotid parasympathetic innervation

A

preganglionic neurons in inferior salivatory nucleus in medulla
fibers project via tympanic plexus to otic ganglia
postsynaptic fibers conveyed by auriculotemporal nerve

110
Q

muscles of mastication

A

temporal fascia, temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
innervation - branches of mandibular nerve (V3)
blood supply - maxillary artery

111
Q

maxillary artery

A

divided into 3 parts by lateral pterygoid muscle
1. deep auricular, anterior tympanic, inferior alveolar, middle meningeal, acccessory meningeal
2. middle pterygoid, masseteric, posterior anterior deep temporal, buccal
3. posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, sphenopalatine, pharyngeal, pterygoid canal

112
Q

temporal fascia

A

superior temporal lines to zygomatic arch

113
Q

temporalis

A

temporal lines to coronoid process of mandible

114
Q

masseter

A

maxillary process of zygomatic bone / anterior 2/3 process of zygomatic maxilla to lateral surface of ramus and angle of mandible

115
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

upper head : roof of infratemporal fossa
lower head : lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
both to TMJ capsule articular cartilage, neck of mandible

116
Q

medial pterygoid

A

deep head : medial surface of lateral plate pterygoid
superficial head : tuberosity of maxilla
both to mandible

117
Q

tempomandibular joint

A

surface covered by fibrocartilage
divided into 2 by fibrous articulardisc
lower is hinge
upper is glide
lined by synovial membrane
ligaments: tempomandibular, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular

118
Q

nasal cavity

A

anterior nostrils (between nasal septum and ala), posterior choanae, superior ethmoid bone, inferior hard palate, medial nasal septum, lateral nasal wall with conchae (turbinate bones)

119
Q

ethmoid bone

A

top of nasal cavity and parts of medial and lateral walls, cross shape, crista galli (upper cross) separates left and right olfactory bulbs, perpendicular plate (lower cross( to nasal septum

120
Q

lateral nasal wall

A

3 turbinate bones
superior/middle turbinates part of ethmoid bone
inferior concha its own bone
inferior/lateral to each turbinate is a meatus, there is opening between each meatus and a neighboring sinus/passage

121
Q

turbinate bones sinuses and passages

A

superior meatus - ethmoidal air cells
middle meatus - ethmoidal bulba, frontal/maxillary sinus within semilunar hiatus
inferior meatus - nasolacimal duct

122
Q

oral cavity

A

palatoglossal arch, uvula, palatopharyngeal arch (muscles deep to arches)

123
Q

tonsils

A

adenoids, tubal, palantine, lingual

124
Q

tongue muscles

A

genioglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, palatoglossus
lingual artery and nerve (CN V3 and XII)

125
Q

genioglossus

A

pulls tongue out, CN XII

126
Q

styloglossus

A

CN XII

127
Q

hypoglossus

A

CN XII

128
Q

palatoglossus

A

CN X

129
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid CN IX
submandibular CN VII
sublingual CN VII

130
Q

pterygopalatine fossa

A

maxillary artery and nerve (CN V2)

131
Q

medial wall of pterygopalatine fossa

A

sphenopalatine foramen (door)
medial/lateral pterygoid process of sphenoid
palatine bone

132
Q

lateral wall of pterygopalatine fossa

A

pterygomaxillary fissure (door)

133
Q

anterior branches of maxillary nerve

A

zygomatic branches innervate zygomatic region of face
infraorbital branch innervates skin in region of infraorbital foramen
superior alveolar nerves innervate teeth and gums lining maxilla

134
Q

pterygopalatine ganlion

A

CN VIII carries parasympathetic fibers from brain stem

greater petrosal erve leaves CN VIII at geniculate ganglia, breifly transverses ,iddle cranial fossa entering pterygoid canal merged with sympathetic fibers, in PT fossa parasympathetic fibers synapse PT ganglia and go to glands and mucose of viscerocranium

135
Q

bones of the orbit

A

ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, frontal

136
Q

5 layers of scalp

A

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose CT
pericranium (periosteum of bone)

137
Q

aponeurotic layer

A

connects occipitofrontalis (pulls scalp anterior, wrinklesforehead, raises eyebrows) and temporalis/superior auricular muscle (elevates aurical of external ear)
all innervated by CN VII (other muscles this innervates are stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid)

138
Q

3 groups of face muscles

A

orbital, nasal, oral

139
Q

orbital muscles of face

A

orbicularis oculi - outer orbital encircles orbital orifice, inner palpebral part in eyelids from medial corner to attach laterally
correugator supercili - medial end superciliary arch to skin on medial 1/2 eyebrow

140
Q

nasal muscles of face

A

nasalis - flares nares, transverse part (compressor naris) and alar part (dilator naris) maxilla to alar cartilage
procerus - nasal bone to between eyebrows, draws medial eyebrows down
depressor septi nasi - maxilla to lower part of nasal septum, pulls nose inferiorly which opens nares

141
Q

oral muscles of face

A

orbicularis oris - encircles mouth, purses lips, maxilla/mandible/buccinator to skin/mucous membrane of lips
buccinator - posterior maxilla/mandible to orbicularis oris, resists distention of cheeks
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - snarl

142
Q

innervation of scalp

A

anterior to auricles CN V
posterior to auricles spinal cutaneous nerves from C2/3

143
Q

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

sensory root consists of central process of neurons in trigeminal ganglion
motor root is supplying muscles of mastication (temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid, masseter)

144
Q

branches of facial nerve

A

To - temporal
Zanzabar - sygomatic
By - buccal
Motor - mandibular
Car - cervical

145
Q

blood supply of face

A

facial artery
gives off superior and inferior labial arteries and lateral nasal arteries (becomes angular arteries distal to lateral nasal artery)

146
Q

facial veins

A

supratrochlear and supraorbital drain into angular vein
angular vein drains into facial vein
facial vein communicates with the ophthalmic vein and deep facial veins

147
Q

lymph of face

A

submental nodes drain medial lower lip and chin
submandibular nodes drain medial orbit, external nose, medial cheek, upper lip
preauricular/parotid nodes drain eyelids, external nodes, lateral cheeks

all drain into deep cervical nodes which drain to jugular trunch which drains to thoracic duct

148
Q

pharynx has 3 parts

A

nasopharynx - choana to soft palate CN V2
oropaharynx - soft palate palatoglosal arch to epiglottis CN IX
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to cricoid cartilage CN X

149
Q

piriform recess

A

swallowed items can get lodged and inflamed
superior laryngeal nerve

150
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

superior and inferior horn
cricothyroid joint

151
Q

trachea

A

cricotracheal ligament (C6), carina (T4/5), trachealis muscle, C-shaped hyalin cartilage rings

152
Q

external pharyngeal muscles

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor - occipital bone/medial pterygomandibular plate
middle pharyngeal constrictor - hyoid bone
inferior pharyngeal constrictor - thyroid/cricoid cartilage
all to pharyngeal raphe CN X

153
Q

internal pharyngeal muscles

A

palatopharyngeus - hard palate/palatine aponeurosis to thyroig cartilage/pharyngeal wall
saplingopharyngeus - cartilagenous pharyngotympanic tube to pharyngeal wall
stylopharyngeus - styloid process of temporal bone to thyroid cartilage od pharyngeal wall
all pull pharynx up CN IX

154
Q

palatini muscles

A

tensor veli palatini - soft palate to pharyngotympanic tube, CN V3, tense palate (aid in swallowing)
levator veli palatini - soft palate to pharyngotympanic tube, CN X, elevate palate/close opening between naso/oropharynx

155
Q

gag reflex

A

CN IX (sensory efferent), CN X (motor afferent), pharynx/soft palate sensory

156
Q

gap below inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior laryngeal artery

157
Q

gap between inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

inferior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery, superior laryngeal vein

158
Q

gap between middle and superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

stylopharyngeus, glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid ligament passes here

159
Q

gap between superior pharyngeal constrictor and pharyngobasilar fascia

A

levator veli palatini, pharyngotympanic tube, ascending palatine artery

160
Q

lymph

A

tonsils
pharyngeal (adenoids)
palatine
lingual

161
Q

tonsilar bed

A

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch, superior pharyngeal constrictor

162
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

muscular process, vocal process, can slide anterior/posterior/medial/lateral

163
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve and vocal cords

A

damage on 1 side - paralyzed muscle assumes paramedian position, functional side past midline to speak, litle deficit
damage on both sides - paralyzed muscle assumes paramedian position, can usually breath but touble speaking, sometimes cords move medially making speaking possibel but breathing hard

164
Q

cricothyroid muscles

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve
thyroarytenoid - relaxer
vocalis - minute adjustment to vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid - opens airway
lateral cricoarytenoid - close airway
transverse arytenoid - close airway
aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid - like sphincter, close glottis

165
Q

3 parts of ear

A

external - auricle, external auditory meatus

middle - in temporal bone, lateral tympanic membrane, communicates with nasopharynx via pharyngotympanic tube

166
Q

function of external and middle ear

A

collect sounds and transfer to internal ear

167
Q

inner ear

A

contain specialized structures for hearing and posture equilibrium

168
Q

extrinsic auricular muscles

A

superior auricular - pull pinna up
anterior auricular - pull pinna forward
posterior auricular - pull pinna back

169
Q

intrinsic auricular muscles

A

pass between cartilagenous ridges of auricle, change shape of auricle, CN VIII

170
Q

auricle blood supply

A

posterior auricular artery from external carotid, anterior auricular branches from superficial temporal artery, branch from occipital artery

171
Q

venous drainage of auricle

A

veins follow corresponding arteries

172
Q

lymph drainage of auricles

A

lateral surface of superior half to superficial parotid nodes
cranial surface of superior half to mastoid nodes/deep cervical nodes
remainder to superficial cervical nodes

173
Q

sensory innervation of external ear

A

CN X, VII, lesser occipital (C2), greater auricular (C2/3)

174
Q

external auditory meatus

A

concha to tympanic membrane
lateral 1/3 is cartilage
medial 1/3 is bony

175
Q

tympanic membrane

A

connective tissue with skin on outside and mucous on inside
attached to temporal bone by fibrocartilagenous rings
umbo (concavity from attachment to handle of malleus)
lateral process (superior part of handle)
posterior and anterior malleolar folds extending
above is pars flaccida and the rest is pars tensa
external surface CN VII
internal surface CN IX

176
Q

middle ear

A

air filled, 2 segments (epitympanic recess superiorly, tympanic cavity adjacent to tympanic membrane)

177
Q

malleus

A

attaches tympanic membrane, moves with membrane vibration, chorda tympani crosses it

178
Q

incus

A

between malleus and stapes

179
Q

stapes

A

smallest
attaches incus to oval window of tympanic cavity, increases force and decreases amplitude of vibration

180
Q

tensor tympani

A

cartilage of eustachian tube to handle of malleus
CN V3
draws malleus and tempanic membrane medially increasing tension

181
Q

stapedius

A

internal walls pyramidal eminence to neck of stapes
CN VII
tilts stapes and dampens vibration

182
Q

boundaries of middle ear

A

roof - tegmen tempani
inferior wall - opening for CN IX jugular wall
posterior mastoid wall - gap connecting middle ear with mastoid antrum, pyramidal eminence and chordatympani nerve opening
anterior carotid wall - chorda tympani foramen, separate carotid arteries, opening for eustachian tube and tensor tympani nerve
medial wall - oval window, tympanic plexus, round window

183
Q

inner ear

A

mechanical to electrical signals
receptors for motion and position

184
Q

bony labrinth

A

vestibule
3 semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral)
cochlea
fluid filled

185
Q

membranous labrynth

A

interconnected sacs and ducts filled with endolymph, 3 parts
cochlear duct - hearing
vestibular area - utricle and saccule
semicircular ducts

186
Q
A

OMS 1 (6 decks)

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