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anatomy block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

compartments of the pelvis

A

false pelvis - includes whole hip bones
true pelvis - linea teminalis (pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line)
pelvic outlet - pubic symphysis, ischiopubic ramus, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx

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2
Q

pelvic girdle fractures

A

break in 2 spots

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3
Q

male pelvis

A

thich and heavy, deep false pelvis, narrow and deep true pelvis, heart shaped pelvic inlet, small outlet, narrow subpubic angle, roubt obturator foramen, large acetabulum, narrow greater sciatic notch

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4
Q

female pelvis

A

thin and light, shallow false pelvis, wide and shallow true pelvis, oval round wide pelvic inlet, large outlet, wide subpubic angle, oval obturator foramen, small acetabulum 90 degree greater sciatic notch

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5
Q

pelvic wall

A

obturator canal, obturator membrane, obturator internus, piriformis

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6
Q

pelvic diaphram

A

tendinous arch, coccygeus, levator ani

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7
Q

levator ani function

A

support pelvic viscera, increase intraabdominal pressure, sphincter of anal canal, sphincter of vagina, initiation and cessation of micturition

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8
Q

muscles of levator ani

A

anal aperture, iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis, urogenital hiatus, pubovaginalis/prostaticus

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9
Q

lumbar sacral trunk

A

s1-3 on top of piriformis
superior hypogastric plexus (sympathetic down parasympathetic up)
inferior hyopgastric plexus pelvic and sacral splanchnic nerves

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10
Q

somatic nerves in lumbosacral plexus

A

lumbosacral trunk, s2-4, pudendal nerve, obturator nerve

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11
Q

autonomic nerves in lumbosacral plexus

A

hypogastric nerve, superior hypogastric plexus, gray rami communicantes, sacral splanchnic nerves, pelvic splanchnic nerves, inferior hypogastric plexus

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12
Q

pelvic pain line

A

s2,3,4

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13
Q

gonads parasympathetic innervation

A

vagus nerve

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14
Q

female reproductive pelvic pain line

A

cervix and below is below pain line

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15
Q

blood supply to pelvis

A

internal iliac a (anterior and posterior divisions)
anterior - visceral and parietal branches
posterior - parietal branches

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16
Q

anterior ateries of internal iliac

A

umbilical artery (obliterated after branching of superior and inferior vesicle artery and uterine artery), external iliac and obturator anastamosis, middle rectal artery, inferior gluteal artery, internal pudendal artery (inferior to coccygeus and levator ani and enters perineum)

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17
Q

posterior arteries of internal iliac

A

superior gluteal arety, median sacral artery, lateral sacral artery, iliolumbar artery

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18
Q

perineum

A

superior pelvic diaphram, inferior ischioanal fossa

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19
Q

urogenital triangle borders

A

pubic symphysis to ischial tuberosity

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20
Q

anal triangle borders

A

ischial tuberosity to coccyx

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21
Q

perineal body location

A

edge of urogenital membrane

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22
Q

urogenital triangle layers

A

deep perineal pouch
perineal membrane
erectile tissue
skeletal muscle
deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

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23
Q

perineal structures

A

superficial pouch - bulbospongiosum, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle, external anal sphincter
erectile tissue - clitoris, bulb of vestibule, corpora cavernosum, bulb of penis
deep pouch - deep transverse perineal muscle, sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae, external urethethral sphincter

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24
Q

perineal nerves

A

pudendal nerve - inferior rectal, perineal, dorsal nerve, posterior nerve, autonomics from inferior hypogastric plexus

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25
perineal blood supply
internal pudendal, inferior rectal, perineal, dorsal, posterior
26
path or ureters
posterior inferior then anterior inferior
27
bladder innervation
parasympathetic s2-4 sympathetic t12-l2
28
rectum parts
ampula, transverse rectal folds, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter (deep, superficial, subcutaneous) pectinate seperates anal columns and anal pectin (followed by anacutaneous line)
29
lymphatics
pelvic viscera and perineal structures drain to external and internal iliac nodes perineal skin and subcutaneous fat drain to superficial inguinal nodes gonads drain to lumbar nodes
30
normal rectal control (urge to purge)
spinal cord reflex s2,3,4 control internal anal sphincter cerebral cortex cause somatic control of external anal sphincter through pudendal nerve
31
endometriosis
ectopic endometrial tissue
32
most common sites
ovaries, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum, cul de sac, pelvic peritoneum, serosa of small intestine and bowel, laparotomy scars
33
what is endometrial tissue like
not normal but not neoplastic, high levels inflammatory mediators brown nodules
34
endometriosis treatment
antiinflammatory drugs and estrogen antagonists
35
testicular tumors
95 % granular cell tumors risk factors - cryptorchidism, infertility, prior history 40% mixed
36
most common GCTs
seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinoma, teratoma
37
blood biomarkers of testicular tumors
hcg, afp, lactate dehydrogenase
38
non granular cell testicular tumors
sex cord gonadal stromal tumors nonhodgkins lymphoma
39
choriocarcinoma elevated what
hcg
40
yolk sac tumor elevated what
afp
41
mixed tumors elevated what
hcg and afp
42
appendicitis retroceccal
irritate psoas
43
appendicitis pelvic sign
irritate obturator internus
44
mcburneys point
greatest area of discomfort for appendicitis
45
chapmans point for appendicitis
anterior - tip of right 12th rib posterior - between transverse processes of t11 and 12 on right
46
diverticulum
pouch in wall of GI tract
47
true diverticulum
all 4 layers of wall pouched
48
false diverticulum
only mucosa and submucosa pouch
49
diverticulosis
many diverticulum
50
diverticulitis
infection or inflammation of diverticulum
51
meckels diverticulum
congenital, failed obliterated vitelline duct, aften see gastric mucosa
52
ectopic pregnancy
egg implanted outside uterine cavity 95% in fallaopian tube positive beta hcg and progesterone methotrexate, salpingostomy, salpingectomy
53
urolithiasis
stone in urinary tract, crystals binds to form nidus severe flank pain, blood in urine, low grade fever urinalysis, culture and sensitivity, noncontrast CT
54
lymphoma
malignancy of lymphoid cells, starts in lymph nodes and can spread to the blood and bone marrow
55
CD cells
markers for identifications and characteristics of leukocytes
56
CD3
t cell marker
57
CD5
tcell marker, presence on b cells is aberrant
58
CD10
immature pre b and t cells, folicular center b cells
59
CD20
b cell marker
60
CD 23
involved in b cell activvation and growth
61
nonhodgkins lymphoma
malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells in lymph nodes, contiguous and noncontiguous spread, most b cell origin painless firm lymphadenopathy, may have extranodal involvement, may have B symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)
62
low grade nonhodgkins lymphoma
adults, slow progression, small mature and monotinous cells, typically not curable
63
high grade nonhodgkins lymphoma
adults and children, make rapid progression, larger and more varied cells, may be curable
64
types of low grade b cell nonhodgkins lymphoma
small lymphocytic lymphoma follicular lymphoma
65
types of high grade b cell nonhodgkins lymphoma
diffuse large B cell lymphoma mantle cell lymphoma
66
small lymphocytic lymphoma
basically chronic lymphocytic leukemia but predominantly in lymph nodes CD 5+, 20+, 23+, but not 10-
67
follicular lymphoma
translocation between chromosomes 14 and 18 CD 10+, 20+, 5- variable 23
68
diffuse large b cell lymphoma
many dont have b symptoms or mone marrow involvement CD 20+ most often 10-,5-.23-
69
mantle cell lymphoma
aggressive, translocation between chromosomes 11 and 14 CD 5+, 20+, 10-, 23-
70
female external genitalia
mons pubis, labia majora (hairy, enclosing pudendal cleft), labia minora (hairless, enclosing vestibule of vagina), prepuce of clit, glans of clit, vaginal orifice, perineal raphe
71
clitoris
erectile organ 2 cylindrical body, 2 crura, 2 corpora cavernosa, glans (most highly innervated)
72
bulb of vesstibule
elongated erectile tissue covered inferolateral by bulbospongiosum
73
vestibular glands
greater (barthalins) ducts at posterolateral margins of vagina lesser (skenes.paraurethral) ducts at lateral sides of urethral orifice
74
bartholins cyst and bartholinitis
cyst or infection of greater vestibular gland
75
internal stuctures
vagina, uterus, cervic, uterine tubes, ovaries (primary sex organ)
76
egg path
ovary, fimbrae, infundibulum, ampulla (fertilization), ischmus, interstitial/intramural, uterus
77
uterus
cervix, body, fundus
78
cervix
internal and external os, supravaginal segment, vaginal segment
79
vaginal fornices
guters around vagina formed by prorusion of cervix into vagina (posterior, anterior, 2 lateral)
80
broad ligament
peritoneum covering internal genitalia (mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium)
81
uterus position
anteverted and anteflexed
82
ligaments that stabilize the uterus
pubocervical, trnsverse cervical, uterosacral
83
arterial supply of female reproductive system
anastamosis of ovarian, uteran, vaginal arteries from anterior portion of internal iliac internal pudendal artery to external genitalia
84
venous drainage of female reproductive system
pampiniform plexus drains ovaries (in broad ligament) then merge and form ovarian vein
85
innervation
parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic s2-4 sympathetic - lumbar splanchnic visceral afferent pain to t12-l2 from uterine body, to s2-4 from cervix and vagina pudendal nerve major perineal nerve
86
lymphatics of female reproductive system
distal vagina and vestibule drains to superficial inguinal nodes clitoris, bulb of vestibule, anterior labia minora drain to deep inguinal or internal iliac nodes urethra drains to internal iliac or sacral nodes fundus, body of uterus and ovary drain to lumbar noes superior vagina to internal and externa iliac nodes middle vagina to internal iliac nodes inferior vagina to sacral and common iliac nodes external vagina to superficial inguinal nodes
87
path of sperm
epididymis, duct deferens, over ureter, join seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts, urethra (surrounded by prostate)
88
spermatic cord contents
ductus defere,s genitofemoral nerve, testicular a/v, tunica vaginalis (parietal peritoneum), internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia), cremasteric fascia (internal oblique), external spermatic fascia (external oblique)
89
scrotum
dartos fascia (scarpas) and septum
90
testes layers
tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral), tunical albuginea (capsule), fobrous septum, lobule, seminiferous tubule, straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens
91
supportive tissue of testes
tunica albuginea - dense irregular CT tunica vasculosa - highly vascularized loose CT surrounding seminiferous tubules
92
interstitial cells (leydig cells)
synthesize testosterone, in tunica vasculosa with lots of vacuoles, lipid droplets, golgi complex, smooth ER, mitochondria, large central nucleus (crystals of reinke)
93
seminiferous tubules
around 1000, surrounded by fibrous CT with smooth muscle like myoid cells, thich complex epithelium
94
germinal epithelium
sertoli cells tight junctions with each other and primary spermatocytes, albuminal compartment, basal compartment, form blood testes barrier, support developing germ cells, secrete androgen binding protein
95
stages of spermatogenesis
spermatogonia - diploid cell in basal compartment, type a stem cells, type b progenitor cells spermatocytes - product of type b spermatogonia in meiosis, primary are diploid with 2 chromatids for both homologous chromosomes, secondary are haploid with 2 chromatids for 1 homologous chromosome spermatids - 1N completion of meiosis spermatozoa - spermatids that have matured through spermiogenesis (head with acrosome, tail with middle principle and end pieces)
96
spermiogenesis
golgi phase - form proacrosomal vesicles that merge to form acrosomal vesicle cap phase - acrosomal vesicle spreads, centrioles form tail on opposite side acrosomal phase - axoneme extends, nucleus elongated, histones replaced by protamines, mitochondria move to middle piece maturation phase - release residual body, intercellular bridges cut, spermatozoa released into lumen (spermiation)
97
spermiation
spermatozoa released at first they are immotile and not fertile gain motility in epididymis become fertile inside female
98
intratesticular ducts
straight tubules 0 sertoli cells, distal portion simple cuboid ET with microvilli and cilium rete testis - plexus of channels, simple cuboid ET, microvilli, cilium efferent ductules - alternating simple cuboic and columnar with cilia, scallop appearance, cuboid endocytosis epididymis - secrete factors for spermatozoa maturation, storage, stericiliated pseudostratified columnar ET ductus deferenes- surounded by longitudinal muscle (3 layers), stereociliated, ampulla highly folded w thick epithelium
99
seminal vesicle
epithelium folded, pseudostratified simple columnar, merge with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct, smooth muscle surounding it
100
prostate
ejaculatory duct, central zone, peripheral zone (cancer), transitional zone (BPH), anterior region
101
urethra
internal sphincter, preprostatic part, prostatic part, membranous part, external sphincter, perineal membrane
102
bulbourethral gland
creates preejaculatory emission lubrication, simple columnar, akeletal and smooth muscle
103
erectile tissue
root, crura, corpora cavernosium, bulb, corporus spongiosum, glans penis, suspensory ligament
104
arteries
internal pudendal, dorsal penile, deep penile, urethral external pudendal skin
105
lymphatics of male reproductive system
penile and scrotal skin to superficial inguinal nodes deep tissue to deep inguinal and external iliac nodes testes to lateral lumbar nodes

OMS 1 (12 decks)

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