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OMS 1 > anatomy block 3 > Flashcards

anatomy block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

compartments of the pelvis

A

false pelvis - includes whole hip bones
true pelvis - linea teminalis (pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line)
pelvic outlet - pubic symphysis, ischiopubic ramus, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx

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2
Q

pelvic girdle fractures

A

break in 2 spots

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3
Q

male pelvis

A

thich and heavy, deep false pelvis, narrow and deep true pelvis, heart shaped pelvic inlet, small outlet, narrow subpubic angle, roubt obturator foramen, large acetabulum, narrow greater sciatic notch

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4
Q

female pelvis

A

thin and light, shallow false pelvis, wide and shallow true pelvis, oval round wide pelvic inlet, large outlet, wide subpubic angle, oval obturator foramen, small acetabulum 90 degree greater sciatic notch

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5
Q

pelvic wall

A

obturator canal, obturator membrane, obturator internus, piriformis

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6
Q

pelvic diaphram

A

tendinous arch, coccygeus, levator ani

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7
Q

levator ani function

A

support pelvic viscera, increase intraabdominal pressure, sphincter of anal canal, sphincter of vagina, initiation and cessation of micturition

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8
Q

muscles of levator ani

A

anal aperture, iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis, urogenital hiatus, pubovaginalis/prostaticus

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9
Q

lumbar sacral trunk

A

s1-3 on top of piriformis
superior hypogastric plexus (sympathetic down parasympathetic up)
inferior hyopgastric plexus pelvic and sacral splanchnic nerves

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10
Q

somatic nerves in lumbosacral plexus

A

lumbosacral trunk, s2-4, pudendal nerve, obturator nerve

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11
Q

autonomic nerves in lumbosacral plexus

A

hypogastric nerve, superior hypogastric plexus, gray rami communicantes, sacral splanchnic nerves, pelvic splanchnic nerves, inferior hypogastric plexus

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12
Q

pelvic pain line

A

s2,3,4

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13
Q

gonads parasympathetic innervation

A

vagus nerve

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14
Q

female reproductive pelvic pain line

A

cervix and below is below pain line

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15
Q

blood supply to pelvis

A

internal iliac a (anterior and posterior divisions)
anterior - visceral and parietal branches
posterior - parietal branches

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16
Q

anterior ateries of internal iliac

A

umbilical artery (obliterated after branching of superior and inferior vesicle artery and uterine artery), external iliac and obturator anastamosis, middle rectal artery, inferior gluteal artery, internal pudendal artery (inferior to coccygeus and levator ani and enters perineum)

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17
Q

posterior arteries of internal iliac

A

superior gluteal arety, median sacral artery, lateral sacral artery, iliolumbar artery

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18
Q

perineum

A

superior pelvic diaphram, inferior ischioanal fossa

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19
Q

urogenital triangle borders

A

pubic symphysis to ischial tuberosity

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20
Q

anal triangle borders

A

ischial tuberosity to coccyx

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21
Q

perineal body location

A

edge of urogenital membrane

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22
Q

urogenital triangle layers

A

deep perineal pouch
perineal membrane
erectile tissue
skeletal muscle
deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

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23
Q

perineal structures

A

superficial pouch - bulbospongiosum, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle, external anal sphincter
erectile tissue - clitoris, bulb of vestibule, corpora cavernosum, bulb of penis
deep pouch - deep transverse perineal muscle, sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae, external urethethral sphincter

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24
Q

perineal nerves

A

pudendal nerve - inferior rectal, perineal, dorsal nerve, posterior nerve, autonomics from inferior hypogastric plexus

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25
Q

perineal blood supply

A

internal pudendal, inferior rectal, perineal, dorsal, posterior

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26
Q

path or ureters

A

posterior inferior then anterior inferior

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27
Q

bladder innervation

A

parasympathetic s2-4
sympathetic t12-l2

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28
Q

rectum parts

A

ampula, transverse rectal folds, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter (deep, superficial, subcutaneous)
pectinate seperates anal columns and anal pectin (followed by anacutaneous line)

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29
Q

lymphatics

A

pelvic viscera and perineal structures drain to external and internal iliac nodes
perineal skin and subcutaneous fat drain to superficial inguinal nodes
gonads drain to lumbar nodes

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30
Q

normal rectal control (urge to purge)

A

spinal cord reflex s2,3,4 control internal anal sphincter
cerebral cortex cause somatic control of external anal sphincter through pudendal nerve

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31
Q

endometriosis

A

ectopic endometrial tissue

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32
Q

most common sites

A

ovaries, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum, cul de sac, pelvic peritoneum, serosa of small intestine and bowel, laparotomy scars

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33
Q

what is endometrial tissue like

A

not normal but not neoplastic, high levels inflammatory mediators
brown nodules

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34
Q

endometriosis treatment

A

antiinflammatory drugs and estrogen antagonists

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35
Q

testicular tumors

A

95 % granular cell tumors
risk factors - cryptorchidism, infertility, prior history
40% mixed

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36
Q

most common GCTs

A

seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinoma, teratoma

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37
Q

blood biomarkers of testicular tumors

A

hcg, afp, lactate dehydrogenase

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38
Q

non granular cell testicular tumors

A

sex cord gonadal stromal tumors
nonhodgkins lymphoma

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39
Q

choriocarcinoma elevated what

A

hcg

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40
Q

yolk sac tumor elevated what

A

afp

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41
Q

mixed tumors elevated what

A

hcg and afp

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42
Q

appendicitis retroceccal

A

irritate psoas

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43
Q

appendicitis pelvic sign

A

irritate obturator internus

44
Q

mcburneys point

A

greatest area of discomfort for appendicitis

45
Q

chapmans point for appendicitis

A

anterior - tip of right 12th rib
posterior - between transverse processes of t11 and 12 on right

46
Q

diverticulum

A

pouch in wall of GI tract

47
Q

true diverticulum

A

all 4 layers of wall pouched

48
Q

false diverticulum

A

only mucosa and submucosa pouch

49
Q

diverticulosis

A

many diverticulum

50
Q

diverticulitis

A

infection or inflammation of diverticulum

51
Q

meckels diverticulum

A

congenital, failed obliterated vitelline duct, aften see gastric mucosa

52
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

egg implanted outside uterine cavity
95% in fallaopian tube
positive beta hcg and progesterone
methotrexate, salpingostomy, salpingectomy

53
Q

urolithiasis

A

stone in urinary tract, crystals binds to form nidus
severe flank pain, blood in urine, low grade fever
urinalysis, culture and sensitivity, noncontrast CT

54
Q

lymphoma

A

malignancy of lymphoid cells, starts in lymph nodes and can spread to the blood and bone marrow

55
Q

CD cells

A

markers for identifications and characteristics of leukocytes

56
Q

CD3

A

t cell marker

57
Q

CD5

A

tcell marker, presence on b cells is aberrant

58
Q

CD10

A

immature pre b and t cells, folicular center b cells

59
Q

CD20

A

b cell marker

60
Q

CD 23

A

involved in b cell activvation and growth

61
Q

nonhodgkins lymphoma

A

malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells in lymph nodes, contiguous and noncontiguous spread, most b cell origin
painless firm lymphadenopathy, may have extranodal involvement, may have B symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)

62
Q

low grade nonhodgkins lymphoma

A

adults, slow progression, small mature and monotinous cells, typically not curable

63
Q

high grade nonhodgkins lymphoma

A

adults and children, make rapid progression, larger and more varied cells, may be curable

64
Q

types of low grade b cell nonhodgkins lymphoma

A

small lymphocytic lymphoma
follicular lymphoma

65
Q

types of high grade b cell nonhodgkins lymphoma

A

diffuse large B cell lymphoma
mantle cell lymphoma

66
Q

small lymphocytic lymphoma

A

basically chronic lymphocytic leukemia but predominantly in lymph nodes
CD 5+, 20+, 23+, but not 10-

67
Q

follicular lymphoma

A

translocation between chromosomes 14 and 18
CD 10+, 20+, 5- variable 23

68
Q

diffuse large b cell lymphoma

A

many dont have b symptoms or mone marrow involvement
CD 20+ most often 10-,5-.23-

69
Q

mantle cell lymphoma

A

aggressive, translocation between chromosomes 11 and 14
CD 5+, 20+, 10-, 23-

70
Q

female external genitalia

A

mons pubis, labia majora (hairy, enclosing pudendal cleft), labia minora (hairless, enclosing vestibule of vagina), prepuce of clit, glans of clit, vaginal orifice, perineal raphe

71
Q

clitoris

A

erectile organ
2 cylindrical body, 2 crura, 2 corpora cavernosa, glans (most highly innervated)

72
Q

bulb of vesstibule

A

elongated erectile tissue covered inferolateral by bulbospongiosum

73
Q

vestibular glands

A

greater (barthalins) ducts at posterolateral margins of vagina
lesser (skenes.paraurethral) ducts at lateral sides of urethral orifice

74
Q

bartholins cyst and bartholinitis

A

cyst or infection of greater vestibular gland

75
Q

internal stuctures

A

vagina, uterus, cervic, uterine tubes, ovaries (primary sex organ)

76
Q

egg path

A

ovary, fimbrae, infundibulum, ampulla (fertilization), ischmus, interstitial/intramural, uterus

77
Q

uterus

A

cervix, body, fundus

78
Q

cervix

A

internal and external os, supravaginal segment, vaginal segment

79
Q

vaginal fornices

A

guters around vagina formed by prorusion of cervix into vagina (posterior, anterior, 2 lateral)

80
Q

broad ligament

A

peritoneum covering internal genitalia (mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium)

81
Q

uterus position

A

anteverted and anteflexed

82
Q

ligaments that stabilize the uterus

A

pubocervical, trnsverse cervical, uterosacral

83
Q

arterial supply of female reproductive system

A

anastamosis of ovarian, uteran, vaginal arteries from anterior portion of internal iliac
internal pudendal artery to external genitalia

84
Q

venous drainage of female reproductive system

A

pampiniform plexus drains ovaries (in broad ligament) then merge and form ovarian vein

85
Q

innervation

A

parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic s2-4
sympathetic - lumbar splanchnic
visceral afferent pain to t12-l2 from uterine body, to s2-4 from cervix and vagina
pudendal nerve major perineal nerve

86
Q

lymphatics of female reproductive system

A

distal vagina and vestibule drains to superficial inguinal nodes
clitoris, bulb of vestibule, anterior labia minora drain to deep inguinal or internal iliac nodes
urethra drains to internal iliac or sacral nodes
fundus, body of uterus and ovary drain to lumbar noes
superior vagina to internal and externa iliac nodes
middle vagina to internal iliac nodes
inferior vagina to sacral and common iliac nodes
external vagina to superficial inguinal nodes

87
Q

path of sperm

A

epididymis, duct deferens, over ureter, join seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts, urethra (surrounded by prostate)

88
Q

spermatic cord contents

A

ductus defere,s genitofemoral nerve, testicular a/v, tunica vaginalis (parietal peritoneum), internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia), cremasteric fascia (internal oblique), external spermatic fascia (external oblique)

89
Q

scrotum

A

dartos fascia (scarpas) and septum

90
Q

testes layers

A

tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral), tunical albuginea (capsule), fobrous septum, lobule, seminiferous tubule, straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens

91
Q

supportive tissue of testes

A

tunica albuginea - dense irregular CT
tunica vasculosa - highly vascularized loose CT surrounding seminiferous tubules

92
Q

interstitial cells (leydig cells)

A

synthesize testosterone, in tunica vasculosa with lots of vacuoles, lipid droplets, golgi complex, smooth ER, mitochondria, large central nucleus (crystals of reinke)

93
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

around 1000, surrounded by fibrous CT with smooth muscle like myoid cells, thich complex epithelium

94
Q

germinal epithelium

A

sertoli cells
tight junctions with each other and primary spermatocytes, albuminal compartment, basal compartment, form blood testes barrier, support developing germ cells, secrete androgen binding protein

95
Q

stages of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia - diploid cell in basal compartment, type a stem cells, type b progenitor cells
spermatocytes - product of type b spermatogonia in meiosis, primary are diploid with 2 chromatids for both homologous chromosomes, secondary are haploid with 2 chromatids for 1 homologous chromosome
spermatids - 1N completion of meiosis
spermatozoa - spermatids that have matured through spermiogenesis (head with acrosome, tail with middle principle and end pieces)

96
Q

spermiogenesis

A

golgi phase - form proacrosomal vesicles that merge to form acrosomal vesicle
cap phase - acrosomal vesicle spreads, centrioles form tail on opposite side
acrosomal phase - axoneme extends, nucleus elongated, histones replaced by protamines, mitochondria move to middle piece
maturation phase - release residual body, intercellular bridges cut, spermatozoa released into lumen (spermiation)

97
Q

spermiation

A

spermatozoa released
at first they are immotile and not fertile
gain motility in epididymis
become fertile inside female

98
Q

intratesticular ducts

A

straight tubules 0 sertoli cells, distal portion simple cuboid ET with microvilli and cilium
rete testis - plexus of channels, simple cuboid ET, microvilli, cilium
efferent ductules - alternating simple cuboic and columnar with cilia, scallop appearance, cuboid endocytosis
epididymis - secrete factors for spermatozoa maturation, storage, stericiliated pseudostratified columnar ET
ductus deferenes- surounded by longitudinal muscle (3 layers), stereociliated, ampulla highly folded w thick epithelium

99
Q

seminal vesicle

A

epithelium folded, pseudostratified simple columnar, merge with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct, smooth muscle surounding it

100
Q

prostate

A

ejaculatory duct, central zone, peripheral zone (cancer), transitional zone (BPH), anterior region

101
Q

urethra

A

internal sphincter, preprostatic part, prostatic part, membranous part, external sphincter, perineal membrane

102
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

creates preejaculatory emission lubrication, simple columnar, akeletal and smooth muscle

103
Q

erectile tissue

A

root, crura, corpora cavernosium, bulb, corporus spongiosum, glans penis, suspensory ligament

104
Q

arteries

A

internal pudendal, dorsal penile, deep penile, urethral
external pudendal skin

105
Q

lymphatics of male reproductive system

A

penile and scrotal skin to superficial inguinal nodes
deep tissue to deep inguinal and external iliac nodes
testes to lateral lumbar nodes

OMS 1 (6 decks)

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