Anatomy and physiology terms Flashcards
1
Q
Sagittal plane (Median plane)
A
cuts the anatomical position in half vertically, dividing the body and organs in left and right.
2
Q
Parasagittal plane:
A
cuts the anatomical postion into a left and right, shifter off center. (paralell to Sagittal plane)
3
Q
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
A
splits the anatomical position into a front and back
4
Q
transverse plane
A
divides the anatomical position into top and bottom
5
Q
Axial parts
A
Head, Neck, Trunk
6
Q
Appendicular parts
A
Arms, Legs
7
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Front of the body or the direction towards the front of the body
8
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
Back of the body or the direction towards the back of the body
9
Q
Superior (cranial)
A
features towards the top of the body
10
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
features towards the bottom of the body
11
Q
Medial Structures
A
structures towards the midline
12
Q
Lateral structures
A
Structures further away from the midline
13
Q
Midline
A
a centered line running down the axis (middle) of the body
14
Q
Proximal
A
a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
15
Q
Distal
A
a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
16
Q
Superficial
A
closer to the surface of the skin
17
Q
deep
A
furthest from the surface of the skin
18
Q
Flexion
A
the bending of a joint
19
Q
Extention
A
the straightening of a joint
20
Q
adduction
A
the motion towards the midline
21
Q
abduction
A
the motion away from the midline
22
Q
prone position
A
face down
23
Q
supine position
A
face up, on your back
24
Q
shock position
A
face up, on your back with feet elevated
25
Fowler position
sitting up with bent knees
26
recovery position
laying down on the side
27
frons
forehead
28
cranium
skull
29
facies
face
30
oris
mouth
31
mentis
chin
32
axilla
armpit
33
brachium
arm
34
antecubitis
front of elbow
35
antebrachium
forearm
36
carpus
wrist
37
pollex
thumb
38
palma
palm
39
digits (phalanges)
fingers or toes
40
patella
kneecap
41
crus
lower leg
42
tarsus
ankle
43
hallux
big toe
44
oculus
eye
45
bucca
cheek
46
auris
ear
47
nasus
nose
48
cervicis
neck
49
thorcis or thorax
chest
50
mamma
breast
51
abdomen
abdomen
52
umbilicus
naval
53
hip
hip
54
pelvis
pelvis
55
inguen or groin
groin
56
pubis
pubic
57
femur
thigh
58
pes
foot
59
cephalon
back of the head
60
shoulder
shoulder
61
dorsum
back
62
olecranon
back of the elbow
63
limbus
lumbar region
64
sacrum
back of the hip
65
manus
hand
66
gluteus
buttock
67
popliteus
back of the knee
68
sura
calf
69
calcaneus
heel
70
planta
sole of the foot
71
what do ligaments connect to
ligaments connect bones to bones
72
what do tendons connect to
tendons connect muscle to bones
73
what is cartilage
a flexible material found in joints
74
what is the foramen magnum
opening at the base of the skull to connect the brain to the spinal cord
75
what is the Occiput
posterior (back) cranium
76
what is the temporal region
the lateral portion of the cranium (os temporal)
77
Latin name for cheekbones
os zygomaticum
78
Latin name for the lower jaw
mandible
79
what is the orbit
the eye socket
80
what bones is the orbit made up of
os Zygomaticum, maxilla, os frontale
81
how many vertebrae
33
82
how many sections is the spinal cord divided into
5 sections
83
what is the neck portion of the vertebrae called
cervical vertebrae
84
what is the upper back portion of the vertebrae called
thoracic vertebrae
85
what is the lower back portion of the vertebrae called
lumbar vertebrae
86
what is the back wall of the pelvis called
sacrum vertebrae
87
what is the tailbone called
coccyx
88
how many vertebrae in the neck
7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
89
how many vertebrae are in the upper back
12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
90
how many vertebrae are in the lower back
5 vertebrae (L1-15)
91
how many vertebrae are in the pelvis
5 vertebrae (S1-S5)
92
how many vertebrae are in the tailbone
4 vertebrae (Co1-Co4)
93
how many pairs of ribs does the body have
12 pairs
94
what is the part called where the clavicle and sternum meet
jugular notch
95
what is the top of the sternum called
manubrium
96
what is the body of the sternum called
the body
97
what is the lowest part of the sternum called
Xiphoid process
98
what is the joint called connecting the sternum and clavicle
sternoclavicular joint
99
what is the joint called connecting the clavicle and scapula
acromioclavicular joint
100
what is the joint called connecting the scapula and humerus
glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
101
what are the carpal bones
8 bones connecting the ulna/radius to the hand
102
what are the metacarpals
5 longer bones in the palm of the hand
103
what are the phalanges
14 finger bones
104
how many phalanges in the fingers
3
105
how many phalanges in the thumb
2
106
what is the joint called connecting both right and left pubis
pubic symphysis
107
how many bones does the pelvis consist of
3 (the ilium, ischium, and pubis)
108
what is the greater and lesser trochanter
attachment points for major muscles of the thigh connected to the femur
109
Femur
upper leg bone
110
patella
kneecap
111
tibia
shin bone
112
fibula
calf bone
113
how many tarsal bones in the boot
7
114
what are the 2 largest tarsal bones
calcaneus (heel) and tallus (most superior bone of the foot)
115
how many metatarsal bones in one foot
5
116
what is the function of the skeletal system
- give the body its shape
- protects fragile organs
- allows for movement
- stores calcium
- helps create blood cells
117
how many muscles are connected directly to bone
more than 600
118
what are muscles called that are connected to the bone
voluntary (skeletal) muscles
119
how are muscles connected to the bone
via tendons
120
skeletal muscles are under the direct control of the...
brain
121
what are the 3 types of muscle
- skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
122
what is involuntary muscle movement
muscle movement not under conscious control (heartbeat, shivering, digesting)
123
what is a by-product of the movement
heat (from muscles)
124
what is the epiglottis
the flap preventing from food entering the lungs
125
what is the larynx
the voicebox (adams apple)
126
what divides the upper and lower portions of the airway
the larynx
127
where is the cricoid cartilage
the lowest part of the larynx
128
other name for the trachea
windpipe
129
what is the carina
separating the openings of the left and right lung
130
how are lungs held in place
by the trachea, arteries, and veins, and pulmonary ligaments
131
which lung has 3 lobes
the right lung (superior, middle, inferior)
132
which lung has 2 lobes
the left lung (superior, inferior)
133
what are the air sacs called in the lung?
alveoli
134
what is the role of the alveoli
alveoli allow for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
135
what is the pleura
a smooth, glistening tissue covering the lungs
136
what is the diaphragm
the primary breathing muscle
137
what is the cavity called where the lungs, diaphragm, and heart reside
thoracic cavity
138
what is the cavity called where all digestive organs reside in
the abdomen
139
describe how we inhale
during inhalation the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs up and out enlarging the chest cavity. decreasing the pressure in the lungs and moving air in.
140
describe how we exhale
during exhalation the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the chest cavity. increasing the pressure and moving air out
141
what is the function of the respiratory system
provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
142
what is respiration
the gas exchange in the lungs; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and the tissues of the body
143
what is ventilation
the act of breathing
144
what is diffusion
the passive process in which 'oxygen' molecules move from an area with a higher concentration of 'oxygen' molecules to an area with a lower concentration of 'oxygen' molecules *can be any kind of molecule
145
what is tidal volume
the amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a single breath
146
what is residual volume
the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and keeps them open after exhalation
147
what is minute volume
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in a minute, minus the dead space
148
what is dead space
a portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and therefore no to little exchange of gas between blood and air
149
what is the formula for minute volume
respiratory rate (breaths per minute) X tidal volume = minute volume
150
what is the circulatory system made up of (5 vessel types)
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
151
what is the systemic circulation
provides circulation and oxygenation to the body, it carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium (blood flow through the body)
152
what is pulmonary circulation
carries oxygen-poor through the right ventricle through the lungs back to the left atrium
153
what is the upper chamber of the heart called
atrium
154
what is the lower chamber of the heart called
ventricle
155
what is the dividing wall separating the right and left sides of the heart
septum
156
what is the specialized cardiac muscle in the heart called
myocardium
157
from what the main artery does the heart receive its blood
aorta
158
what side of the heart receives the blood
the right side
159
what side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs
left side (receiving from pulmonary veins)
160
where does the vena cava receive its blood from
deoxygenated blood from the body
161
how much blood is in the human body
5-6 liters of blood
162
in how much time has the blood circulated the body once
1 minute
163
what is depolarization
the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from positive TO NEGATIVE
164
what is repolarization
the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from negative TO positive (its resting state)
165
how does the electrical impulse travel in the heart
the impulse starts high in both atriums at the SA node. the pulse travels to the atrial ventricular node, and through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles
166
what is the SA node
sinoatrial node; the beginning point of the electrical impulse of the heart
167
when does the electrical system become disturbed
if a part of the heart becomes oxygen deficient, gets injured, or dies
168
what is the role of arteries
carry blood AWAY from the heart to all body tissue
169
which artery carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body
the aorta
170
where does the aorta branch off into the iliac arteries
at the level of the umbilicus
171
what do arteries branch into
arterioles
172
what do arterioles branch into
capillaries
173
where is the carotid artery
the major artery of the neck, supplying the head and brain with blood
174
where is the femoral artery
major artery in the thigh, supplying the lower extremities with blood
175
where is the brachial artery
a major artery in the upper arm, supplying blood to the arm
176
where is the brachial artery
a major artery of the lower arm
177
where is the popliteal artery
artery posterior to the patella
178
where is the post-tibial artery
left side of the calf muscle
179
where is the fibular artery
the right side of the calf muscle
180
what do capillaries branch into
venules
181
what is the physiology of venules
to make contact between blood and the cells within the tissue.
182
what do veins do
return deoxygenated blood to the heart
183
where does the superior vena cava receive blood from
the superior vena cava receives blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.
184
where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from
The inferior vena cava receives blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.
185
where do both vena cava join
both vena cava join and connect at the right atrium
186
in what quadrant is the spleen located
Left Upper Quadrant (LUC) under the ribcage
187
what is the function of the spleen
filtering blood
188
what kind of injury is the spleen susceptible to
blunt force trauma, possibly leading to severe internal bleeding
189
what are the 4 components of blood
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
189
is the spleen solid or hollow
solid
190
what is the medical term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
191
what are red blood cells
red blood cells contain hemoglobin, giving it its red color, it carries oxygen
191
what is the term for white blood cells
leukocytes
191
what is plasma
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood, carrying water
192
what are white blood cells
white blood cells play a role in the body's immune system to fight infection
193
what are platelets
essential building block for the initial formation of a blood clot
194
how is blood pressure defined
the pressure blood exerts against the arterial wall
195
what is the process called systole
systole is when the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta
196
what is the process of diastole
when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood
197
what is the systolic blood pressure
the highest point of the wave (contraction of the heart)
198
what is diastolic blood pressure
the low point of the wave (relaxation of the heart)
199
medical term blood pressure cuff
sphygmomanometer
200
what are the 6 functions of blood
- fighting infection
- transporting oxygen
- transporting carbon dioxide
- controlling pH
- transporting waste and nutrients
- clotting (coagulation)
201
the medical term for clotting
coagulation
202
medical term for shock
hypoperfusion
203
how does the body make adjustments to small blood loss
vessels will constrict and the heart will pump faster
204
what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for
the fight or flight response
205
how does the sympathetic nervous system trigger the fight or flight response
by sending commands to the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
206
what effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart and blood vessels
blood pressure increases and the heart pumps faster and harder
207
on which receptor does epinephrine have a stronger effect
beta receptors
208
where are beta receptors located
heart, lungs, skeletal muscle
209
on which receptor does norepinephrine have a stronger effect
alpha receptors
210
what happens when alpha receptors are activated
the arteries constrict the blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
211
what happens when beta receptors are activated
increased heart rate, fast breathing, elevated blood sugar levels, and increased physical strength.
212
what is the popular name for epinephrine
adrenaline
213
what is the popular name for norepinephrine
noradrenaline
214
what is the parasympathetic responsible for
the rest and digest response
215
what is the sympathetic nervous system made up of
the brain and spinal cord
216
