Anatomy and physiology terms Flashcards
Sagittal plane (Median plane)
cuts the anatomical position in half vertically, dividing the body and organs in left and right.
Parasagittal plane:
cuts the anatomical postion into a left and right, shifter off center. (paralell to Sagittal plane)
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
splits the anatomical position into a front and back
transverse plane
divides the anatomical position into top and bottom
Axial parts
Head, Neck, Trunk
Appendicular parts
Arms, Legs
Anterior (Ventral)
Front of the body or the direction towards the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body or the direction towards the back of the body
Superior (cranial)
features towards the top of the body
Inferior (caudal)
features towards the bottom of the body
Medial Structures
structures towards the midline
Lateral structures
Structures further away from the midline
Midline
a centered line running down the axis (middle) of the body
Proximal
a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Distal
a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Superficial
closer to the surface of the skin
deep
furthest from the surface of the skin
Flexion
the bending of a joint
Extention
the straightening of a joint
adduction
the motion towards the midline
abduction
the motion away from the midline
prone position
face down
supine position
face up, on your back
shock position
face up, on your back with feet elevated
Fowler position
sitting up with bent knees
recovery position
laying down on the side
frons
forehead
cranium
skull
facies
face
oris
mouth
mentis
chin
axilla
armpit
brachium
arm
antecubitis
front of elbow
antebrachium
forearm
carpus
wrist
pollex
thumb
palma
palm
digits (phalanges)
fingers or toes
patella
kneecap
crus
lower leg
tarsus
ankle
hallux
big toe
oculus
eye
bucca
cheek
auris
ear
nasus
nose
cervicis
neck
thorcis or thorax
chest
mamma
breast
abdomen
abdomen
umbilicus
naval
hip
hip
pelvis
pelvis
inguen or groin
groin
pubis
pubic
femur
thigh
pes
foot
cephalon
back of the head
shoulder
shoulder
dorsum
back
olecranon
back of the elbow
limbus
lumbar region
sacrum
back of the hip
manus
hand
gluteus
buttock
popliteus
back of the knee
sura
calf
calcaneus
heel
planta
sole of the foot
what do ligaments connect to
ligaments connect bones to bones
what do tendons connect to
tendons connect muscle to bones
what is cartilage
a flexible material found in joints
what is the foramen magnum
opening at the base of the skull to connect the brain to the spinal cord
what is the Occiput
posterior (back) cranium
what is the temporal region
the lateral portion of the cranium (os temporal)
Latin name for cheekbones
os zygomaticum
Latin name for the lower jaw
mandible
what is the orbit
the eye socket
what bones is the orbit made up of
os Zygomaticum, maxilla, os frontale
how many vertebrae
33
how many sections is the spinal cord divided into
5 sections
what is the neck portion of the vertebrae called
cervical vertebrae
what is the upper back portion of the vertebrae called
thoracic vertebrae
what is the lower back portion of the vertebrae called
lumbar vertebrae
what is the back wall of the pelvis called
sacrum vertebrae
what is the tailbone called
coccyx
how many vertebrae in the neck
7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
how many vertebrae are in the upper back
12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
how many vertebrae are in the lower back
5 vertebrae (L1-15)
how many vertebrae are in the pelvis
5 vertebrae (S1-S5)
how many vertebrae are in the tailbone
4 vertebrae (Co1-Co4)
how many pairs of ribs does the body have
12 pairs
what is the part called where the clavicle and sternum meet
jugular notch
what is the top of the sternum called
manubrium
what is the body of the sternum called
the body
what is the lowest part of the sternum called
Xiphoid process
what is the joint called connecting the sternum and clavicle
sternoclavicular joint
what is the joint called connecting the clavicle and scapula
acromioclavicular joint
what is the joint called connecting the scapula and humerus
glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
what are the carpal bones
8 bones connecting the ulna/radius to the hand
what are the metacarpals
5 longer bones in the palm of the hand
what are the phalanges
14 finger bones
how many phalanges in the fingers
3
how many phalanges in the thumb
2
what is the joint called connecting both right and left pubis
pubic symphysis
how many bones does the pelvis consist of
3 (the ilium, ischium, and pubis)
what is the greater and lesser trochanter
attachment points for major muscles of the thigh connected to the femur
Femur
upper leg bone
patella
kneecap
tibia
shin bone
fibula
calf bone
how many tarsal bones in the boot
7
what are the 2 largest tarsal bones
calcaneus (heel) and tallus (most superior bone of the foot)
how many metatarsal bones in one foot
5
what is the function of the skeletal system
- give the body its shape
- protects fragile organs
- allows for movement
- stores calcium
- helps create blood cells
how many muscles are connected directly to bone
more than 600
what are muscles called that are connected to the bone
voluntary (skeletal) muscles
how are muscles connected to the bone
via tendons
skeletal muscles are under the direct control of the…
brain
what are the 3 types of muscle
- skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
what is involuntary muscle movement
muscle movement not under conscious control (heartbeat, shivering, digesting)
what is a by-product of the movement
heat (from muscles)
what is the epiglottis
the flap preventing from food entering the lungs
what is the larynx
the voicebox (adams apple)
what divides the upper and lower portions of the airway
the larynx
where is the cricoid cartilage
the lowest part of the larynx
other name for the trachea
windpipe
what is the carina
separating the openings of the left and right lung
how are lungs held in place
by the trachea, arteries, and veins, and pulmonary ligaments
which lung has 3 lobes
the right lung (superior, middle, inferior)
which lung has 2 lobes
the left lung (superior, inferior)
what are the air sacs called in the lung?
alveoli
what is the role of the alveoli
alveoli allow for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is the pleura
a smooth, glistening tissue covering the lungs
what is the diaphragm
the primary breathing muscle
what is the cavity called where the lungs, diaphragm, and heart reside
thoracic cavity
what is the cavity called where all digestive organs reside in
the abdomen
describe how we inhale
during inhalation the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs up and out enlarging the chest cavity. decreasing the pressure in the lungs and moving air in.
describe how we exhale
during exhalation the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the chest cavity. increasing the pressure and moving air out
what is the function of the respiratory system
provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
what is respiration
the gas exchange in the lungs; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and the tissues of the body
what is ventilation
the act of breathing
what is diffusion
the passive process in which ‘oxygen’ molecules move from an area with a higher concentration of ‘oxygen’ molecules to an area with a lower concentration of ‘oxygen’ molecules *can be any kind of molecule
what is tidal volume
the amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a single breath
what is residual volume
the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and keeps them open after exhalation
what is minute volume
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in a minute, minus the dead space
what is dead space
a portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and therefore no to little exchange of gas between blood and air
what is the formula for minute volume
respiratory rate (breaths per minute) X tidal volume = minute volume
what is the circulatory system made up of (5 vessel types)
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
what is the systemic circulation
provides circulation and oxygenation to the body, it carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium (blood flow through the body)
what is pulmonary circulation
carries oxygen-poor through the right ventricle through the lungs back to the left atrium
what is the upper chamber of the heart called
atrium
what is the lower chamber of the heart called
ventricle
what is the dividing wall separating the right and left sides of the heart
septum
what is the specialized cardiac muscle in the heart called
myocardium
from what the main artery does the heart receive its blood
aorta
what side of the heart receives the blood
the right side
what side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs
left side (receiving from pulmonary veins)
where does the vena cava receive its blood from
deoxygenated blood from the body
how much blood is in the human body
5-6 liters of blood
in how much time has the blood circulated the body once
1 minute
what is depolarization
the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from positive TO NEGATIVE
what is repolarization
the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from negative TO positive (its resting state)
how does the electrical impulse travel in the heart
the impulse starts high in both atriums at the SA node. the pulse travels to the atrial ventricular node, and through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles
what is the SA node
sinoatrial node; the beginning point of the electrical impulse of the heart
when does the electrical system become disturbed
if a part of the heart becomes oxygen deficient, gets injured, or dies
what is the role of arteries
carry blood AWAY from the heart to all body tissue
which artery carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body
the aorta
where does the aorta branch off into the iliac arteries
at the level of the umbilicus
what do arteries branch into
arterioles
what do arterioles branch into
capillaries
where is the carotid artery
the major artery of the neck, supplying the head and brain with blood
where is the femoral artery
major artery in the thigh, supplying the lower extremities with blood
where is the brachial artery
a major artery in the upper arm, supplying blood to the arm
where is the brachial artery
a major artery of the lower arm
where is the popliteal artery
artery posterior to the patella
where is the post-tibial artery
left side of the calf muscle
where is the fibular artery
the right side of the calf muscle
what do capillaries branch into
venules
what is the physiology of venules
to make contact between blood and the cells within the tissue.
what do veins do
return deoxygenated blood to the heart
where does the superior vena cava receive blood from
the superior vena cava receives blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.
where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from
The inferior vena cava receives blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.
where do both vena cava join
both vena cava join and connect at the right atrium
in what quadrant is the spleen located
Left Upper Quadrant (LUC) under the ribcage
what is the function of the spleen
filtering blood
what kind of injury is the spleen susceptible to
blunt force trauma, possibly leading to severe internal bleeding
what are the 4 components of blood
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
is the spleen solid or hollow
solid
what is the medical term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
what are red blood cells
red blood cells contain hemoglobin, giving it its red color, it carries oxygen
what is the term for white blood cells
leukocytes
what is plasma
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood, carrying water
what are white blood cells
white blood cells play a role in the body’s immune system to fight infection
what are platelets
essential building block for the initial formation of a blood clot
how is blood pressure defined
the pressure blood exerts against the arterial wall
what is the process called systole
systole is when the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta
what is the process of diastole
when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood
what is the systolic blood pressure
the highest point of the wave (contraction of the heart)
what is diastolic blood pressure
the low point of the wave (relaxation of the heart)
medical term blood pressure cuff
sphygmomanometer
what are the 6 functions of blood
- fighting infection
- transporting oxygen
- transporting carbon dioxide
- controlling pH
- transporting waste and nutrients
- clotting (coagulation)
the medical term for clotting
coagulation
medical term for shock
hypoperfusion
how does the body make adjustments to small blood loss
vessels will constrict and the heart will pump faster
what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for
the fight or flight response
how does the sympathetic nervous system trigger the fight or flight response
by sending commands to the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
what effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart and blood vessels
blood pressure increases and the heart pumps faster and harder
on which receptor does epinephrine have a stronger effect
beta receptors
where are beta receptors located
heart, lungs, skeletal muscle
on which receptor does norepinephrine have a stronger effect
alpha receptors
what happens when alpha receptors are activated
the arteries constrict the blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
what happens when beta receptors are activated
increased heart rate, fast breathing, elevated blood sugar levels, and increased physical strength.
what is the popular name for epinephrine
adrenaline
what is the popular name for norepinephrine
noradrenaline
what is the parasympathetic responsible for
the rest and digest response
what is the sympathetic nervous system made up of
the brain and spinal cord
