Anatomy and Physiology Review For 308

Question 1

How does muscle work with the skeleton?

Answer 1

Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment.

Question 2

A system of what enables the skeleton to move?

Answer 2

system of muscles

Question 3

Macrostructure of muscle

Answer 3

entire skeletal muscle

Question 4

microstructure of muscle

Answer 4

level of individual muscle fiber and the contractile mechanisms

Question 5

Each skeletal muscle is what that contains what ?

Answer 5

organ that has muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 6

This part of the muscle covers the body’s more than 430 skel muscles

Answer 6

fibrous connective tissue/ epimysium

Question 7

motor unit

Answer 7

motor unit/neuron and all the muscles fibers it innervates

Question 8

What causes the release of calcium from the SR into the myofibril, which causes what in the muscle?

Answer 8

The discharge of an AP from a motor nerve signals the release of Ca++ from the SR into myofibril, causing tension development in the muscle.

Question 9

The sliding-filament theory of a muscle contraction states what?

Answer 9

that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines twd the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

Question 10

passive component of muscle

Answer 10

tendons/ elastic part

Question 11

active component of muscle

Answer 11

contractile machinery

Question 12

What are the five phases of the sliding filament theory?

Answer 12

Resting Phase 
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase
Contraction Phase
Recharge Phase
Relaxation Phase

Question 13

What dictates the force production of a muscle?

Answer 13

of cross bridges that are attached to actin filaments at any instant in time

Question 14

What two things are necessary for myosin cross-bridge cycling with actin filaments?

Answer 14

Ca2+

ATP

Question 15

How is muscle activated?

Answer 15

arrival of AP at nerve terminal causes the release of ACh. Once a suffienct amt of ACh is released, an AP is generated across the sarcolemma, and the fiber contracts

Question 16

Control of muscle depends on what?

Answer 16

number of muscle fibers within each motor unit

Question 17

type 1

Answer 17

slow twitch

Question 18

type IIa and IIx

Answer 18

fast twitch

Question 19

motor neuron size of type 1 muscle fiber

Answer 19

small

Question 20

nerve conduction velocity, contraction speed, and relaxation speed of type 1 muscle fibers

Answer 20

slow

Question 21

type 1 fatigue resistance is

Answer 21

high

Question 22

Force production, power output, anaerobic enzyme content, for type one is

Answer 22

low

Question 23

endurance, aerobic enzyme content, capillary size, myoglobin content, mitochondria density/size for type one is

Answer 23

high

Question 24

fiber diameter for type one

Answer 24

small

Question 25

color of type 1

Answer 25

red

Question 26

motor neuron size, fiber diameter IIX

Answer 26

large

Question 27

motor neuron size IIa

Answer 27

large

Question 28

fiber diameter IIa

Answer 28

intermediate

Question 29

nerve conduction velocity, contraction speed, relaxation speed for type IIa and IIx

Answer 29

fast

Question 30

faitgue reistance, endurance, aerobic enzyme cotent for type IIA

Answer 30

intermediate/low

Question 31

power output type IIA

Answer 31

intermediate/high

Question 32

force production, cap density, mito size/density, fiber diameter type IIA

Answer 32

intermediate

Question 33

Fatigue resistance, endurance, aerobic enzyme content, cap density, mito size/density, Mb content are what for IIx

Answer 33

low

Question 34

force production, power output, anaerobic enzyme content

Answer 34

high

Question 35

color of type IIa

Answer 35

white/red

Question 36

color of type IIx

Answer 36

white

Question 37

What determines motor units' functional capacity

Answer 37

Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine functional capacity

Question 38

Motor unit recruitment patterns during exs; the force output of a muscle can be

Answer 38

varied through change in the frequency of activation of individual motor units or change in the number of activated motor units

Question 39

Proprioception is information concerning what?

Answer 39

kinesthetic sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts w.r.t gravity; and they are include the proprioceptors GTO and MS

Question 40

Muscle spindles are what kind of receptors

Answer 40

length/stretch receptors and stimulatory

Question 41

GTOs are what kind of receptors

Answer 41

force receptors and inhibitory

Question 42

MS are proprios that consist of

Answer 42

several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

Question 43

GTO are proprios located in

Answer 43

tendons near the myotendinus j(x)ction

Question 44

GTOs occur in

Answer 44

series with extrafusal muscle fibers

Question 45

Proprioceptors are what?

Answer 45

specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with info needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements

Question 46

Strength

Answer 46

maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

Question 47

max force in muscle = and why?

Answer 47

torque since all muscles cross a joint

Question 48

power

Answer 48

time rate of doing work; the product of force an object an the object's velocity in the direction in which the force is exerted

Question 49

Biomechanical factors in Human strength

Answer 49

``` Neural ctrl muscle CSA Arrangement of muscle fibers muscle length joint angle muscle contraction velocity joint angular velocity ```

Question 50

Neural control (human strength): muscle force is > when:

Answer 50

a) more motor units are involved in a contraction b) the motor units are greater in size c) rate of firing is faster (rate coding fast)

Question 51

MUSCLE CSA: the force a muscle can exert is related to what?

Answer 51

to its cross-sectional area (CSA) rather than its volume

Question 52

Arrangement of muscle fibers impacts strength cuz . . . . .

Answer 52

variation exists in arrangement and alignment of sarcomeres in relation to the long axis of the muscles

Question 53

At resting muscle length :

Answer 53

actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; maximal number of potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle can generate the greatest force

Question 54

When muscle is stretched:

Answer 54

a smaller proportion of the actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; fewer potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle cannot generate as much force

Question 55

When a muscle is contracted:

Answer 55

the actin filaments overlap; the number of cross-bridge sites is reduced; there is decreased force generation capability

Question 56

Joint Angle impact on human strength:

Answer 56

Amount of torque depends on force versus muscle length, leverage, type of exercise, body joint in question, the muscles used at that joint , and the speed of contraction

Question 57

Muscle contraction velocity

Answer 57

nonlinear, but in general, the force capability of muscle declines as the velocity of contraction increases

Question 58

Joint Angular Velocity

Answer 58

3 types of muscle action: Concentric Isometric Eccentric

Question 59

The concept of specificity hold that training is the most effective when

Answer 59

R exs are similar to the sport activity in which improvement is sought (the target activity)

Question 60

Exercises that use similar joint movements are then

Answer 60

emphasized in the resistance training program

Question 61

What is used to power muscular activity?

Answer 61

energy stored in the chem bonds of ATP

Question 62

LT begins @ what %-% in untrained individuals

Answer 62

50-60%

Question 63

LT begins @ what % range in trained athletes

Answer 63

70-80%

Question 64

The use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals allows for the "selection" of what

Answer 64

specific energy sys' during training and results in more efficient and productive regimens for specific athletic events w/ various metabolic demands.

Question 65

The ion, stored in the SR, is released into the sarcoplasm to signal the beginning of the contraction process?

Answer 65

Ca2+

Question 66

To which of the following structures do the cross-bridges attach during muscle action?

Answer 66

actin

Question 67

Which of the following muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?

Answer 67

Type I

Question 68

When throwing a baseball, an athlete's arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?

Answer 68

muscle spindle

Question 69

Which of the following shoulder movements and planes of action are associated with the upward movement phase of the side lateral shoulder raise exercise?

Answer 69

abduction/frontal

Question 70

All else being equal, this type of muscle fiber arrangement will be associated with higher forces.

Answer 70

bipennate

Question 71

The length-tension relationship of muscle is based on the following fact:

Answer 71

As muscle lengthen, the tension changes and is highest at either the middle length (elastic/greg) or longest length (NSCA cscs answer)

Question 72

Which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for a muscular contraction?

Answer 72

ATP

Question 73

The primary substrate for a 50-meter sprint is

Answer 73

CP | creatine phosphate

Question 74

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the

Answer 74

session intensity

Question 75

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends secondarily on the

Answer 75

session duration

Question 76

The production of lactic acid results from the activation of which of the following energy systems?

Answer 76

fast glycolysis