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CSCS Strength and Conditioning > Anatomy and Physiology Review For 308 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Review For 308 Flashcards

1
Q

How does muscle work with the skeleton?

A

Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment.

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2
Q

A system of what enables the skeleton to move?

A

system of muscles

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3
Q

Macrostructure of muscle

A

entire skeletal muscle

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4
Q

microstructure of muscle

A

level of individual muscle fiber and the contractile mechanisms

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5
Q

Each skeletal muscle is what that contains what ?

A

organ that has muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

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6
Q

This part of the muscle covers the body’s more than 430 skel muscles

A

fibrous connective tissue/ epimysium

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7
Q

motor unit

A

motor unit/neuron and all the muscles fibers it innervates

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8
Q

What causes the release of calcium from the SR into the myofibril, which causes what in the muscle?

A

The discharge of an AP from a motor nerve signals the release of Ca++ from the SR into myofibril, causing tension development in the muscle.

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9
Q

The sliding-filament theory of a muscle contraction states what?

A

that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines twd the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

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10
Q

passive component of muscle

A

tendons/ elastic part

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11
Q

active component of muscle

A

contractile machinery

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12
Q

What are the five phases of the sliding filament theory?

A 
Resting Phase 
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase
Contraction Phase
Recharge Phase
Relaxation Phase
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13
Q

What dictates the force production of a muscle?

A

of cross bridges that are attached to actin filaments at any instant in time

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14
Q

What two things are necessary for myosin cross-bridge cycling with actin filaments?

A

Ca2+

ATP

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15
Q

How is muscle activated?

A

arrival of AP at nerve terminal causes the release of ACh. Once a suffienct amt of ACh is released, an AP is generated across the sarcolemma, and the fiber contracts

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16
Q

Control of muscle depends on what?

A

number of muscle fibers within each motor unit

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17
Q

type 1

A

slow twitch

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18
Q

type IIa and IIx

A

fast twitch

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19
Q

motor neuron size of type 1 muscle fiber

A

small

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20
Q

nerve conduction velocity, contraction speed, and relaxation speed of type 1 muscle fibers

A

slow

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21
Q

type 1 fatigue resistance is

A

high

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22
Q

Force production, power output, anaerobic enzyme content, for type one is

A

low

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23
Q

endurance, aerobic enzyme content, capillary size, myoglobin content, mitochondria density/size for type one is

A

high

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24
Q

fiber diameter for type one

A

small

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25
Q

color of type 1

A

red

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26
Q

motor neuron size, fiber diameter IIX

A

large

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27
Q

motor neuron size IIa

A

large

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28
Q

fiber diameter IIa

A

intermediate

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29
Q

nerve conduction velocity, contraction speed, relaxation speed for type IIa and IIx

A

fast

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30
Q

faitgue reistance, endurance, aerobic enzyme cotent for type IIA

A

intermediate/low

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31
Q

power output type IIA

A

intermediate/high

32
Q

force production, cap density, mito size/density, fiber diameter type IIA

A

intermediate

33
Q

Fatigue resistance, endurance, aerobic enzyme content, cap density, mito size/density, Mb content are what for IIx

A

low

34
Q

force production, power output, anaerobic enzyme content

A

high

35
Q

color of type IIa

A

white/red

36
Q

color of type IIx

A

white

37
Q

What determines motor units’ functional capacity

A

Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine functional capacity

38
Q

Motor unit recruitment patterns during exs; the force output of a muscle can be

A

varied through change in the frequency of activation of individual motor units or change in the number of activated motor units

39
Q

Proprioception is information concerning what?

A

kinesthetic sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts w.r.t gravity; and they are include the proprioceptors GTO and MS

40
Q

Muscle spindles are what kind of receptors

A

length/stretch receptors and stimulatory

41
Q

GTOs are what kind of receptors

A

force receptors and inhibitory

42
Q

MS are proprios that consist of

A

several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

43
Q

GTO are proprios located in

A

tendons near the myotendinus j(x)ction

44
Q

GTOs occur in

A

series with extrafusal muscle fibers

45
Q

Proprioceptors are what?

A

specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with info needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements

46
Q

Strength

A

maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

47
Q

max force in muscle = and why?

A

torque since all muscles cross a joint

48
Q

power

A

time rate of doing work; the product of force an object an the object’s velocity in the direction in which the force is exerted

49
Q

Biomechanical factors in Human strength

A 
Neural ctrl
muscle CSA
Arrangement of muscle fibers
muscle length
joint angle
muscle contraction velocity
joint angular velocity
50
Q

Neural control (human strength): muscle force is > when:

A

a) more motor units are involved in a contraction
b) the motor units are greater in size
c) rate of firing is faster (rate coding fast)

51
Q

MUSCLE CSA: the force a muscle can exert is related to what?

A

to its cross-sectional area (CSA) rather than its volume

52
Q

Arrangement of muscle fibers impacts strength cuz . . . . .

A

variation exists in arrangement and alignment of sarcomeres in relation to the long axis of the muscles

53
Q

At resting muscle length :

A

actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; maximal number of potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle can generate the greatest force

54
Q

When muscle is stretched:

A

a smaller proportion of the actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; fewer potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle cannot generate as much force

55
Q

When a muscle is contracted:

A

the actin filaments overlap; the number of cross-bridge sites is reduced; there is decreased force generation capability

56
Q

Joint Angle impact on human strength:

A

Amount of torque depends on force versus muscle length, leverage, type of exercise, body joint in question, the muscles used at that joint , and the speed of contraction

57
Q

Muscle contraction velocity

A

nonlinear, but in general, the force capability of muscle declines as the velocity of contraction increases

58
Q

Joint Angular Velocity

A

3 types of muscle action:
Concentric
Isometric
Eccentric

59
Q

The concept of specificity hold that training is the most effective when

A

R exs are similar to the sport activity in which improvement is sought (the target activity)

60
Q

Exercises that use similar joint movements are then

A

emphasized in the resistance training program

61
Q

What is used to power muscular activity?

A

energy stored in the chem bonds of ATP

62
Q

LT begins @ what %-% in untrained individuals

A

50-60%

63
Q

LT begins @ what % range in trained athletes

A

70-80%

64
Q

The use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals allows for the “selection” of what

A

specific energy sys’ during training and results in more efficient and productive regimens for specific athletic events w/ various metabolic demands.

65
Q

The ion, stored in the SR, is released into the sarcoplasm to signal the beginning of the contraction process?

A

Ca2+

66
Q

To which of the following structures do the cross-bridges attach during muscle action?

A

actin

67
Q

Which of the following muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?

A

Type I

68
Q

When throwing a baseball, an athlete’s arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?

A

muscle spindle

69
Q

Which of the following shoulder movements and planes of action are associated with the upward movement phase of the side lateral shoulder raise exercise?

A

abduction/frontal

70
Q

All else being equal, this type of muscle fiber arrangement will be associated with higher forces.

A

bipennate

71
Q

The length-tension relationship of muscle is based on the following fact:

A

As muscle lengthen, the tension changes and is highest at either the middle length (elastic/greg) or longest length (NSCA cscs answer)

72
Q

Which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for a muscular contraction?

A

ATP

73
Q

The primary substrate for a 50-meter sprint is

A

CP

creatine phosphate

74
Q

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the

A

session intensity

75
Q

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends secondarily on the

A

session duration

76
Q

The production of lactic acid results from the activation of which of the following energy systems?

A

fast glycolysis

CSCS Strength and Conditioning (6 decks)

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