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Dermatology > Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the derm specific glands?

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • Exocrine glands
  • Derm specific exocrine glands
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2
Q

What are the two derm specific exocrine glands?

A
  • Sebaceous

- Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

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3
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A
  • Opens into a hair follicle and secretes oily/waxy sebum
  • Found in all areas except palms of hand and soles of feet
  • Secretion works in conjunction with apocrine glands in thermoregulation
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4
Q

What are some general facts about eccrine sudoriferous glands?

A
  • Cover nearly entire body
  • Empty directly onto skin surface
  • Major thermoregulator
  • Dilute electrolyte solution (H2O, NaCl)
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5
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A
  • Eccrine

- Apocrine

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6
Q

What is the function of apocrine sudoriferous glands?

A
  • Largely confined to axillae, perineum, and concentrated in hairy areas
  • Attached to hair follicle
  • Apocrine sweat is cloudy, viscous, and initially odorless
  • Do not become functional until puberty
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7
Q

What are the different parts of the nail?

A
  • Free edge
  • Nail body(plate)
  • Lunula
  • Cuticle
  • Nail bed
  • Nail root
  • Nail matrix
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8
Q

What is the function of nails?

A
  • Protect distal phalanxes and surrounding soft tissue
  • Enhance precise and delicate finger movements
  • Enables “extended precision grip”
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9
Q

What is nail growth dependent on?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Season
  • Exercise level
  • Diet
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10
Q

Fingernail/toenail growth time?

A
  • Finger: 3.5 mm/month and 3-6 months for full regrowth

- Toes: 1.6 mm/month and 12-18 months for full regrowth

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11
Q

What will make skin appear blueish or cyanotic?

A

Lack of oxygen

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12
Q

What will make the skin appear yellow?

A

Jaundice

- Due to buildup of yellow pigment bilirubin, indicated liver disease

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13
Q

What makes the skin appear red/Erythema?

A

Engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood

- Due to skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction

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14
Q

What will make the skin appear pale/pallor?

A

Shock and anemia

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15
Q

What are the three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?

A
  • Melanin (epidermis)
  • Carotene (dermis)
  • Hemoglobin (RBC’s within capillaries of dermis)
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16
Q

What does a high melanin rate do to skin tone?

A

Darker brown to black skin tones

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17
Q

What does a high carotene rate do to skin tone?

A

Yellow to reddish skin tones

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18
Q

What does a high hemoglobin rate do to skin tone?

A

Red to pinkish tones

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19
Q

What number are the same regardless of skin tone?

A

Melanocytes

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20
Q

What are some facts about melanin?

A
  • Primary determinant of skin, hair, and eye color
  • High levels of melanin = darker skin
  • Low levels of melanin = lighter skin
  • Causes skin to very from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black
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21
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Yellow colored, lipid soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow, and green vegetables and fruit

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22
Q

What is carotenemia?

A

Yellow-orange discoloration of skin from consuming large quantities of carotenoids

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23
Q

What are some facts about hemoglobin?

A
  • Iron containing oxygen transport protein in RBC’s (erythrocytes)
  • Sudden drop in oxygenation causes pallor
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24
Q

What are some facts about UV light and skin color?

A
  • UV light exposure stimulates melanin production
  • Increase of melanin is adaptive protective function
  • UV overexposure is predisposing factor for skin cancer
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25
Q

What is albinism?

A
  • Genetic condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in eyes, skin, or hair
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26
Q

What are the main health concerns in albinism?

A
  • Sunburns easily during UV exposure

- Increased risk for skin cancer

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27
Q

What is vitiligo?

A
  • Acquired depigmentation of the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes
  • Autoimmune disorders
28
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • High Protection
  • Cutaneous Sensation
  • Excretion/Absorption/Synthesis
29
Q

How does the skin function in terms of temperature regulation?

A
  • Homeostatic temperature regulation occurs through sweating (evaporation) or flow of blood (radiation)
30
Q

How does keratin (protein) in the skin help with protection?

A

Protects against microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals

31
Q

How does lipids (fat) in the skin help with protection?

A

Inhibit the evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevents dehydration

32
Q

How does melanin (pigmentation) in the skin help with protection?

A

Provides protection against damaging effects of UV lights

33
Q

How does sebum (Fat, wax esters, and fatty acids) in the skin help with protection?

A

Prevent hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH

34
Q

What are the three cutaneous sensations?

A
  • Tactile (exteroceptors)
  • Thermal sensations
  • Pain
35
Q

What are the three different types of exteroceptors (tactile sensations)?

A
  • Touch (mechanoreceptors)
  • Pressure (baroreceptors)
  • Vibration (Meissner corpuscles)
36
Q

What are the two different types of thermoreceptors (thermal sensations)?

A
  • Warmth

- Coolness

37
Q

What is the pain sensation?

A

Impending or actual tissue damage

* Nociceptors *

38
Q

How does the skin function in regards to Excretion/Absorption/Synthesis?

A
  • Small role in excretion
  • Can absorb a wide variety of substances readily
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
39
Q

How does the skin function in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A
  • Exposure to UV light activates vitamin D

- Vitamin D is converted to calcitriol which aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

40
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A
  • Localized hypothermia
  • Erythema
  • Localized edema
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
41
Q

What are the three derm inflammation patterns?

A
  • Granulomatous inflammation (cystic)
  • Suppurative inflammation (abscesses)
  • Ulcerative inflammation (ulcers)
42
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation (cystic) characterized by?

A

Formation of granulomas and is common in certain diseases (Tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis)

43
Q

What is a granuloma?

A
  • Aggregation of of macrophages form from chronic inflammation
  • Immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it cannot eliminate
44
Q

What is suppurative inflammation (abscesses) characterized by?

A

Presence of an amorphous mass (abscess) composed of active neutrophils, cellular debris, and microbes
- Generally caused by certain pyogenic bacteria (Staph)

45
Q

What is ulcerative inflammation (ulcers) characterized by?

A

Occurs near the epithelium that results in necrotic loss of surface tissue that exposes lower layers

46
Q

What is intrinsic aging?

A

Inevitable physiological changes of the skin that occur with time and are influenced by genetic and hormonal factors

47
Q

What is extrinsic aging?

A
  • Preventable structural and functional changes of skin that occur with exposure to:
  • Environmental factors
  • Lifestyle (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs)
  • Social determinants
  • Elective cosmetic surgeries
  • Most important preventable source is UV radiation exposure
48
Q

What happens with epidermal aging?

A
  • Occurs between age 30-80
  • Epidermal turnover rate decreases
  • Overall thinning
  • Decrease in number/function of melanocytes
  • Reduction in number/responsiveness of langerhans cells
49
Q

What happens with dermal aging?

A
  • Reduction of collagen fiber production enhances rate/amount of UV exposure
  • Reduction of elastin fiber decreases elastic recovery and resilience
50
Q

What are the two separate processes of tissue repair?

A
  • Regeneration

- Replacement

51
Q

What is the regeneration process of tissue repair?

A
  • Damaged tissue is completely restored

- Can happen continously

52
Q

What is the replacement process of tissue repair?

A

Severely damaged or non-regenerable tissue is repaired by laying down connective tissue resulting in scaring

53
Q

What is the epithelial tissue repair rate?

A

Most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continual renewal

54
Q

What is connective tissue repair rate?

A
  • Adequate renewal capacity

- Prone to hyperproliferation (scaring)

55
Q

What is muscular tissue repair rate?

A
  • Relatively poor capacity for renewal

- Tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace extensively damaged muscle fibers

56
Q

What is nervous tissue repair rate?

A

Poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons

57
Q

What happens during the inflammatory phase of skin healing?

A
  • 1-3 days post injury
  • Serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from wound and to prepare wound environment for repair
  • Platelet and fibrin clot forms in injured space
  • Mast cells release chemical mediators causing local capillary vasodilation
58
Q

What happens during the proliferating phase of skin healing?

A
  • 2-10 days post injury
  • Purpose: to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect
  • Fibroblasts are major cellular agent
  • Collagen provides contractile force to reduce surface area
59
Q

What happens during the early remodeling phase of skin healing?

A
  • 2-3 weeks post injury

- Tissue defect replaced with granulation tissue and new epithelial cells

60
Q

What happens during the late remodeling phase of skin healing?

A
  • months to >1 year
  • Type III collagen replaced by type I collagen and collagen fibrils
  • Over time collagen becomes scar
61
Q

What is healing by primary intention?

A
  • Relying on dermal edges that are close together and easily approximated
  • Ex: sutures, staples, dermal adhesive
62
Q

What are the pros of healing by primary intention?

A

Most often results in complete return to function with minimal scarring and loss of skin appendages

63
Q

What are the cons of healing by primary intention?

A
  • Requires relatively clean wounds
  • Easily mismanaged
  • Potential for scarring and poor cosmetic due to patient non-compliance
64
Q

What is healing by secondary intention?

A

Relies on formation of granular tissue to fill space between wound edges or opening

65
Q

What are the pros of healing by secondary intention?

A
  • Decrease chance of wound infection by allowing exudate drainage from wound
  • Closure of choice when dealing with large wound made by infection
66
Q

What are the cons of healing by secondary intention?

A
  • Wounds take much longer to heal
  • Greater likelihood of scar formation
  • Wounds must be regularly re-examined

Dermatology (4 decks)

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