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Dermatology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
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2
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A
  • Generates the physical force to make the body structures move
  • Arranged in bundles
  • Plenty of blood vessels
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3
Q

What type of cells provide the ability to move the body in 3 dimensions?

A

Contractile cells

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4
Q

What is the function of nervous cells?

A
  • Detect changes inside/outside the body

- Initiates and transmits nerve impulses

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5
Q

What is the integumentary system comprised of?

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Accessory structures
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6
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

Medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system

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7
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covers body surfaces
  • Lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes)
  • Forms glands
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8
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • Protects and supports body and organs
  • Binds organs together
  • Stores energy reserves as fat
  • Provides immunity
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9
Q

What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Cell junctions
  • Adherens junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap Junctions
  • Hemidesmosomes
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10
Q

What is the function of cell junctions?

A
  • Provide contact or adhesion between cells
  • Maintain paracellular barrier of epithelia and control transport of materials or signals between cells
  • dense in epithelial tissue
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11
Q

What do adherens junctions do?

A

Provide cell-cell adhesions that are continuously assembled/disassembled so cells can respond to changes in the environment

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12
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Form stable adhesive junctions between cells

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13
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

Allow various molecules and electrical signals to pass freely between cells

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14
Q

What is the purpose of hemidesmosomes?

A

Facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane

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15
Q

What broad categories are epithelial tissue separated into?

A
  • Covering and lining epithelium

- Glandular epithelium

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16
Q

General facts about covering and lining epithelium?

A
  • Covers external surfaces of body and some internal organs
  • Lines body cavities, blood vessels and ducts
  • Lines interior of respiratory, GI, urinary, and reproductive tract
  • Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision, and touch
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17
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Secreting portion of glands, such as sweat glands

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18
Q

What is the Apical layer of epithelial tissue?

A

Most superficial layer of cells

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19
Q

What is the basil layer of epithelial tissue?

A

Deepest layer of cells

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20
Q

What is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers
  • Located between epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer
  • Helps bind and support epithelium
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21
Q

What are the two ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

A
  • Morphology

- Stratification

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22
Q

What is morphology?

A

Classification of epithelial tissue based on shape

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23
Q

What is stratification?

A

Classification of epithelial tissue based on number of layers

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24
Q

What type of epithelium fall under morphology?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
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25
Q

General facts about squamous epithelium?

A
  • Thin, flat shape allows rapid passages of substances through them
  • Can be keratinized or non-keratinized
  • Found in areas such as lining of esophagus, mouth, and cervix
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26
Q

General facts about cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Shaped like cubes or hexagons
  • Frequently have microvilli at apical surface
  • Function in either secretion or absorption
  • Found in areas such as salivary glands and thyroid follicles
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27
Q

General facts about columnar epithelium?

A
  • Taller than wide
  • Protect underlying tissue
  • Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli
  • Often specialized for secretion and absorption
  • Lines most organs of GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes
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28
Q

General facts about transitional epithelium?

A
  • Able to change shape from flat to cuboidal depending on tension and distention of tissue
  • Useful for organs such as urinary bladder
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29
Q

General facts about simple epithelium?

A

A single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

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30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

32
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Simple epithelium that appears stratified because the nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface
- still simple epithelium because all cells rest on basement membrane

33
Q

What are the two forms of locomotion provided by cilia?

A
  • Movement of cell itself

- Movement of particles or substances across or around the cell

34
Q

What does cilia help do in mammals?

A

Help remove contaminants or move particles by moving fluids across cell layers

35
Q

What are the uses of microvilli?

A
  • Increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 to 3 dimensions
  • Enable absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/material
  • Help anchor sperm to egg for fertilization
  • May sweep unwanted materials toward an absorptive area of the cell
36
Q

What is keratin?

A

Highly insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities and high friction resistance

37
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis

38
Q

When are keratinocytes no longer living cells?

A

When they lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin

39
Q

Where is non-keratinized epithelium found?

A
  • Wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear
  • Lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus , and vagina
40
Q

Where is keratinized epithelium found?

A
  • Dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction and water is needed
  • Outer epidermis consists of keratinocytes that provide protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms
41
Q

What are the 3 components of of connective tissue?

A
  • Resident cells
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
  • Protein fibers
42
Q

What supports and physically connects other tissue/cells together to form the organs of the body?

A

Connective tissue

43
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A
  • Most common cells in connective tissue
  • Produce and maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components
  • Synthesizes and secretes collagen and elastin
  • Major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue
44
Q

What are adipocytes?

A
  • Fat cells/adipose cells/adipose tissue
  • Specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats
  • Majority of cells serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs
45
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • Components of loose connective tissues

- Function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair

46
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A
  • Abundant protein
  • Very strong and resistant to shear forces
  • Key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes
47
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A
  • Composed of elastin
  • Strength and elasticity
  • Have rubberlike properties
  • Found in areas such as stroma of lungs
48
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A
  • Composed of glycogen and glycoprotein
  • Provide strength and support in walls of small blood vessels
  • Stroma supporting framework of many soft organs (immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen)
49
Q

What are the 3 types of cell membranes?

A
  • Mucous membranes
  • Serous membranes
  • Synovial membranes
50
Q

What are the functions of mucous membranes?

A
  • Prevents cavities from drying out
  • Resp: traps particles in respiratory tract
  • GI: lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through tract
  • Derm: helps bind epithelium to underlying structures
51
Q

What are the functions of serous membranes?

A
  • Lines body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior and covers organs that lie within cavity
  • 3 types: Parietal, Visceral, Mesothelium
52
Q

What is parietal serous membrane?

A

Attached to cavity wall

53
Q

What is visceral serous membrane?

A

Part that covers and attaches to the organs

54
Q

What is mesothelium serous membrane?

A

Secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement

55
Q

What are the functions of synovial membrane?

A
  • Lines joints
  • Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers
  • No epithelial layer
56
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
57
Q

What is the epidermis?

A
  • Surface/outermost layer of skin
  • Comprised of epithelial tissue
  • Primarily consists of continually regenerating keratinocytes
  • Lacks any vascular structures and obtains all nutrients from dermal vasculature by diffusion
58
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
59
Q

What is the stratum corneum layer?

A
  • Cells consist mostly of keratin

- Cells are shed and replaced from below

60
Q

What is the stratum lucidum layer?

A

Found only in palms and soles of feet

61
Q

What is the stratum granulosum layer?

A
  • Losing cell organelles and nuclei

- Infusion of waterproofing lipids

62
Q

What is the stratum spinosum layer?

A

Cells beginning to flatten

63
Q

What is the stratum basale layer?

A

Stem cell layer, new cells arise here

64
Q

What is the dermis?

A
  • Layer of skin located between epidermis and subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissues
  • Primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Functions to cushion the body from stress and strain
65
Q

What always occurs between the stratum basale of the epidermis and the dermis?

A

Basement membrane

66
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer

- Reticular layer

67
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A
  • Layer directly underneath the epidermis

- Contains terminal endings of of capillaries, lymph vessels, and sensory neurons

68
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

A
  • Thicker than the papillary layer

- Comprised of a dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it

69
Q

What is located within the reticular layer?

A
  • Roots of hair
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Receptors
  • Nails,
  • Blood vessels
70
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle

- Primary function of synthesis and transfer of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes

71
Q

Where does melanin synthesis occur?

A

Melanosome, a specialized organelle

72
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A
  • Expanded dendritic endings in epidermis of glabrous skin that respond to sustained pressure and touch
  • Consist of tactile disc and neuron touch sensation
73
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • Typically found within stratum spinosum
  • Form a mobile and dense network of cells to sample any antigens that pass through epidermis
  • Represent a large part of skin’s adaptive immunity
74
Q

What is some information on the accessory structure of hair?

A
  • Comprised of fused keratinized cells surrounded by the hair follicle
  • Genetic/hormonal influences largely determine pattern/distribution
  • Protection for scalp, eyes, and nostrils

Dermatology (4 decks)

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