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DLE > Anatomy And Physiology (CELL) > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology (CELL) Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the structures of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of the process and functions of the body

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

Brings the body back to the set point

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

Make deviations from normal even greater

A

Positive feedback

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6
Q

Face-upward position

A

Supine

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7
Q

Face-downward position

A

Prone

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8
Q

Directional term
Above

A

Superior

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9
Q

Directional term
Below

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Toward the front of the body

A

Anterior

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11
Q

Toward the back of the body

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Toward the back (synonymous with posterior)

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

Toward the front (synonymous with anterior)

A

Ventral (Belly)

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14
Q

Closer to a point of attachment (Nearest)

A

Proximal

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15
Q

Farther from a point of attachment

A

Distal (Distant)

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16
Q

Away from the midline of the body

A

Lateral (Side)

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17
Q

Toward the middle or midline of the body

A

Medial

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18
Q

Toward or on the surface

A

Superficial (Surface)

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19
Q

Away from the surface, interal

A

Deep

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20
Q

Divides into left and right

A

Sagittal plane

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21
Q

Divides equal left and right

A

Median plane

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22
Q

Divides into superior and inferior

A

Transverse plane

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23
Q

Divides body into anterior and posterior

A

Frontal plane (Coronal)

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24
Q

Divides an organ along its long axis

A

Longitudinal section

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25
Q

Cuts an organ at a right angle

A

Transverse section

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26
Q

Cut across the long axis at an angle other than right angle

A

Oblique section

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27
Q

Closed to the outside, contain our internal organs, providing protection to them

A

Body Cavities

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28
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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29
Q

Amount of matter in an object

A

Mass

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30
Q

Result from gravitational attraction between the earth and an object

A

Weight

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31
Q

Simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

A

Element

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32
Q

Smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.

A

Atoms

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33
Q

Separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules

A

Dissociation

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34
Q

Smallest/basic unit of life

A

Cell

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35
Q

-Outer part of the cell
-Semi-permeable membrane that regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane
Aka “Plasma membrane” or “Cytoplasmic membrane” and “Plasmalemma”

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36
Q

Makes up the cell membrane
2 parts:
*Head -
*Tail -

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Head - Hydrophilic (Loving)
Tail - Hydrophobic

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37
Q

“Brain”
“Looks like a cell”
-Covered by bilayered membrane called nuclear envelope
-Largest organelle of the cell and the most obvious feature under microscope

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

Control center of the cell containing the BLUEPRINT (DNA/RNA) from which all the outer components of the cell are constructed

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Thread-like structures that carry genetic information; contains a single double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Chromosome

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40
Q

Normal chromosome of human

A

46 or 23 pairs
(23 maternal)
(23 paternal)

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41
Q

44 chromosomes
Doesn’t determine sex (physical feature)

A

Autosome

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42
Q

2 chromosomes
Determines gender

A

Sex chromosome

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43
Q

( X , Y ) chromosome

A

Male

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44
Q

( X , X ) chromosome

A

Female

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45
Q

Material that makes up chromosomes; complex of DNA and its associated (DNA+HISTONES); “Beads on string” appearance

A

Chromatin

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46
Q

Human has 46 chromosomes if the sex chromosome will be reduced how much is left?

A

22 pairs/44 autosomes

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47
Q

Chromosome copy

A

Chromatid

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48
Q

3 chromosomes without duplication

A

3 chromatids

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49
Q

A cell that has replicated its DNA originally has 3 chromosomes, How many chromosomes?

A

Still 3 (just replicated) but 6 chromatids

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50
Q

Chromatids that are bound to each other by a contromere

A

Sister Chromatids

51
Q

-Structure found within the nucleus responsible for ribosomal synthesis
-Non membranous

A

Nucleolus

52
Q

What is/are the functions of histones?

A

Guides the coiling of the DNA/Attachment site of DNA

53
Q

Which of the following is true about somatic and sex cells?
A. Both are 2n
B. Both are n
C. Somatic cells are 2n while sex cells are n
D. Somatic cells are n while sex cells are 2n

A

C. Somatic cells are 2n while sex cells are n

54
Q

-Not for reproduction
-Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes(2n))
-Body cell

A

Somatic cells

55
Q

-Sperm cell and egg cell
-For reproduction
-Haploid (1set of chromosome (n))
-To form a new human being

A

Sex cells (Gametes)

56
Q

47, XY, +21 karyotype

A

Trisomy 21 “Down syndrome”
-male

57
Q

47, XY, +18

A

Trisomy 18 “Edwards syndrome”
-male

58
Q

47, XXY karyotype

A

Klinefelter syndrome
- male

59
Q

45, X0 karyotype

A

Turner’s syndrome
-female

60
Q

-Feminine characteristic
-gynecomastia (large breast)
-micro penis
-taurodontism (BULL’S TEETH)

A

Klinefelter syndrome

61
Q

Stage 1 of Bull’s eye lesion “Iris/target lesion”
-Type IV hypersensitivity
Causes: Drug allergy, insect bite, plants

A

Erythema multiforme

62
Q

3 stages Bull’s eye lesion “Iris/target lesion”

A
  1. Erythema multiforme
  2. Steven’s Johnson syndrome
  3. Toxic epidermal necrolysis
63
Q

-Skin rash = Erythema Migrans (Bigger) >5cm
-Cause: Bacterial infection (Borrelia Burgdorferi) “Ticks”

A

Lyme disease

64
Q

-Fluid filled lesion/Bullae
-Localized Necrosis
-Maximal form of Erythema multiforme

A

Steven’s Johnson Syndrome

65
Q

-Maximal form of Steven’s Johnson Syndrome
-Generalized necrosis

A

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

66
Q

“Powerhouse”
-Cell within the cell
-contains folds known as cristae
-Site of kreb cycle

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

Mechanism for ATP production
1.Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2. Kreb cycle (Mitochondria)
3.Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron transport chain of mitochondria)
4.Direct phosphorylation (cytoplasm)

A

Byproducst
-2 ATP, 2 Pyruvic acid, 4 hydrogen
-2 ATP, 16 hydrogen, 4Co2, 2 Coenzyme A
-34 atp
-1 ATP, 1 creatine

68
Q

-A non-membrane bond organelle which is responsible for protein synthesis
-Composed of rRNA that are created in the nucleus

A

Ribosomes

69
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino Acid

70
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen

71
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

*Purines “Pure as Gold”
-adenine
-guanine
*Pyramidines “PUTC”
-thymine
-uracil
-cytosine

72
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases pair

A

(A) Adenine - (T) Thymine
(C) Cytosine - (G) Guanine

73
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases pair

A

RNA nucleotide pairs are the same as DNA pairs, however RNA does not contain the Thymine (T) nitrogenous base. Thymine is replaced with Uracil (U).
RNA: Uracil (U) pairs - Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) pairs - Cytosine (C)

74
Q

Forms ribosomes (Translates the mRNA)

A

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

75
Q

Carries genetic information of DNA; End product of transcription

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

76
Q

Carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

77
Q

Bull’s eye lesion (2 disease)

A
  1. Erythema multiforme
  2. Lyme disease
78
Q

Female with 3 barr bodies? (44XXX)

A

Superwoman Syndrome / Triple X syndrome

79
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Gynecomastia
Micropenis
Dental: bull’s teeth / TAURODONTISM

80
Q

Other term for protein synthesis

A

Translation

81
Q

Site for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

82
Q

Ribosomes are created where?

A

Nucleolus

83
Q

Purines “Pure As Gold”

A

Adenine
Guanine

84
Q

Pyramidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

85
Q

nitrogenous base which only a RNA

A

Uracil

86
Q

Nitrogenous base which is only a DNA

A

Thymine

87
Q

Process of fat formation

A

Lipogenesis

87
Q

What are non-insulin dependent tissue?

A

B - Brain
R - RBC
I - Intestine
C - Cornea
K - Kidney
L - Liver
E - Exercising Muscle

87
Q

How many hours to fast? (FBS)

A

8 - 12 hrs

88
Q

Normal fasting blood sugar

A

80 - 110 mg/dl or 80 -120 mg/dl

89
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Increase sugar level

90
Q

After eating: what state are you in? in FBS

A

Hyperglycemic state

91
Q

During hyperglycemic state, BETA CELLS of pancreas secrete

A

Insulin

92
Q

During hypoglycemia ALPHA CELLS of the pancreas secrete to maintain FBS

A

Glucagon

93
Q

Limit of glycogen

A

2lbs

94
Q

Excess glycogen converted to

A

Fatty acids stored in Adipocytes

95
Q

Shape of adipocytes

A

Signet ring

96
Q

Process: Glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

97
Q

Process: proteins to glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

98
Q

Packaged products of Golgi apparatus

A

Lysosomes

99
Q

Cell organelle with cartwheel pattern

A

Centrioles

100
Q

Cell with cartwheel NUCLEUS or clockface

A

Plasma cells

101
Q

Increase surface area of a cell for ABSORPTION

A

Microvilli

102
Q

Lining of stomach to anus

A

Simple columnar with MICROVILLI

103
Q

Has a brush border appearance

A

Microvilli

104
Q

9 + 2 pattern or 9 + 0 pattern

A

Axoneme

105
Q

3 Types of Nuclear Changes during Apoptosis?

A

Karyolysis - dissolution
Pyknosis - shrinks or napipi
Karyorrhexis - fragments (samurai X)

106
Q

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is initiated by what digestive organelle?

A

Lysosomes

107
Q

Excessive breakdown of Fats

A

Lipolysis

108
Q

Active/Complete enzyme

A

Holoenzyme/Haloenzyme

109
Q

-Inactive protein component of an enzyme
-Not complete

A

Apoenzyme

110
Q

-organic molecule
-carrier molecule
-transport electron

A

Co-enzyme

111
Q

-Completes an apoenzyme
-the missing piece
-stabilizes the enzyme
-Directly involved in the enzyme function/reaction

A

Co-factor

112
Q

“Recieving” side of golgi apparatus

A

Cis face

113
Q

“shipping” side of golgi apparatus

A

Trans face

114
Q

“Suicidal bag”

A

Lysosome

115
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Movement of microorganism due to chemical stimulus

116
Q

What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis

A

Chemotactic agent

117
Q

Mitochondria of sperm are located in?

A

Tail/Mid piece

118
Q

Sperm penetrates the egg cell using?

A

Acrosome

119
Q

The tail of a sperm cell is made up of?

A

Axoneme (Microtubules)

120
Q

Tail is made up of?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosomes
C. R. ER
D. none of the above

A

D. None of the above

121
Q
A

DLE (8 decks)

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