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Medical Assistant Exam Review > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Superior

A

Top

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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3
Q

Anterior/ ventral

A

Front

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4
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

Back

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5
Q

Caudad

A

Tail

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6
Q

Medial

A

Away from side

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7
Q

Cephalad

A

Head

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Side

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9
Q

Distal

A

Away from point of origin

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Close to point of origin

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11
Q

Visceral

A

Internal organs

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12
Q

Parietal

A

Toward wall

- away from outer wall

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13
Q

Deep

A

Inside of part

-away from surface

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Toward surface of part

-away from inside

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15
Q

Medullary

A

Inner region, medulla

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16
Q

Cortical

A

And utter region, cortex

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17
Q

Adduction

A

Toward

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Away from

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19
Q

Afferent

A

Movement the toward center

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20
Q

Circumduction

A

Drawing an imaginary circle

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21
Q

Efferent

A

Movement away from center

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22
Q

Eversion

A

Turn outward

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23
Q

Extension

A

Movement of limb into straight position

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24
Q

Flexion

A

Movement limb bent

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25
Q

Inversion

A

Turn inward

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26
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Point toe downward

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27
Q

Prone

A

Lying straight on ones frontside, face down

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28
Q

Supine

A

Lying straight on ones back, face up

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29
Q

A, an

A

Without, absence

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30
Q

Ab

A

Away from

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31
Q

Ad, af, ap, as, at

A

Toward, in direction of

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32
Q

Ana

A

Excessive

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33
Q

Bi

A

2, life

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34
Q

Bin

A

2 by 2

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35
Q

Brady

A

Slow

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36
Q

Dia

A

Through, complete

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37
Q

Dipl

A

Double, twin

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38
Q

Dys

A

Bad, difficult, painful

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39
Q

Endo

A

Within

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40
Q

Epi

A

On

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41
Q

Eti

A

Cause

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42
Q

Eu

A

Good, normal, easy, well

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43
Q

Ex, exo

A

Outside, outward

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44
Q

Hemi

A

Syn, sym

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45
Q

Hyper

A

Excessive, increase

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46
Q

Hypo

A

Deficient, decrease

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47
Q

Inter

A

Between, amount

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48
Q

Intra

A

Within, inside

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49
Q

Meta

A

Change, after, beyond

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50
Q

Neo

A

New

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51
Q

Nulli

A

None

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52
Q

Pan

A

All, total

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53
Q

Para

A

Beside, beyond, around

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54
Q

Per

A

Through

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55
Q

Peri

A

Surrounding

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56
Q

Poly

A

Many

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57
Q

Post

A

After

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58
Q

Pre

A

Before

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59
Q

Sub

A

Under, less, below

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60
Q

Super, supra

A

Above, excessive

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61
Q

Syn, sym

A

Together, join

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62
Q

Ectasis

A

Stretching out, dilation, expansion

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63
Q

Ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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64
Q

Emia

A

Blood condition

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65
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

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66
Q

Gen

A

Agent that causes or produces

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67
Q

Genesis

A

Origin, cause

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68
Q

Genic

A

Producing, causing, originating

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69
Q

Gram

A

An instrument for recording, picture, record

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70
Q

Graphy

A

Process of producing a picture

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71
Q

Ia

A

Diseased, abnormal condition

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72
Q

Iasis, esis

A

Condition

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73
Q

iatry

A

Physician, treatment

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74
Q

ical, ial, ic, ior

A

Pertaining to

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75
Q

ictal

A

Seizure, attack

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76
Q

Lysis

A

Loosening, dissolution, separating

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77
Q

megaly

A

Enlargement

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78
Q

meter

A

Instrument to measure

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79
Q

Metry

A

Measurement

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80
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue death

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81
Q

Odynea

A

Pain

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82
Q

Oid

A

Resembling

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83
Q

Ologist

A

specialist

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84
Q

ology

A

The study of

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85
Q

oma

A

Tumor

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86
Q

Opia

A

Vision

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87
Q

Opsy

A

To view

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88
Q

Ory, ose, ous

A

Pertaining to

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89
Q

Osis

A

Abnormal condition

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90
Q

Ostomy

A

Surgically created opening

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91
Q

Otomy

A

Surgical incision

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92
Q

Oxia

A

Oxygen

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93
Q

Paresis

A

Slight paralyzed

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94
Q

Pathy

A

Disease

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95
Q

Penia

A

Abnormal reduction in number

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96
Q

Pepsia

A

Digestion

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97
Q

Pexy

A

Surgical fixation, suspension

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98
Q

Phagia

A

Eating, swallowing

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99
Q

Phobia

A

Abnormal fear, aversion to

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100
Q

Phonia

A

Sound, voice

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101
Q

Physis

A

Growth

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102
Q

Plasia

A

Formation

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103
Q

Plasm

A

Formative material of cell

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104
Q

Plasty

A

Surgical repair

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105
Q

Plegia

A

Paralysis

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106
Q

Pnea

A

Breathing

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107
Q

Poiesis

A

Formation

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108
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping, sagging, prolapse

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109
Q

Rrhage, rrhagia

A

Bleeding, bursting forth

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110
Q

Rraphy

A

Surgical suturing

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111
Q

Rrhea

A

Flow, discharge

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112
Q

Rrhexis

A

Rupture

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113
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor

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114
Q

Schisis

A

Split, fracture

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115
Q

Scope

A

Visual exam with instrument

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116
Q

Scopy

A

Visual examination

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117
Q

Sis

A

State of

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118
Q

Spasm

A

Sudden involuntary muscle contraction

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119
Q

Stasis

A

Control, maintenance at constant level

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120
Q

Stenosis

A

Abnormal tightening, narrowing

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121
Q

Tome

A

Instrument used to cut

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122
Q

Tripsy

A

Surgical crushing

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123
Q

Trophy

A

Development

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124
Q

Thorax

A

Chest

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125
Q

Uria

A

Urine, urination

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126
Q

Carcin

A

Cancer

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127
Q

Chrom

A

Color

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128
Q

Cyan

A

Blue

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129
Q

Cyt

A

Cell

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130
Q

Erythr

A

Red

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131
Q

Gno

A

Knowledge

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132
Q

Hist

A

Tissue

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133
Q

Kary

A

Nucleus

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134
Q

Lei

A

Smooth

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135
Q

Leuk

A

White

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136
Q

Lip

A

Fat

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137
Q

Melan

A

Black

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138
Q

Neur

A

Nerve

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139
Q

Onc

A

Tumor

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140
Q

Organ

A

Organ

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141
Q

Path

A

Disease

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142
Q

Rhabd

A

Rod shape or striated

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143
Q

Sarc

A

Flesh, connective tissue

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144
Q

Somat

A

Body

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145
Q

Viscer

A

Internal organs

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146
Q

Xanth

A

Yellow

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147
Q

Atom

A

Smallest chemical unit of matter

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148
Q

Molecule

A

Combination of 2 or more atoms, to make the smallest unit of substance.
Element or compound. Can be substance.
Water molecule made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

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149
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life, building block for tissue, organs

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150
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of 1 cell into 2 identical cells

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151
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of sex cell for organism, sexually produced

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152
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecule from area of high concentration to low.

Made possible because adenosine triphosphate:high energy compound

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153
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of dissolved particles by membrane from high concentration to low.
More common transport mechanism

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154
Q

Filteration

A

Use of mechanical pressure to diffuse liquid through membranes.
Form of passive transport

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155
Q

Osmosis

A

Type of diffusion, movement of water or other substance in solution pass semipermeable membrane.
Membrane allow some substance to pass through.
Form of passive transport

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156
Q

Passive transport

A

No cellular energy required to move water and dissolve substance

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157
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingest and digest substance by phagocytosis cell.

Require cellular energy

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158
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells perform specific functions

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159
Q

Organ

A

Organ is body structure made up of a group of tissue, serve a common purpose or function

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160
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • skin, tube ducts, some glands, lining of cavity

- protects, absorb, secretes, excretes

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161
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, sheaths, cardiac

- support, connect, other tissue and structure

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162
Q

Muscle

A
  • striated, smooth, cardiac

- movement, contracts, shortens

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163
Q

Nerve

A
  • Neurons in cells throughout body

- actively transmits impulse through networks

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164
Q

Systems

A

Group of organs work together to perform specific function

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165
Q

Homeostasis

A

Equilibrium, maintenance a balance of internal body. Maintain in healthy state

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166
Q

Smallest bone of body

A

Ear bones

-malleus, incus, stapes

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167
Q

Spine column

A 
-cervical: C1-C7, curve inward
—atlas:C1, move head up/down 
—axis: C2, move head side to side
-thoracic: T1-T12, curve outward
-lumbar: L1-L5, curve inward
-sacral: 5 fused vertebrae, curve outward
-coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
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168
Q

Thorax

A

Rib cage

  • sternum: breastbone
  • xiphoid process: small, flat, blade like bone tip at bottom
  • ribs: 12 pairs
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169
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm, largest arm bone

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170
Q

Radius

A

Lower arm, thumb side

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171
Q

Ulna

A

Lower arm, little finger side

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172
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist bones

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173
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand bones, palm

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174
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers and thumb bones

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175
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

-largest, longest, strongest bone

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176
Q

Greater trochanter

A

Knob at top of femur

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177
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap

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178
Q

Tibia

A

Shin bone

-largest lower leg bone

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179
Q

Fibula

A

Lower leg, lateral side of leg

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180
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle bone

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181
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone, largest of tarsal

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182
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot bone

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183
Q

Phalanges

A

Toe bones

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184
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade, upper back bone

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185
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone, anterior shoulder bone

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186
Q

ilium

A

Winged shape portion of pelvic

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187
Q

ischium

A

Inferior portion of hip, sit support

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188
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior Union f hip

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189
Q

Sacrum

A

Posterior wall of pelvis

5 fused bones

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190
Q

Coccyx

A

Tail bone

-4 fused small vertebrae and ligament

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191
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable.

2 bones separated only by membrane

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192
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable.

Fibrocartilaginous disk joined by joint capsule, contain synovial fluid for lubrications

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193
Q

Enarthrosis

A

Ball and socket.

Joint allow wide range of motion: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

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194
Q

Condyloid

A

Joint allows all form of angular movement except axial skeletal rotation

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195
Q

Arthrodia

A

Gliding

-joint permit single bony surface to slide on another, simple motion only

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196
Q

Ginglymus

A

Hinge

-joint only has single forward and backward motion: flexion and extension

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197
Q

Trichoid

A

Pivot

  • joint allow rotation of bone
  • C1, C2
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198
Q

Saddle

A

Opposing surface reciprocally concavoconvex movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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199
Q

Bursa

A

Fibrous sac, acts as cushion to ease movement

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200
Q

Condyle

A

Large round knob, usually fits with another bone

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201
Q

Crest

A

Ridge on bone

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202
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in bone serving as passageway for vessels, nerves

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203
Q

Fossa

A

Depression or groove in bone

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204
Q

Periosteum

A

Thick fibrous membrane covers bone surface, except articulated cartilage

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205
Q

Process

A

Prominent projection on bone

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206
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubrication fluid for joints, bursae, tendons.

Make smooth movement of joints

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207
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Puncture performed to remove fluid for pressure pain relief or analysis

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208
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Procedure to view internal structure of joint, providing surgical access

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209
Q

Laminectomy with spinal fusion

A

Procedure to stabilize vertebra by remove part of it

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210
Q

Traction and reduction

A

Procedure performed to realign bone

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211
Q

Xray

A

Radiograph of bone to examine for breaks or density

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212
Q

Cleft palate

A

Congenital deformity occurs when palatine bones improperly close

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213
Q

Closed fractures

A

Simple, do not break skin

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214
Q

Green stick fracture

A

Incomplete

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215
Q

Spiral

A

Twist break of bone

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216
Q

Compound

A

Open, complete break through skin

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217
Q

Comminuted

A

Bone shattered to 3 or more fragments

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218
Q

Impacted

A

Broken ends forced into one another

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219
Q

Gout

A

Pain in great toe and other body joints

-condition v build u of crystallize uric acid result from high purine metabolism and other symptoms

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220
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal outward curvature, hunchback

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221
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal inward curvature of spine, swayback

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222
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation of joints

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223
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening and deformation of bone, cause by vitamin D deficiency

  • loss of calcium, phosphorus
  • rickets in children
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224
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone mass reduction. Bone become thin, porous, easily fracture

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225
Q

Osteitis deformans

A

Paget disease

-abnormal weakened bone formation cause by excessive breakage of bone tissue

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226
Q

Phantom pain

A

Feeling of sensation in absent, amputated limb

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227
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease, cause painful and swelling joints,result in deformities

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228
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral, sideward curvature

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229
Q

Spondylosis

A

Inflammation of 1 or more vertebrae

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230
Q

Sprain

A

Injury to joint (wrist, knee, ankle) result in stretch or torn ligament

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231
Q

Cost

A

Rib

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232
Q

Arthr

A

Joint

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233
Q

Ankyl

A

Crooked, stiff, bent

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234
Q

Chondr

A

Cartilages

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235
Q

Kinesi

A

Movement or motion

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236
Q

Lamin

A

Laminate

-thin, flat plate or layer

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237
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Visceral

  • involuntary
  • within walls of hollow organs
  • contraction cause movement (peristalsis)
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238
Q

Skeletal

A

Voluntary

  • attach to bones
  • striated
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239
Q

Cardiac

A

Involuntary

  • walls of heart
  • all cells work together for rhythmic cell pulse
  • striated
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240
Q

Tendons

A

Connective

-attach to muscles to periosteum of bone

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241
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

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242
Q

Biceps

A

Upper arm bender or flexor

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243
Q

Deltoid

A

Upper shoulder and arm

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244
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Buttock

-upper outer quadrant (injection at dorsogluteal or ventrogluteal site)

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245
Q

Masseter

A

Principal muscle in mastication

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246
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Chest

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247
Q

Triceps

A

Upper arm

-straightener or extensor

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248
Q

Vastus latealis

A

Upper outer thigh (common for infant injections)

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249
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad covering sheet of fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

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250
Q

Gnoiometry

A

Measure joints movement and angle

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251
Q

Manipulation

A

Procedure examines range of motion

-used in physical therapy

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252
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle wasting result from lack of use

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253
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa

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254
Q

Cramp

A

Painful involuntary contraction by skeletal muscle

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255
Q

Epicondylitis

A

Inflammation of forearm tendons

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256
Q

Fibromyalgia syndrome

A

Debilitating chronic condition characterized by specific or widespread muscle, bone, joint pain, fatigue and other symptoms

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257
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic disease characterized by wasting of skeletal muscles

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258
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune neuromuscular disease cause by abnormal transmission of nerve impulse, result in muscle fiber atrophy or shrinkage, inhibits normal movement, extreme muscles weakness

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259
Q

Sprain

A

Injury of ligaments around joint are torn but not severed

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260
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendons

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261
Q

Bursa

A

Sac, cavity

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262
Q

Fibr

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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263
Q

Ten, tend, tendin

A

Tendon

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264
Q

My, myos

A

Muscle

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265
Q

Heart

A
  • located within pericardium
  • outer layer of sac: parietal pericardium
  • inner membrane: visceral pericardium
  • 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
  • blood passes through hollow heart muscle
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266
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Wall of tissue divides heart in half vertically

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267
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Valve opens to allow oxygen rich blood to flow out of left ventricle into aorta, carry blood throughout body

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268
Q

Mitrial valve

A

Bicuspid

-close opening between left atrium and left ventricle to prevent back flow

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269
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Valve opens to allow poor oxygen blood to flow out of right ventricle and into pulmonary arteries
-carry blood to lungs

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270
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Close opening between right atrium and right ventricle to prevent back flow

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271
Q

Arteries

A
  • transport blood away from heart
  • have thickest muscled vessel walls
  • rich with oxygen saturation
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272
Q

Coronary artery

A

Supply blood needed for cardiac muscle to function

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273
Q

Aorta

A

Carry oxygen rich blood from left ventricle of heart

-largest and thickest wall artery of body

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274
Q

Carotid artery

A

Located on either side of neck

  • carries blood upward to head
  • common pulse site
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275
Q

Brachial artery

A

Located inside elbow

  • carry blood from axillary artery to radial and ulnar arteries
  • used for blood pressure readings
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276
Q

Radial artery

A

Located on thumb side of wrist

  • carry blood to hands
  • commonly used pulse site
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277
Q

Femoral artery

A

Located inner upper thigh

  • carry blood from inguinal ligament, branches, then terminates at popliteal artery
  • used for pulse site
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278
Q

Arterioles

A

Downsized arteries, have thinner walls of muscle

-connect arteries to capillaries

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279
Q

Veins

A
  • contains many valves to prevent blood back flow
  • transport blood to heart
  • poor oxygen saturation, except pulmonary vein
  • pulmonary vein enters atrium on left side of heart with oxygen rich blood from lungs
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280
Q

Vena cava

A

Vein receives blood from upper (superior vena cava) and lower (inferior vena cava) branches and transport to right atrium

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281
Q

Median cubical, cephalic, basilic veins

A
  • Drain blood from forearm and hand
  • most common sites for venipuncture, most common is median cubical vein, 2nd cephalic, 3rd basilic
  • all located in antecubital fossa
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282
Q

Venules

A

Small, thin veins connect larger veins to capillaries

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283
Q

Capillaries

A
  • 1 cell layer thick

- allow for exchange of nutrients and waste products through body

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284
Q

Blood

A
  • type of connective tissue made of cellular components and plasma
  • transport waste and nutrients products from body tissue
  • blood cellular component consist of RBC, WBC, and platelets
  • plasma liquid portion
  • formed in red bone marrow
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285
Q

Red blood cells

A

RBC

  • biconcave cells
  • no nucleus
  • contains hemoglobin
  • live 120 days, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • average count 5 million per cubic millimeter
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286
Q

Platelets

A
  • thrombocytes,
  • cell fragments help blood clot
  • average count 200,000 per cubic millimeter
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287
Q

White blood cells

A

-5 types fight invading pathogens

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288
Q

Arteriogram

A

Test is X-ray of arteries

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289
Q

Blood pressure reading

A

Diagnostic measurement performed to determine force of blood against artery walls

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290
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Printed tracing of cardiac rhythm

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291
Q

Stress test

A

Measure heart activity during physical activity

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292
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Measurement used by finding difference between systolic and diastolic BP readings

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293
Q

Anemia

A

Abnormal low hemoglobin, RBC in blood stream

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294
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Severe chest pain cause by low oxygen supply to heart muscle

May result from stress or activity

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295
Q

Aneurysm

A

Outpouching of weakened blood vessel wall, may cause trauma or may be genetic

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296
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening, thickening, loss of elasticity in artery wall

-most common: atherosclerosis

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297
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Disease of arteries cause by calcium and cholesterol plaque buildup on artery wall
-restrict blood flow

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298
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow cardiac rhythm, less than 60 bpm

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299
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Weakening of heart ability to pump blood effectively to meet body needs.
Cause pulmonary edema

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300
Q

Claudication

A

Circulation problem of arms, legs points to vascular disease

-symptoms: limp and calf pain while walking, subside at rest

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301
Q

Heart block

A

Heart electrical conduction from sinatrial node to atrioventricular node is interrupted

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302
Q

Hemophilia

A

Occur when blood has inability to coagulate properly.

Patient lacking essential clotting factors

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303
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure: greater than 140/90

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304
Q

Ischemia

A

Temporary drop in blood flow to organ or tissue

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305
Q

Leukemia

A

Uncontrolled leukocyte production invades blood cell-producing bone marrow.
Blood cancer

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306
Q

Murmur

A

Sound resulting from blood flow turbulence, narrowed or deformed valve

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307
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack, result in lack of oxygen, some cardiac muscle necrosis occurs

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308
Q

Phlebitis

A

Painful inflammation of vein, cause by venous infection, thrombosis, or intravenous fluid irritation

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309
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Damaged coronary valve resulting from rheumatic fever brought on by untreated streptococcal upper respiratory infection

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310
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Abnormal hemoglobin result in crescent shaped RBC. Readily stick to capillary walls. Hereditary.
Symptoms” anemia, pain cries, extremity numbness, swelling, fainting and fatigue

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311
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid cardiac rhythm, greater than 100 bpm

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312
Q

Thrombosis

A

Blood clot formation.
Piece of thrombus may break off and travel through blood vessels: embolus.
embolus may lodge in lungs: pulmonary embolism.
Or in brain result a stroke: cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack

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313
Q

Varicose vein

A

Distended and twisted veins.
Found in superficial veins of legs, cause by long periods of standing over time.
May be seen as anal hemorrhoids

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314
Q

Angi

A

Vessels

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315
Q

Ather

A

Yellowish, fatty plaque

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316
Q

Cardi, coron

A

Heart

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317
Q

Isch

A

Deficiency, blockage

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318
Q

Phleb, ven

A

Vein

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319
Q

Sphygm

A

Pulse

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320
Q

Ech

A

Sound

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321
Q

Lymph

A

Is tissue formed from plasma.

Composed of water electrolytes, metabolizing cell waste and protein

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322
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • WBC formed in red bone marrow
  • mature within spleen, liver, lymph nodes to trap and destroy microorganisms and fight against pathogens.
  • nongranular
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323
Q

T cells

A

Mature in thymus and reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood.
Attack though cell to cell contact: phagocytosis (cell mediated immunity)

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324
Q

B cells

A

Mature in bone marrow and reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood.
B cells indirectly attack by secreting antibodies (antibodies mediated immunity)

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325
Q

Lymph node

A
  • pea shape clusters of lymph tissue, filter microorganism from lymph as flows through lymph tissues
  • large clusters location: axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, cervical lymph nodes
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326
Q

Lymph vessels

A
  • form an extensive network, every organ has them
  • lymph from right arm and right side of head drains into right lymphatic duct
  • lymph flows from rest of the body drains into thoracic duct
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327
Q

Spleen

A
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • filters blood and serves as blood reservoir
  • organ destroys old RBCs, has a role in erythropoiesis
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328
Q

Tonsil

A
  • 3 pairs
  • palatine: located at opening of oral cavity, usually removed in tonsillectomy
  • pharyngeal (adenoids): located near opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx, removed when interfere with breathing
  • lingual: located back of tongue
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329
Q

Thymus

A
  • mostly active in development of immune system during early life
  • produce thymosin for maturation, function of T-cell lymphocytes
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330
Q

Allergy testing

A

Method used include: scratch test, patch test, intradermal test and radioallergosorbent test

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331
Q

Complete blood count

A

Test profile include: hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC count

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332
Q

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

Screening test for HIV antibodies presence performed on venous blood and oral fluid sample
-85% accurate due to cross-activity from other virus

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333
Q

Liver function

A

Test measure coagulation factors of prothrombin and fibrinogen

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334
Q

WBC differential

A

Blood test to determine percentage of different type of leukocytes present.
Change during infection, allergic response and certain disease

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335
Q

Western blot

A

Test specific to individual viruses and is performed to confirm diagnosis when positive result from ELISA for HIV is found

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336
Q

Allergies

A

Hypersensitive, result in inflammation may be delayed or immediate to substance not usually recognize as foreign

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337
Q

Autoimmune disorder

A

Immune system produce antibodies against its own cells.

Affect most body systems

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338
Q

Immunodeficiency disease

A

Congenital or acquired: immune system is incompetent or deficient

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339
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

Congenital

Children succumb to minor infections

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340
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Most advance stage of infection with HIV virus.

Characterized by significant decrease in immunity evidence by low T-cells count

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341
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A
  • Autoimmune disorder.
  • Affects few or many organs, more woman then men
  • actual cause is unknown, may be drugs or bacterial infection
  • symptoms: body ache, weight loss, butterfly rash on face, sensitive to sunlight, nosebleed and seizures
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342
Q

Lymphoma

A

Benign or malignant tumors affecting lymphoid tissue`

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343
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Malignancy with enlarge spleen and lymphocytes (Reed-sternberg cells)
-occur in young men

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344
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Alll lymphomas other than Hodgkin lymphoma

  • may be fast or slow growing
  • malignancy found throughout lymph tissue
  • occur in older adult
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345
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Highly contagious viral infection
-kissing disease
From epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus
-extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, enlarge spleen and lymph tissue

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346
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarge spleen associated with infectious disease

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347
Q

Lymph

A

Lymph

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348
Q

Spleno

A

Spleen

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349
Q

Thym

A

Thymus

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350
Q

Mouth

A
  • Oral cavity, mechanical and chemical digestion starts
  • act of mastication mix food with saliva to form bonus
  • tongue has frenulum lingual: tissue anchors tongue to mouth floor
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351
Q

Pharynx

A
  • throat

- pass formed bonus to esophagus

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352
Q

Esophagus

A

-food tube between pharynx and stomach

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353
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue covers larynx (wind pipe) when swallowing, so bolus enters esophagus

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354
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary rhythmic movement begins at esophagus, moves first bolus then chyme through digestive tract

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355
Q

Stomach

A
  • Consist of following: esophageal sphincter, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter
  • Stomach wall composed of rugae folds to allow to expand
  • mix food with gastric acid and digestive enzymes to form chyme
  • secretes gastric hormones and intrinsic factor, assists in absorbing vitamin B12
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356
Q

Small intestine

A
  • most absorption of nutrients take place here, by circular folds in wall with finger like projections (viili)
  • longest portion: divided into 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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357
Q

Large intestines

A
  • largest absorbs water and stores material until eliminated

- no digestion takes place here

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358
Q

Liver

A
  • Produce bile and cholesterol
  • store glycogen and vitamin B12, A, D, E, and K
  • detox blood and aids metabolism
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359
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and secrete bile, aid in digestion and emulsifiers fats

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360
Q

Pancreas

A

-exocrine organ
—produce pancreatic juice for digestion
-endocrine gland
—secrete insulin into bloodstream

361
Q

Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, proctoscopy

A

Procedure perform to view parts of large intestine

362
Q

Lower gastrointestinal series

A

Procedure use barium enema to enhance xrays of lower GI

363
Q

Upper GI series

A

Procedure use barium swallow to enhance X-ray

364
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Procedure use to produce image of gallbladder and bile duct

365
Q

Anorexia

A

No appetite, aversion to food

-especially when condition caused by disease

366
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A
  • Voluntary starvation, excessive

- false perception of body image and fear of gaining weight

367
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of appendix possible cause by blockage by feces, tumor or infection
-the McBurney point: site of tenderness associated with appendicitis

368
Q

Botulism

A

Illness cause by toxin from clostridium botulinum usually from ingesting contaminated food

369
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstone

  • hard mineral deposit formed in gallbladder and bile ducts
  • painful, vomiting and mild jaundice
370
Q

Cirrhosis

A

End stage of liver disease, chronic liver cell destruction

371
Q

Colitis

A
  • Inflammation of colon

- affects only innermost lining, not deep tissues

372
Q

Crohn disease

A

Chronic autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease, usually in ileum.
Penetrates every layer of tissue in affected area

373
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal pouching of organ walls, usually colon

374
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Dilated, inflamed, varicose veins in rectum or anus

375
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

376
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of organ through wall of containing cavity

377
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome

A

Spastic colon.
Provoked by stress, gaseous food.
Characterize by bloating, constipation, diarrhea, cramping and abdominal pain

378
Q

Ulcers

A

Lesions located in mucous membrane lining of organ

379
Q

Construction by adhesion

A

Abnormal growing together of two surface normally separated

380
Q

Flatus

A

Gas, expelled by anus

381
Q

Gavage

A

Process of feeding by nasogastric tube

382
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity

383
Q

Intussusception

A

One part of small intestine slide into or over an adjacent part.
Sometimes found in infants or young children, rare

384
Q

Vitamin K

A

Necessary for synthesis of prothrombin, and several other clotting factors
-large intestine produce vitamin K

385
Q

Volvulus

A

Twist or kink of intestine

386
Q

An

A

Anus

387
Q

Cec

A

Cecum

388
Q

Cheil

A

Lip

389
Q

Chol

A

Gall, bile

390
Q

Cholangi

A

Bile duct

391
Q

Enter

A

Intestine, usually small intestine

392
Q

Gastr

A

Stomach

393
Q

Gingiv

A

Gum

394
Q

Glass, lingu

A

Tongue

395
Q

Hepat

A

Liver

396
Q

Lapar

A

Abdomen

397
Q

Celi

A

Abdominal cavity

398
Q

Sial

A

Saliva

399
Q

Stomat, or

A

Mouth

400
Q

Skin

A

-largest organ, covers all body

401
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost skin surface, made up of single cell layer (strata)

  • contains melanin
  • prevents water loss by keratin
402
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment gives skin its color. Produced by melanocytes

403
Q

Dermis

A

-True skin
-middle layer contains:
—blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, glands

404
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

-Innermost, fatty layer
-contains:
—adipose tissue and elastic fibers that adhere to dermis to muscle surfaces
—provides body with fuel, retain heat, cushion for inner tissues

405
Q

Glands

A

-dermis layer contains them

406
Q

Sweat glands

A

Produce and secrete sweat assist body temp regulation, rid of body waste

407
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Located near hair follicles, secrete oily sebum to lubricate skin and hair

408
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Found in ear, secrete cerumen (earwax)

409
Q

Hair

A
  • Mostly composed of keratin tissue
  • found on most body surface
  • center of hair shaft called medulla
410
Q

Nails

A

-composed of hardened keratin (horny layer), located on tip of fingers and toes

411
Q

Diascopy

A

Examine skin lesion, use flat glass plate held against skin

412
Q

Lund-browner chart

A

Method to estimate percentage of body that has been burned, more accurate that rule of 9. Takes age and body proportion into consideration

413
Q

Rule of 9

A

Quick method to estimate percentage of body has been burned. Not accurate in children

414
Q

Surgical excision and biopsy

A

Performed for lesions, moles, and tissue for pathologic study

415
Q

Sweat chloride test

A

Procedure detect cystic fibrosis by measuring salt content of sweat

416
Q

Wood’s light

A

Florescent light used to diagnose particular skin conditions

417
Q

Acne

A

Inflammation of sebaceous glands

418
Q

Albinism

A

Genetic condition marked by absence of melanin in skin, hair and eyes

419
Q

Alopecia

A

Absence or loss of hair to entire body or body area

420
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of skin, cause itching and redness

421
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Excessive sweating

422
Q

Eczema

A

Continuous or returning form of dermatitis, abnormal reaction of body immune system
-cause itching, redness, cracking, oozing, blistering, or bleeding

423
Q

Furuncle

A

Boil

424
Q

Herpes

A

Painful, blister like sores cause by virus

  • inadequate rest, poor nutrition, stress may increase outbreaks
  • simplex 1: cold sore, fever blisters on lip, mouth, face. Very contagious, spread by saliva
  • simplex 2: varis cause genital herpes, sexuall transmitted
425
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Acute viral infection, singles

  • caused by dormant varicella virus reactivated later in life
  • painful skin eruptions follow route of inflamed nerves
426
Q

Impetigo

A

Very contagious bacterial skin infection due to streptococcus or straphylococcus

427
Q

Keloid

A

Benign growth occur in scar, result of skin injury

  • excessive scar tissue made of collagen and fibrous tissue
  • scar is raised and often disfiguring
428
Q

Macule

A
  • freckles

- Flat skin lesion, white/brown/red

429
Q

Nevus

A

Raised, congenital spot on skin surface

-mole

430
Q

Papule

A

Pimple

431
Q

Pediculosis

A

Infestation of lice, usually on head

432
Q

Scabies

A

Itchy skin, cause by mite burring under skin

433
Q

Scleroderma

A

Condition cause skin to thicken and become rigid

434
Q

Tinea

A

Fungal skin infection

  • ringworm
  • grow on skin, hair and nails
435
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Found of scalp of children

436
Q

Tinea cruris

A

Found on genital area

-jock itch

437
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Between toes

-athlete’s foot

438
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives

-raised wheals due to allergic reaction or stress

439
Q

Vesicle

A

Fluid filled, blister like sac on skin

440
Q

Cutane, derm, dermat

A

Skin

441
Q

Hidr

A

Sweat

442
Q

Kerat

A

Horny tissue, hard

443
Q

Onych , ungu

A

Nail

444
Q

Trich

A

Hair

445
Q

Crypt

A

Hidden

446
Q

Heter

A

Other

447
Q

Myc

A

Fungus

448
Q

Pachy

A

Thick

449
Q

Rhytid

A

Wrinkles

450
Q

Xer

A

Dry

451
Q

Nose

A
  • Lined with cilia and hair to clean air

- warms, cleans, moisturizes air

452
Q

Sinuses

A
  • Air space in bones of face
  • lined with ciliated mucous membranes
  • warms, cleans, moisturizes air
453
Q

Mouth

A
  • Takes in extra air when needed: during exercise or nasal passage blockage
  • does not have any moisturizing capacity
  • inhaled air takes available moisture, drying mouth
454
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

-serve as passageway for air and food from mouth go hyoid bone

455
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • consist of cartilage flap

- function as valve, covers larynx as swallow

456
Q

Larynx

A

-contains glottis and vocal cords, located right below epiglottis
-consist of cartilage and muscle
-back up for epiglottis
—epiglottis moves to cover larynx, muscle of larynx squeeze shut

457
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe

  • positioned anterior to esophagus within neck
  • smooth muscle reinforced with rings of cartilage
  • rings are c shaped with open end next to esophagus
  • rings prevent trachea from collapsing
458
Q

Bronchi

A
  • two primary bronchi splits off from trachea, 1 to each lung
  • bronchioles split off as smaller branches from bronchi
459
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs at bronchiole ends
-1 cell thick
-exchange of gases occur
—oxygen enters surrounding blood capillaries
—carbon dioxide enters alveoli from surround blood capillaries
—-process known as external respiration

460
Q

Lungs

A

Main respiratory organ

  • in thoracic cavity, protected by bone (sternum, ribs, vertebrae) and by intercostal and diaphragm muscle
  • left lung has 2 lobes
  • right has 3 lobes
461
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane lining lungs has surfactant to lower surface tensions

462
Q

Thorax

A

Cavity contains the lung

463
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Domed muscle separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
  • on inhalation: it contracts, create room for inflation of lungs
  • on exhalation: relaxes, assist lung compression
464
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hair like projections located on surface of lining of trachea, bronchi, inside nostrils
-filter incoming air to move mucus or particles out of respiratory tract

465
Q

Expirations reserve volume

A

Extra air forcible exhaled after normal exhalation

466
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs and blood capillaries

467
Q

Functional residual volume

A

Amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration

468
Q

Inspiration captivity

A

Inspiration reserve volume

  • maximum amount of air inspired after normal expiration
  • measured by breathing in and out normally, then forcibly inhaling at end of tidal volume
469
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon monoxide between capillaries and tissue cells

470
Q

Rales

A

Increased secretion in bronchi causing crackling breath sounds

471
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air left in lungs after forced expiration

472
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inspired and expired during a normal respiration

473
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Total volume of air can be in lung at one time

474
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air expired after maximum inspiration

-not forced

475
Q

Wheeze

A

Squeaking, whistling breath sound cause by narrowing tracheobronchial airways
-occurs in asthma, bronchitis, other respiratory disorder

476
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Procedure provides an interior view of bronchial air passage

477
Q

Chest X-ray

A

Radiological picture of lungs

478
Q

Pulmonary function test

A

Group of test is used to measure various lung capacities

-amount and rate of air taken in and released

479
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory failure

A

Sudden onset of lung dysfunction making breathing extremely difficult especially
-affects both lungs caused by trauma, sepsis, pneumonia or shock

480
Q

Asthma

A

Affects bronchi and bronchioles

  • airways become partially blocked by contraction of muscle walls
  • narrowed airways cause by wheezing, chest tightness, severe dyspnea
  • usually related to allergies, exercise or environmental agents
481
Q

Atelectasis

A

Incomplete lung expansion

  • absence of air in lungs and alveoli cause structure to collapse
  • may be caused by cancer, asthma, or pneumonia
  • sx: dyspnea and hypoxia
482
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchi

483
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

Common complication of ordinary colds, usually secondary bacterial infection
-sx: fever, dyspnea, sneezing, yellow-green sputum and productive cough

484
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

  • leads to lung damage, eventual respiratory failure and death
  • sx: similar to acute bronchitis, but occur over long period and several times a year
485
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Combo of asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

  • cause enlargement of lung alveoli
  • condition progressive and obstructs air exchange in bronchi, alveoli and lungs
486
Q

Croup

A

Acute virus affecting larynx, trachea, and bronchi with inflammation and spasm

  • disease of early childhood and infants
  • pronounced barking cough and hoarseness
487
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Abnormally thick mucus secretion clogging lungs and pancreas, result in impaired breathing
-cause is genetic

488
Q

Emphysema

A

Form of COPD, which enlargement and loss of alveoli and decrease elasticity of lungs lead to progressive loss of function

  • cause by smoking, previous history of smoking
  • sx: increase difficult, rapid, shallow breathing
489
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping cough

  • contagious bacterial infection cause inflammation in upper respiratory system
  • may be fatal to infants
  • vaccine is available
490
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of pleura cause sharp pain with each breath taken
-cause maybe injury beneath pleura or influenza

491
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection and inflammation of lung tissue

  • pus and other liquid present in alveoli and bronchioles make it difficult for air to reach alveoli
  • cause may be bacteria, fungi, virus, inhaled agents
  • named causative agent
492
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid accumulates in lungs from blood capillaries around alveoli, result from malfunction of heart

  • associated with CHF
  • sx: progressive dyspnea, nonproductive cough and cyanosis
493
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis cause nodule in lungs, damage to lung tissues, scarring and dyspnea

  • will progress if not treated and be fatal
  • sx: slight fever, fatigue, weight loss, unproductive cough, bloody pus filled phlegm
494
Q

Lob

A

Lobe

495
Q

Nas, rhin

A

Nose

496
Q

Pneum, pneumat, pneumon

A

Lung, air

497
Q

Pulmo

A

Lung

498
Q

Muc

A

Mucus

499
Q

Ox

A

Oxygen

500
Q

Py

A

Pus

501
Q

Spir

A

Breathe, breathing

502
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell carry nerve impulse to and from and within CNS

-working cells of nervous system

503
Q

Cell body

A

Holds nucleus of cell and other regular cell parts

  • does not have centriole, cannot reproduce
  • protected in brain, spinal cord and ganglion
504
Q

Dendrites

A

Extension of cell, receives and carries signal to cell body

505
Q

Axon

A

Cell part carries impulses from cell body to other neurons or body tissues

506
Q

Myelin sheath

A 
Lipid and protein
-covers the axon of PNS cell
-white matter on nerve cells
-made of Schwann cells
-gaps called nodes of Ranvier
-CNS neurons do not have them, cannot be repaired
—they are grey matter cells
507
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons and muscle tissue is designed so impulses can travel in a single unmyelinated fibers
-released neurotransmitter chemical assist or inhibits impulse transmission to cross the synapse to another cell

508
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • consist of nerves and ganglia located outside CNS

- nerve consist of many neurons bundled together with blood vessels, wrap in connective tissue

509
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Transmit impulses from rest of body to CNS

510
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit impulses from CNS to muscle and glands

511
Q

Interneurons

A

CNS neurons bridge between sensory and motor neurons

512
Q

Somatic system

A

Sends behavior information to and from CNS to skeletal muscle

  • afferent nerve: bring sensory information from different parts of body to CNS
  • efferent nerves: bring motor information from CNS to skeletal muscles
513
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sends behaviors information from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

514
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for automatic reaction to stress
-fight or flight response
—heart rate increase, strength increase, bronchial tube dilate

515
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for conservation/restoration of energy and elimination of waste
—heart rate decrease, bronchial tube constrict

516
Q

Olfactory

A

I

Sense of smell

517
Q

Optic

A

II

Vision

518
Q

Oculomotor

A

III

Movement of eyeball, eyelids, regulate pupil size

519
Q

Trochlear

A

IV

Movement of eyeball

520
Q

Trigeminal

A

V

Sensation in head and face, chewing

521
Q

Abducens

A

VI

Eyeball movement

522
Q

Facial

A

VII

Taste, facial expression, secretion of tears and saliva

523
Q

Acoustic

A

VIII

Hearing and balance

524
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

IX

Taste, swallowing, secretion of saliva

525
Q

Vagus

A

X

Sensation in larynx, trachea, heart, stomach and other organs. Organ movements

526
Q

Spinal accessory

A

XI

Movement of shoulders and head

527
Q

Hypoglossal

A

XII

Tongue movement

528
Q

Spinal nerve

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

-extend from spinal cord, named for originating vertebrae

529
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C5
Nerve supply skin and muscles of neck
-major nerve emerging from plexus: phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)

530
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-C8, T1

Supply skin and muscle of shoulder, arms, forearm, wrist and hand

531
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

T12, L1-L5, S1 to end
Supply skin and muscle of external genitalia, buttocks, lower ab wall, lower extremities
-major nerve emerging: sciatic nerve

532
Q

Brain

A

Encephalon

  • weigh 3 lbs
  • divide into 4 major areas: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
  • protected by skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
533
Q

Cerebrum

A

-left and right hemispheres
-control center for sensory, motor and intellectual functions
-covered with cerebral cortex of gray matter 2-4 mm thick arrange in folds
-bulk composed of white matter
-contain 10-14 billions neurons and synapses
-2 halves not completely separate
—fissure between is bridged in center by band of white fibers: corpus callosum , serve as communication between sides
-left hemisphere for logic, complex mathematic, and language
-right hemisphere for creativity, music and art appreciation
-each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

534
Q

Frontal

A

Controls speech and voluntary muscle movement

535
Q

Parietal

A

Process sensory information from skin and control depth perception, size, and shape

536
Q

Temporal

A

Controls interpretation of sound and smell, personality, behavior, emotion and memory

537
Q

Occipital

A

Interpret visual information

538
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • compose of gray matter
  • contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
  • link between decision are made and body, which carries out those division
539
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • located below cerebral hemisphere, attached to posterior brain stem
  • little brain
  • maintain muscle tone, balance, posture and fine motor movements
540
Q

Brain stem

A

Hindbrain

-consist of 3 parts: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

541
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Lowest part, channel communication between spinal cord and brain

542
Q

Pons

A

Help regulate breathing

543
Q

Midbrain

A

Nerve tissue connects the pons to lower part of cerebrum

-vision and hearing reflexes located here

544
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • made up of gray and white matter
  • serves as pathway for impulses to travel to and from brain
  • begins at medulla oblongata and extends to 2nd lumbar vertebra
  • protected by skull and vertebrae
  • enclosed in meninges: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater
545
Q

Dura mater

A

Meninges

Outermost layer

546
Q

Arachnoid

A

Meninges, lacy spiderweb

547
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost layer of meninges

548
Q

CSF

A

Made in ventricle of brain by masses of capillaries

  • fluid in subarachnoid space: between arachnoid and pia mater
  • is clear, colorless and watery
  • functions to make meninges into fluid-filled cushion
549
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Mechanics of capillary walls of brain regulates materials in bloodstream are permitted to enter brain
-chemical excesses or deficiencies cause arteries to dilate or constricted until a balance is restored

550
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • just below thalamus
  • regulates emotional responses, body temp, hunger sensation, thirst sensation, sleep-wakefulness cycle, pituitary and endocrine system actions, autonomic nervous system: heart rate, by, respiratory rate and digestive action
551
Q

Pineal gland

A

Part of endocrine system
-produce and secrete melatonin
-inactive during day, activates when darkness occurs
—control sleep-wake cycle

552
Q

Plexuses

A

Networks

-spinal nerve fibers converge to form networks in PNS

553
Q

Thalamus

A
  • below cerebrum

- process impulse relayed to and from cerebrum and sense organ

554
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Imaging procedure use a contras medium to view blood vessels of brain

555
Q

Computed tomography scan

A

Image procedure use series of X-ray to create cross-sectional 3D picture

556
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Test measure electrical activity of brain

557
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Extracts CSF below L3-L4 obtain RBC and WBC counts

558
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Use magnetic field and radio waves, gives pictures of brain soft tissue

559
Q

Myelogram

A

Uses radiopaque medium and X-ray to view interior of spinal cord

560
Q

Patellar, babinski, Achilles, corneal reflex test

A

Test performed to evaluate motor neurons functions

561
Q

X-ray

A

Skull and spine

-radiograph imaging used to diagnose injuries, tumors, spondylitis of vertebrae

562
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Frontal and temporal look nerve cells die, degenerative, dementia like disease impairs physical abilities, lessens intellect, result in gradual total memory loss

563
Q

Bell palsy

A

Infection cause 1 sided facial paralysis
Affect cranial nerve VII
Caused by herpes simplex reactivation, most often resolves in 2 weeks to 2 months

564
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Pressure on wrist median nerve cause pain, numbness

-cause by repetitive motion over time

565
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Brain damage occur in utero or birth, cause mental retardation, seizure, spastic moves

566
Q

CVA

A

Stroke

  • sudden loss of neurological function cause by brain circulation block or vessel rupture
  • loss of function depends on location of brain damage
567
Q

Epilepsy

A

Condition of periodic seizures cause by malfunction of electrical activity of brain

568
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF in brain cause elevated intracranial pressure and tissue death

569
Q

Meningitis

A

Viral or bacteria infection of meninges covering of brain

570
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive, debilitating disease cause by gaps in white matter myelin sheath
-produce increasing weakness, tremors, and vision problems

571
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Debilitating disease cause by abnormal low supply of dopamine
-increase in body tremors, involuntary movement and loss of balance

572
Q

Sciatica

A

Inflammation of sciatic nerve

  • sx: sharp pain alone nerve and branches
  • pain regulates from butt to hip and thigh area
573
Q

TIA

A

Sudden loss of specific neurological function, full recovery expected 24 hours

  • serve as a warning of possible upcoming stroke
  • cause by embolus to brain, that is resolved by body circulatory system
574
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden surge of electrical brain activity commonly referred to electrical storm
-has effect on behavior, and overall feeling for short time

575
Q

Petit mal

A

Seizure occurs in childhood

-has mental shutdown for 30 seconds

576
Q

Grand mal

A
  • occur at any age
  • falls down unconscious, goes rigid, twitches or jerks rhythmically, slowly regains consciousness
  • followed by deep sleep or confusion
  • may be preceded as aura or warning
577
Q

Focal seizure

A

Begin with uncontrollable twitching in single part of body, spreads surrounding structures and eventually full body
-patient conscious

578
Q

Temporal lobe seizure

A

After brief aura, patient suddenly acts out of character for few minutes
-unconscious chewing motion may occur

579
Q

Cerebell

A

Cerebellum

580
Q

Cerebr

A

Cerebrum

581
Q

Dur

A

Hard

582
Q

Encephal

A

Brain

583
Q

Radic, radicul, rhiz

A

Nerve root

584
Q

Esthesi

A

Sensation, sensitivity, feeling

585
Q

Phas

A

Speech

586
Q

Poli

A

Gray matter

587
Q

Psych, ment, phren

A

Mind

588
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
589
Q

Growth hormone

A

Anterior pituitary

  • target: bone, muscle, soft tissue
  • function: stimulate tissue growth, decrease glucose
590
Q

Prolactin

A

anterior pituitary gland
Target: mammary gland (breast)
Function: initiate milk production, promote milk gland production

591
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary gland

  • target: thyroid gland
  • function: growth, development, thyroid activity as metabolism regulator
592
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary
Target: adrenal gland (cortex)
Function: maintenance of gland, stimulate secretion of cortisol

593
Q

Follicle stimulating hormoner

A

Anterior pituitary

  • target: overian follicles, seminiferous tubule in testes
  • function: women: stimulate development of ova and ovulation. Men: stimulate development and function of testes, production of sperm
594
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Anterior pituitary gland

  • target: overlies, testes—cell of Leydig
  • function: development of corpus luteinizing, progesterone secretion, developer cell to make testosterone, stimulate secretion of testosterone
595
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone

- oxytocin

596
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Posterior pituitary
ADH, vasopressin
-target: kidney
-function: regulates water reabsorption within nephrons, determine urine concentration and volume

597
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary

  • target: uterus, breast
  • function: stimulates birth contractions and cause milk ejection
598
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • Thyroxine (t4)
  • triiodothyronine (t3)
  • calcitonin
599
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4
Thyroid gland
-target: tissue cells
-function: increases metabolic rate

600
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

Thyroid gland
T3
-target: tissue cells
-function: increase metabolic rate

601
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

  • target: bone
  • function: inhibits bone loss, lower blood calcium concentration
602
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

-parathyroid hormone

603
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Parathyroid gland
Parathormone
-target: intestine, bones
-function: increase absorption of calcium into bloodstream, raises excretion of phosphates in urine

604
Q

Adrenal cortex (outer)

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • androgens
605
Q

Cortisol

A

Adrenal cortex gland
ACTH
-target: all cell except liver cells
-function: increase breakdown of protein into amino acids, breakdown of fat, assist in stress, raise blood glucose

606
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • adrenal cortex gland
  • target: kidney
  • function: regulate blood pH, stimulates reabsorption of sodium in nephrons
607
Q

Androgens

A

Andrenal cortex

  • target: gonads
  • function: stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics (especially females)
608
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • epinephrine

- norepinephrine

609
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

  • adrenaline
  • target: smooth and cardiac muscle, blood vessels, liver cells
  • function: raise heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
610
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

  • target: smooth, cardiac, striated muscles
  • function: constrict blood vessels, raise blood pressure, reinforces sympathetic nervous system
611
Q

Pancreas gland

A
  • Glucagon

- insulin

612
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreas gland

  • target: liver cells, fat cells
  • function: promotes release of glucose into blood
613
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas gland

  • target: all cells except brain
  • function: promote use and storage of glucose in cells
614
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal gland

  • target: pituitary, gonads
  • function: regulate sexual development, timing of puberty
615
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymus gland

  • target: immune system
  • function: stimulates T-cells production
616
Q

Testosterone

A

Teste

  • target: sperm cells
  • function: stimulates sperm production, secondary sex characteristics
617
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovaries

  • target: breast, uterus
  • function: stimulate breast growth, uterus, secondary sex characteristics
618
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovaries

  • target: uterine lining
  • function: prepare uterus for pregnancy
619
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates pituitary gland

- secretion control hormones secreted by pituitary

620
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical processes take place in living organism

621
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Referred to as master gland

622
Q

Steroid

A

Hormone-like substance either pharmaceuticals produced or secreted by endocrine to relief inflammation due to allergic reaction, asthma, other condition

623
Q

Anabolic steroids

A
  • Male testosterone related
  • used to increase muscle mass and strength
  • mental side effects: violence, mood swings
  • physical side effects: breast development in men, testicular shrinkage, changes in body chemistry, liver damage
624
Q

Syndrome

A

Set of symptoms run occur together

625
Q

Bone density xray

A

Radiographic image of hip bone

-measure degree of calcium loss`

626
Q

CT scan

A

Cross-sectional radiographic scan

-cause of gland enlargement or loss of hormone production

627
Q

Fasting plasma glucose test

A

Procedure determine patient normal blood glucose level

628
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

Timed test find effective rate of glucose absorption into cells
-performed during pregnancy check for gestational diabetes

629
Q

Thyroid scan

A

Done by administering pharmaceutical radioactive iodine

  • rates thyroid activity for metabolic regulation
  • information about size, shape, location of any abnormalities
630
Q

24 hour urine collection

A

Test for concentration, level of glucose, calcium, steroid, vitamin K and other substance

631
Q

Acidosis

A

Abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism

-uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

632
Q

Acromegaly

A

Abnormally high level of growth hormone in adults

-due to pituitary gland tumor

633
Q

Addison disease

A

Caused by slowly destroyed adrenal cortex, lowering of adrenocorticotropic hormone
-result in weight loss, nausea, abdominal pain, bronzed skin, hypotension

634
Q

Cretinism

A

Congenital condition of hypothyroidism in infants and children
-result in abnormally developed brain

635
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Caused by long-term exposure high levels of ACTH or adrenal gland tumor
-moon face, thin limbs, obese torso

636
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Low level of antidiuretic hormone

-result in polydipsia, polyurethaning, dehydration, dry skin

637
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic disorder

-deficient insulin production in pancreas, increased cell resistance to insulin

638
Q

Type I diabetes

A
  • Little or no insulin production
  • insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • onset before age 30 years
  • hereditary, result form viral infection
639
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • Insulin resistant
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • adult onset
  • result from obesity, pregnancy
  • most common type
640
Q

Goiter

A

Swollen neck due to enlarge thyroid

-result in iodine deficiency, condition cause under active or overactive thyroid

641
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Form of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

  • caused by destruction of thyroid gland
  • evidence of high metabolic rate, exophthalmia and anxiety
642
Q

Hashimoto disease

A

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

  • thyroid cells destroyed by body owns antibodies
  • autoimmune
  • condition of hypothyroidism
643
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overproduction, secretion of thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate
-result in weight loss, sweating, nervousness

644
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Under active thyroid

  • cause deficiency in hormone secretion
  • result in decrease metabolic rate, fatigue, depression, cold sensitivity
645
Q

Myxedema

A

Severe type of hypothyroidism

  • more common in women over 50
  • cause obesity, thyroid removal, radiation to neck area
  • sx: fatigue, abnormal low temp, hair loss, swelling: face, hands, feet
646
Q

Parathyroid tetany

A

Muscle spasm, convulsion

  • result from hypoparathyroidism
  • disorder result low calcium levels in body
647
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

Depressive mood disorder during winter months

-possible linked to increase melatonin production

648
Q

Acr

A

Extremities, height

649
Q

Calc

A

Calcium

650
Q

Dips

A

Thirst

651
Q

Kal

A

Potassium

652
Q

Toxic

A

Poison

653
Q

Blood circulation in kidney

A
  • enters kidney by renal artery
  • waste products are removed as circulates in nephrons within kidney
  • per minute: heart pumps 1/5 (1200 mL) of body blood supply to kidney
654
Q

Kidney

A
  • located between 12T and 3L vertebrae, behind abdominal cavity
  • secrete erythropoietin: acts to stimulate production of RBC
  • bean shape
  • center of kidney concave side: hilus, renal artery enter here, ureter and renal vein exit here
655
Q

Hilus

A

Concave side of kidney

-renal artery enters here, ureter and renal vein exits here

656
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of kidney

657
Q

Medulla

A

Inner portion of kidney

  • contain 12 renal pyramid
  • each pyramid connects with calyx (duct), joins renal pelvis (urine reservoir)
658
Q

Ureter

A

Collects produced urine, delivers to bladder

659
Q

Nephrons

A

Kidney function units

  • 3 functions: filtration, reabsorption and secretion
  • about 1.25 millions per kidney
  • each surrounded by blood capillaries
660
Q

Glomerulus

A

Blood enters nephron here

661
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Blood filtration takes place here

662
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Reabsorption begins

-concentration or chemical content of urine is determine

663
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Urine formation continues

664
Q

Distal tubule

A

Last area of urine formation

665
Q

Collecting duct

A
  • Urine formation is completed
  • urine passes to pyramids
  • glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules: if excess in blood, renal threshold occurs, become part of urine content
666
Q

Ureters

A

Slender tube extend from kidney hilus to lower surface of bladder
-urine propelled through ureters by peristalsis, flow through mucous flap into bladder

667
Q

Bladder

A
  • Hollow organ, reservoir of urine
  • has mucus membrane lining of rugae cells: allow to stretch
  • empty bladder is size of walnut
  • 150-250 mL stimulate mictuiration (void of urine)
  • urine exits bladder: internal sphincter, located urethra connects to bladder
668
Q

Urethra

A
  • Convey urine out of body
  • 4 cm long in woman, 20 cm long in men
  • in women: leads directly from bladder to urinary meatus
  • in males: urethra passes through prostate before exiting urinary meatus
  • has external sphincter (voluntary) signal urge to void
669
Q

Renal threshold

A

Occurrence of certain substance found in urine, as a result of excessive amount found in blood
-normally reabsorbed into blood from nephron tubules

670
Q

Urochrome

A

Pigment give urine its color

-ranges from straw to amber yellow depend on liquid consumed, disease and medication

671
Q

Dialysis

A

Artificial filtration of waste material from circulating blood

672
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

Xray use dye to evaluate structure and function of kidney

673
Q

Routine urinalysis

A

Lab analysis of urine checks physical properties, specific gravity, basic chemistry

674
Q

Urine culture

A

Identify any pathogen causing problem

  • clean catch midstream specimen required
  • incubated for 24 hours, bacteria developed identified and counted
  • antibiotic are tested
675
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

Removes or introduce fluid by inserting sterile tube through urethra, into bladder

676
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation due to bacterial infection

-e. Coli

677
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomeruli within kidney nephrons affect filtration and reabsorption

  • loses ability to be selectively permeable
  • occur as complication of streptococcal infection, renal disease, immune disorder or bacterial infection
  • sx: drowsiness, coma, seizure, nausea, anemia, high blood
678
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Electrolyte balance disorder

-cause by high potassium levels

679
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Multiple cyst produced in kidney tubules

-lead to kidney failure

680
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Bacterial infection affect renal pelvis

  • acute form: due to bladder infection move up ureters to kidney
  • chronic form: repeated undetected urinary tract infection, periodically affect kidney
  • kidney become less efficient, waste product accumulate in body
  • kidney or bladder stone can be source of infection
  • sx: fatigue, frequent urination, itchy skin, nausea
681
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones of calcium, may block urinary flow

-more common in men

682
Q

Renal failure

A

Gradual loss of renal function cause by repeated infection or other disease
-acute or chronic

683
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Inability to maintain control of urination

684
Q

Wilma tumor

A

Forms outside of kidney and metastasize in blood stream, to liver, sometimes to brain.

  • usually occur in children less than 5 years
  • highest survival rate of all childhood cancer
  • sx: weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, blood in urine
685
Q

Azot

A

Urea, nitrogen

686
Q

Cyst, vesic

A

Bladder, sac

687
Q

Hydr

A

Water

688
Q

Lith

A

Stone, calculus

689
Q

Meat

A

Meatus

690
Q

Nephr, ren

A

Kidney

691
Q

Noct

A

Night

692
Q

Olig

A

Scant, few

693
Q

Pyel

A

Renal pelvis

694
Q

Ovaries

A

2 glands manufacture ova and secrete estrogen, progesterone

695
Q

Fallopian tube

A
  • Tube curl around top of each ovary, connect top corners of uterus transport ova to uterus
  • fertilization by sperm occur here
696
Q

Uterus

A
  • Hallow, muscular organ
  • contains and nourishes developing embryo and fetus
  • top called fundus
  • upper 2/3 uterus
  • lower 1/3 cervix
  • inner wall: endometrium
697
Q

Vagina

A
  • Muscular tube leads from uterus to outside of body
  • inner layer: rugae cell for expansion
  • surround partially covered by thin membrane: hymen
  • function: lower end of birth canal, receive male organ and sperm
  • passageway to outside for menstrual flow
698
Q

Vulva

A

External genitals

699
Q

Mons pubis

A

Fatty tissue over pubic bone

700
Q

Labia majora

A

Vulval lips

  • 2 fold of gskin tissue, enclose and protect uethral and vaginal opening
  • have hair on outside
701
Q

Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue, covered by prepuce

702
Q

Skene and bartholin glands

A

Urethral, vaginal glands

Secrete mucus and lubricating fluid

703
Q

Breast

A

Mammary glands produce milk

704
Q

Scrotum and testes

A

Testes suspended in sac of loose skin (scrotum)

  • before birth testes move from ab cavity to scrotum
  • testes make sperm
705
Q

Epididymis

A

Tightly coiled tube, attached to side of each testis

  • sperm mature and store here
  • one end connects to testes, other end leads into vas deferens
706
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube move the sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicle

707
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Gland secrete fructose-rich fluid

-fluid mix with sperm passing through vas deferens

708
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Merging vas deferens and seminal vesicles

-duct pass through middle of prostate, joins the urethra

709
Q

Prostate gland

A

Donut like shape encircles ejaculatory duct

  • secrete thin alkaline fluid added to semen, makes up 60%
  • fluid protect sperm from acid as passes through urethra
710
Q

Cowper or bulbourethral gland

A

Gland secrete alkaline fluid makes up 5% of semen

711
Q

Urethra and penis

A

Urethra: 20 cm tube, extends from ejaculatory duct to tip of penis
Penis: organ for copulation and urination
-contains erectile tissue, become engorged with blood, stiffens when stimulated
-erection enable entry to female vagina
-penis glans is penis tip, slightly wider than rest
-prepuce (foreskin) extend over glan

712
Q

Apgar scoring system

A

Initial test assess health of newborn

-five signs are checked and scored: heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability and color

713
Q

Braxton-hicks contraction

A

Uncoordinated and irregular contractions

-occur frequently last month, sometimes earlier before labor

714
Q

Chadwick sign

A

Thickening of vagina, development of purplish color (vagina and cervix)

715
Q

Embryo

A

Fertilized egg through 8 weeks of development

716
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger like projection on Fallopian tube, produce pulling action on ovum to draw into tubes after rupturing from ovary

717
Q

Gestation

A

Period of pregnancy from fertilization to birth

718
Q

Goodell sigh

A

Softening of cervix 5-6 weeks after fertilization

719
Q

Menarche

A

Initial onset of female menses

-age 9-15 years old

720
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of menstruation

-48-50 years old

721
Q

Menstruation

A

Menses

  • shedding of endometrial lining due to non pregnancy
  • approx every 28 days
722
Q

Mitosis

A

Process describing 1 cell begin to multiply through division

723
Q

Naegele rule

A

Formula calculate estimated date of confinement, estimated date of delivery

724
Q

Perineum

A

Area of macule locate between anus and external genitals

-provide support for internal organs

725
Q

Parturition

A

Process of labor and delivery

726
Q

Placenta

A

Spongy structure on uterine wall during pregnancy, joined to fetus by umbilical cord

  • exchange waste, nutrients and oxygen
  • temp endocrine gland, secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin early in pregnancy
727
Q

Quickening

A

Women initial awareness of movement of fetus

-occur between 18-20 weeks of pregnancy

728
Q

Teratogen

A

Potent

  • toxic substance able to cross placental membrane and harm embryo
  • monster producing
729
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell produced when sperm head unites with nucleus of ovum

730
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Needle insert into amniotic sac to remove fluid for analysis

731
Q

Cesarean section

A

Surgical removal of fetus

-during delivery process difficult and hazardous, pose high risk for mother and fetus

732
Q

Colposcopy

A

Visual exam by colposcope of vagina wall and cervix for abnormal cells

733
Q

Dilation and curettage

A

Dilates cervix, scrape wall of uterus to remove tissue

734
Q

Episiotomy

A

Clean surgical cut perineum done during labor

  • muscle great deal of stress during delivery
  • to prevent irregular or deep tearing
735
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of uterus,

-Fallopian tube, ovaries may be removed same time

736
Q

Mammogram

A

Xray of breast

737
Q

Tubal ligation

A

Sterilization accomplish by severing, knotting or blocking Fallopian tubes

738
Q

Pap smear

A

Papanicolaou test

-takes cell scraping of cervix and vagina test for abnormal cell growth

739
Q

Circumcision

A

Surgical removal of foreskin of penis

740
Q

Prostate specific antigen test

A

Measure blood level of PSA protein release by prostate

-to indicate prostate cancer

741
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removal or knotting of vas deferens for sterilization

742
Q

Cystocele

A

Outpouching of bladder, protrudes into vagina, may cause urinary urgency

743
Q

Eclampsia

A

Toxemia of pregnancy
Condition cause elevated BP, edema, protein in urine
-if left untreated, cause death

744
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Require surgery, fetus implanted outside uterus

745
Q

Endometriosis

A

Presence of endometrial tissue outside uterus

Cause pain, cysts, tumors

746
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Widespread bacterial infection of reproductive organs

747
Q

Placenta previa

A

Placenta attach to lower uterine wall, partially or fully block birth canal

748
Q

Premenstrual syndrome

A

Characterized by symptoms of anxiety, bloating, irritability, headache and depression

749
Q

Down syndrome

A

-mild or severe mental retardation of individual born with extra chromosome (number 21)

750
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Birth defect
-facial deformities, mental and neurologic developed damage cause by alcohol consumption during embryonic period of pregnancy

751
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Excess accumulation of phenylalanine occur when defective enzyme cannot metabolize substance
-can cause brain damage

752
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

Occur when autonomic respiratory system stops

753
Q

Spina bifida

A

Birth defect expose spinal column, usually lumbar region

754
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of prostate, common in men over 50

755
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of testes to descend into scrotum before birth

756
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of epididymis, cause pain during urination, pain and swelling of scrotum

757
Q

Hydrocele

A

Accumulation of fluid within teste

758
Q

AIDS

A

Advance stage of infection of HIV virus

  • decrease in immunity
  • cure does not exist
759
Q

Chlamydia

A

Genitourinary infection cause by chlamydia trachomatis

  • most common sexual transmitted disease
  • can cause women to develop PID
760
Q

Condyloma

A

Wart growth locate on external genitalia, cause cervical cancer

761
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Genital mucous membrane inflammation produce from exposure to neisseria gonorrhoeae

762
Q

Herpes genitalis

A

Viral infection

  • painful fluid filled vesicles on genitals
  • can cause female cervical cancer
763
Q

Syphilis

A

Multistage genitourinary infection by treponema pallidum

-1st stage: lesion (chancres) any organ and body part

764
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Genitourinary parasitic infection (trichomonas vaginalis), can result in vaginitis

765
Q

Arche

A

1st, beginning

766
Q

Colp, vagin

A

Vagina

767
Q

Culd

A

Cul-de-sac

768
Q

Episi, vulv

A

Vulva

769
Q

Gynec, gyn

A

Woman

770
Q

Hyster, metr, uter

A

Uterus

771
Q

Mamm, mast

A

Breast

772
Q

Men

A

Menstruation

773
Q

Oophor

A

Ovary

774
Q

Salping

A

Fallopian tubes

775
Q

Andr

A

Male

776
Q

Balan

A

Glans penis

777
Q

Epididym

A

Epididymis

778
Q

Orchid, orch, test

A

Testis

779
Q

Vas

A

Vessel, duct

780
Q

gustatory component

A

receptors for taste: on tongue and soft palate.

papillae: raised area on tongue detects 4 taste- sweet, salt, sour and bitter

781
Q

olfactory components

A

smell receptors used in tasting, odor detection located in mucous lining of upper part of nose

782
Q

vision components

A
  • receptors for vision in retina
  • eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and tears: protective structors clean and moisturize eye
  • lacrimal gland: secrete tears and located outside upper edge of each eye
783
Q

sclera

A

outer layer of eye

-white of the eye

784
Q

cornea

A

outer layer of eye, windows

-transparent structure in front of eye help focus light to enter

785
Q

iris

A

second layer of eye

  • pigmented layer of muscles behind cornea
  • in front of lens enables more or less light to enter in opening in center: known as pupil
786
Q

retina

A

third layer of eye

  • lines interior of eyeball
  • made up of rods: detect gray tones
  • cones: light and color
  • greater concentration at back of eye interior
787
Q

lens

A

interior of eye

  • located behind cornea and iris
  • enables eye to focus: process called accommodation
788
Q

vitreous humor

A

interior of eye

  • jelly-like substance fills chamber behind lens
  • function: maintain shape of eye and support retina
789
Q

outer ear

A

external auditory canal extends from pinna outward, inward, forward, downward into interior of skull to eardrum

790
Q

pinna

A

auricle

-skin and cartilage make shape of outer ear

791
Q

eardrum

A

auditory membrane vibrates as sound waves hit it

792
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic cavity, connected to nasopharynx by eustachian tube

793
Q

malleus, incus, stapes

A

ossicles

  • in middle ear
  • bones move and pass vibration from middle to inner ear
794
Q

inner ear

A

labyrinth

795
Q

vestibules

A

small chamber containing receptors for balance and position sense

796
Q

semicircular canals

A

canals also contain receptors for balance and position sense

797
Q

cochlea

A

stapes communicate with cochlea

  • spiral shaped
  • contains fluid sac and tubes, has neural cells for hearing
  • sound waves start fluid moving within here, so hairs bend to carry nerve impulse to acoustic nerve, then to temporal lobe to interpret sound
798
Q

accommodation

A

action of eye lens to change shape to bend light to focus it on retina

  • allow eye to adjust for differences in light due to distance
  • lens become convex or concave
  • greater the bulge, more light enters
799
Q

blind spot

A

optic disk

-region where optic nerve leaves eyeball, which does not contain rods and cones

800
Q

eustachian tube

A

auditory tube

  • begins in middle ear cavity within temporal bone
  • area full of air
  • connected to nasopharynx
  • tube normally flatten and closed
  • opens with yawning or swallowing
  • purpose to equalize pressure on both side of tympanic membrane
801
Q

audiometry

A

test emits measured sounds to evaluate hearing

802
Q

electrocochleography

A

measure electrical activity in cochlea in response to sound to determine cochlea’s fluid pressure

803
Q

refraction assessment

A

checks for necessary visual correction or glasses

804
Q

tonometry

A

intraocular pressure test check for glaucoma

805
Q

visual acuity test

A

known as snellen eye chart to measure distance vision, near vision, color vision using Ishihara methods for evaluation

806
Q

amblyopia

A

lazy eye

  • occurs when eye is not used
  • may be result of misalignment by muscles that control eye movement
  • eye gets progressively weaker, resulting in blurred vision
  • eye appearing to turn inward or outward
807
Q

astigmatism

A

uneven curvature of cornea result in vision distortion

808
Q

cataract

A

cloudiness of eye lens result in vision degeneration, from aging

809
Q

color blindness

A

inability to distinguish certain colors

  • most common: red from green
  • absense or deficiency of single type of cone
  • red-green blindness more common in males
  • present at birth, inherited
810
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pink eye

  • allergic reaction, bacteria or viral infection cause blood vessels to inflame
  • turns eye white red/pink
  • sx: itchy eye, swollen eyelids, watery or sticky discharge
811
Q

exophtalmia

A

abnormal bulging of eye out of orbits, caused by hyperthyroidism

812
Q

glaucoma

A

abnormally high pressure on optic nerve

-can cause blindness due to oxygen cannot reach rods and cones

813
Q

hypermetropia

A

farsightedness

  • result eye is too short from front to back
  • light entering eye is focused behind the retina
814
Q

iritis

A

inflammation of iris tissue

  • cells from tissue may begin to flake off, float in aqueous humor
  • -interfere with vision
  • becomes red and painful
  • untreated, may cause acute glaucoma
815
Q

macular degeneration

A

progressive deterioration of macula cause loss of central vision

  • occurs due to retina no longer receives adequate blood supply
  • most common vision loss in US
816
Q

meniere disease

A

increase of fluid in semicircular canal of ear

-result in sx of vertigo, nausea, progress hearing loss, tinnitus

817
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

  • eye globe is too long from cornea to retina
  • light entering eye is focused in front of retina
818
Q

night blindness

A

result from lack of vitamin A

819
Q

otitis externa

A

inflammation or infection of external ear canal

  • swimmers ear
  • most common cause bacterial infection
820
Q

otitis media

A

common middle ear infection in infants

  • start at throat, travels up eustachian tube
  • result of upper respiratory infection
821
Q

otosclerosis

A

abnormal bone growth, immobilization of stapes leads to conductive hearing loss

  • may be genetic
  • more common in females
822
Q

presbyopia

A

hardening of eye lens result in loss of lens flexibility

  • from aging
  • seeing object up close becomes more difficult
823
Q

strabismus

A

crossed eyed

  • poor alignment of eye muscles
  • eye do not focus together
  • 1 or both eyes turn inward or outward
  • sx: blurred vision, poor depth perception
824
Q

stye

A

eyelash follicle infection. Painful, red swelling develop in white center and bursts

825
Q

vertigo

A

dizziness

826
Q

blephar

A

eyelid

827
Q

cor, core, pupil

A

pupil

828
Q

corne, kerat

A

cornea

829
Q

dacry, lacrim

A

tear, tear duct

830
Q

ocul, ophthalm

A

eye

831
Q

opt

A

vision

832
Q

phot

A

light

833
Q

ton

A

tension, pressure

834
Q

acou, audi

A

hearing

835
Q

aur, ot

A

ear

836
Q

miring

A

tympanic membrane

837
Q

tympan

A

eardrum, middle ear

838
Q

Lymphocyte

A

WBC formed in red bone marrow

-mature within spleen, liver, and lymph node to trap and destroy microorganisms and fight against pathogens

839
Q

T cells

A

Mature in thymus, reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood

-attack cell to cell contact: phagocytosis (cell-mediated immunity)

840
Q

B cells

A

Mature in bone marrow, reside in lymph tissue (spleen) and blood
-indirectly attack by secreting antibodies (antibody-mediated immunity)

841
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Pea-shaped cluster of lymph tissue, filter microorganisms from lymph as it flows through lymph vessels
-large cluster location: axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes and cervical lymph nodes

842
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A
  • extensive network, every body organ has them
  • lymph from right arm and right side of head drains to right lymphatic duct
  • lymph from rest of body drains into thoracic duct
843
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest lymphoid organ
  • filters blood and serves as blood reservoir
  • organ destroys old RBC, has role in eryhtropoiesis
844
Q

Tonsils

A

3 pairs:

  • palatine: located opening of oral cavity, removed in tonsillectomy
  • pharyngeal (adenoids): located near opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx, remove when interfere with breathing
  • lingual: located back of tongue
845
Q

Thymus

A

Mostly active in development of immune system during early life
-produce thymosin for maturation, function of T-cell lymphocyte

846
Q

Allergy testing

A

Scratch test, patch test, intradermal test, radioallergosorbent test

847
Q

Complete blood count

A

Test profile: hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC count

848
Q

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

A

ELISA

  • test for HIV antibodies presence by venous blood, oral fluid sample
  • 85% accurate due to cross-activity from other viruses
849
Q

Liver function

A

Test measure coagulation factors of prothrombin and fibronogen

850
Q

WBC differential

A

Blood test determine percentage of different type of leukocyte present during infection, allergies, certain disease

851
Q

Western blot

A

Test specific to individual virus, perform to confirm diagnosis when positive ELISA for HIV found

852
Q

Allergies

A

Hypersensitive, result in inflammation may be delayed or immediate, to substance not usually recognize as foreign

853
Q

Autoimmune disorder

A

Immune system produce antibodies against own cells

-affects most body systems

854
Q

Immunodeficiency disease

A

Congenital or acquired, immune system deficient or incompetent

855
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Congenital. Children succumb to minor infections

856
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Most advance stage of infection with HIV virus

-significantly decrease immunity evidence by low T-cells

857
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Autoimmune disorder, known as lupus

  • affect few or many organs systems
  • more women than men
  • actual cause unknown
  • sx: body ache, weight loss, butterfly rash on face, sensitive to sunlight, nosebleed, seizures
858
Q

Lymphoma

A

Benign or malignant tumors, affect lymphoid tissue

859
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

-malignant with enlarge spleen, lymphocyte known as reed-stern berg cells, occur in young men

860
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

All lymphoma other than Hodgkin lymphoma

  • may be fast or slow growing
  • malignant found throughout lymph tissue
  • occur in older adults
861
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Mono

  • highly contagious viral infection, kissing disease
  • from Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus
  • character by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, enlarge spleen and lymph tissue
862
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarge spleen associated with infectious disease

863
Q

Maxilla bone

A

Facial

Upper jaw

864
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

Facial bone

Arch of cheek, high portion (cheek bone)

865
Q

Nasal bone

A

Facial

-upper part of nose bridge

866
Q

Palatine bone

A

Facial

-hard palate of mouth, floor of nose

867
Q

Duodenum

A

1st section of small intestine

  • 10 inch long
  • bile from gallbladder and pancreatic juice
  • most digestion, absorption happen here
868
Q

Jejunum

A

2nd section of small intestine

  • 8 inch long
  • some digestion, absorption
869
Q

Ileum

A

Last section of small intestine

-12 feet long

870
Q

Esophageal sphincter

A

Of stomach: prevent food backing up into esophagus

871
Q

Fundus

A

Of stomach: upper portion

872
Q

Body of stomach

A

Middle portion

873
Q

Pylorus

A

Of stomach: lower end

874
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Of stomach: regulates rate which partially digested food enters duodenum

875
Q

Cecum

A

Of large intestine: blind pouch

  • ileum ends, colon begins
  • lower part of appendix
876
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine
-waste forms, move through by peristalsis
—ascending: right side of ab
—transverse: middle portion
—descending: left side of abdomen
—sigmoid: S shape, connects colon to rectum

877
Q

Rectum

A

Connect sigmoid to anus

878
Q

Anus

A

Final portion of digestive trace

-feces are excreted here

879
Q

First degree burn

A

Superficial burn

  • just epidermis
  • very little edema
880
Q

Second degree burn

A
  • partial thickness burn
  • involve epidermis, part of dermis
  • blistering, edema occurs
881
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • located in basal cell layer

- usually found on fair skin individuals

882
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • involve squamous cell layer

- metastasize more quickly

883
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Skin cancer

  • most serious type
  • occur in melanocytes
  • begin with change in mole
  • metastasize quickly
884
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Produce by body production of antibodies after exposure to disease causing organism

884
Q

Active artificial immunity

A
  • Acquired from immunization composed of dead/weakened organism
  • inactivated toxin
  • recombinant DNA
  • body produce antibodies to become immune
884
Q

Passive natural immunity

A
  • Maternal antibodies produced outside of body
  • passed on while breastfeeding
  • in uterus
884
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

-acquired from immunization composed of antibodies/globulins to fight specific disease-causing organism readily, if exposed

884
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Locate at opening of oral cavity

-usually removed in tonsillectomy

884
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoids

  • located opening of nasal cavity in upper pharynx
  • pair removed if interfere with breathing
884
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Located at back of tongue

884
Q

Frontal skull bone

A

cranium

-Forehead, eye sockets

884
Q

Temporal bones

A

Cranium

-side around ear, lower jaw

884
Q

Parietal bone

A

Cranium

-side above temporal, top of head

884
Q

Occipital bone

A

Cranium

-back of head, skull base

884
Q

Ethmoid

A

Cranium

-between nasal cavity, orbits

884
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Cranium

-support nasal cavity

884
Q

Mandible bone

A

Facial bone

Lower jaw

884
Q

Third degree burn

A
  • full thickness burn
  • involves all 3 layers
  • pale, charred appearance with edema
884
Q

Carcinoma

A

Skin cancer

Medical Assistant Exam Review (10 decks)

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