Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Three parts of the pharynx

Answer 1

1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx

Question 2

What is the trachea made of?

Answer 2

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 3

Surface landmarks of the carina?

Answer 3

Between manubrium and 2nd CC

Question 4

If something is inhaled which lung will it end up in and why?

Answer 4

Right lung- right bronchus is more vertical

Question 5

Which epithelium lines the bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 5

Ciliated epithelium and Goblet cells

Question 6

Which two types of cells make up the alveolar epithelium?

Answer 6

Type I and Type II pneumocytes

Question 7

Describe the structure and function of type I pneumocytes

Answer 7

• thin layer of cytoplasm = shorter distance for Gas exchange

Question 8

Describe the structure and function of type II pneumocytes

Answer 8

• have microvilli - can divide into type I or type II pneumocytes - produce surfactant

Question 9

Describe the divisions of the lungs…

Answer 9

Lungs–> lobes –> bronchopulmonary segments–> lobules–> acinus –> alveoli

Question 10

At which structure do the visceral and parietal pleura become continuous?

Answer 10

Hilum

Question 11

Describe the pressure within the pleural space

Answer 11

Negative pressure (because the elasticity of the lungs makes it want to collapse)

Question 12

Describe how air is drawn into the lungs during inspiration

Answer 12

1. Diaphragm moves down and ribs move up and out 2. Negative pressure in lungs 3. Air sucked in

Question 13

What feature of the lungs causes expiration? and describe a disease caused by its pathology

Answer 13

The elastic recoil- COPD hen there is a loss of recoils pressure

Question 14

What drives respiration?

Answer 14

Arterial pH detected by carotid and aortic chemoreceptors signalling to the respiratory centre in the brainstem.

Question 15

What is TLC

Answer 15

Total Lung Capacity- When you inspire to your max= max vol of lungs

Question 16

What is Vital Capacity

Answer 16

TLC- RV = The air that we can expire and inspire

Question 17

What is FRC?

Answer 17

Functional residual Capacity - outwards recoil of the rib cage = the inwards recoil of lung (end of tidal expiration)

Question 18

What is inspiratory Capacity?

Answer 18

How much air you can take in on top of FRC

Question 19

What happens to TLC, RV, VC and he FEV1/ FVC ratio in obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 19

• TLC increases - RV increases - VC decreases - FEV1/ FVC ratio <75%

Question 20

What happens to TLC, RV, VC and he FEV1/ FVC ratio in restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 20

• TLC decreases - RV decreases - VC decreases - FEV1/FVC 75% or > due to reduced FVC