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Endocrine Y2 JC > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and the medulla

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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal cortex called? From superficial to deep

A

Connective tissue
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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3
Q

What hormones are produced from the zona glomerulosa? What controls its release?

A

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoid

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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4
Q

What hormones are released from the zona fasciculata? Controlled to release by what?

A

Cortisol
Cortisone
Corticosterone

(Glucocorticoids)

The HPA system

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5
Q

What is the primary control of calcium in the body? How does it do this?

A

Parathyroid hormone that causes increased osteoclastic activity so release of calcium phosphate

Also incraeses vit D production that increaes calcium uptake in the kidneys

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6
Q

What hormone is secreted in extreme cases of hypercalcaemia to get it back down?

A

Calcitonin

Inhibits osteoclasts and moves calcium from plasma back into bones

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7
Q

Surge of what hormone causes egg release in the ovary?

A

LH

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8
Q

What is considered day 1 of the follicular phase?

A

Menstrual bleeding

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9
Q

What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Where the corpus luteum is formed

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10
Q

What cell type does LH bind to inorder to produce testosterone in the testis?

A

Leydig cells

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11
Q

What is hypothalamic pituitary failure?

A

Where the hypothalamus isnt producing enough GnRH so FSH and LH arent secreted so no eggs are matured or released

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12
Q

What are some causes of type 1 ovarian failure?

A

Hypothalmic pituitary failure;

  • stress
  • excessive exercise
  • low BMI
  • Brain/ pituitary tumours
  • Kallmans syndrome
  • drugs/ opiates
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13
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are the parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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15
Q

What bone does the pituitary gland lie on ?

A

Sphenoid bone within the sella tucica

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16
Q

What cell types are contained in the retina?

A

Rods and cones- photoreceptors

17
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia and how does it occur?

A

Blind in both peripheral fields due to compression of the optic nerve in the midline

18
Q

State the names of the arteries taht supply the cerebral arterial circle (of willis)

A

Anterior cerebral artery left and right
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery left and right

19
Q

What is dura mater?

A

An adherent thick layer covering all bones of the cranial vault

20
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater that tenses over the cerebellum

21
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater making a roof over the pituitary fossa

22
Q

If there was a problem with the oculomotor nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

A

Problems with eye movements

Dilated pupil

23
Q

If there was a problem with the trigeminal nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

A

Sensory symptoms of the face

Difficulty chewing

24
Q

If there was a problem with the abducent nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

A

Problems with abduction of the eye

25
Q

If there was a problem with the optic chiasm, what symptoms would manifest?

A

This is the optic nerve CN II

Hence bitemptoral hemianopia unable to see in the temporal fields

26
Q

What happens to the thyroid gland during swallowing?

A

It moves superior then inferior with the larynx

27
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

28
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainege of the thyroid/ parathyroid glands

A

Superior deep cervical nodes, inferior cervical nodes, pre tracheal nodes, paratracheal nodes
Thoracic ducts

(Right nodes right venous angle
Left nodes into left venous angle)

29
Q

What foramen does the vagus nerve exit the skull from ?

A

The jugular

30
Q

What structures do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves hook around?

A

Right subclavian artery

Left arch of aorta (ligamentum arteriosus)

31
Q

What ligament lies superficial to the distal end of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Berry’s ligament

32
Q

What are the consequences to a bilaterally cut (accidentally) recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Inability to talk

Inability to close rima glottis so likely to inhale foreign bodies

33
Q

What cell types secrete calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid

34
Q

What cell type secretes thyroid hormones

A

The follicular cells

35
Q

What is the hormone secreted from the hypothalamus that stimualtes TSH production from the anterior pituitary

A

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone

Endocrine Y2 JC (8 decks)

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