Anatomy and Physiology (2) Flashcards
Define the Aerobic and Anaerobic energy systems
Aerobic= Glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbon dioxide
Aerobic uses oxygen as an energy source
Anaerobic= Glucose → energy + lactic acid
Anaerobic doesn’t use oxygen as an energy source
What two things decide if something is Aerobic or Anaerobic?
Time and Intensity
Define the energy systems and tell me some characteristics for each energy system
Definitions
Aerobic= Glucose+ Oxygen —-> energy + CO2+ water
(Exercise in the presence of oxygen)
Anaerobic= Glucose—-> energy + lactic acid
(Exercise In the absence of oxygen)
Characteristics
Aerobic = There is a reduction in intensity, meaning an oxygen debt will not be created
Anaerobic = There is no reduction in intensity, meaning the oxygen debt can’t be repaid
Aerobic= Is low intensity for a long perod of time
**Anaerobic= **is high intensity for a short period of time
Explain how you know if an activity/sport or part of an activity/sport is Aerobic or Anaerobic?
Aerobic= Low to moderate intensity for a long period of time, for example marathon running or performing for the full duration of a football match
Anaerobic= High intensity for a short period of time, for example Sprinting or Scrummaging
*You don’t have to use the same examples as above
Discuss whether Weight training is Aerobic or Anaerobic exercise [3 marks]
Anaerobic
1- Can improve Maximal strength and Power if the athlete’s lifts weights that are 70% or above 1 rep max.
2- Lactic acid can be produced due to a lack of oxygen, as Weight training can be performed at high intensity and for short duration.
Aerobic
1- Can improve Muscular and Cardiovascular endurance if the athlete lifts Weights Below 70% of 1 rep max.
2- Low intensity, long periods of activity and low rest between sets allows for oxygen to be used as an energy source.
In 1999, Michael Johnson set a new world record for the 400m with a time of 43.18 seconds.
(a) Justify why his performance was mainly aerobic or anaerobic.
[4 marks]
AO2 1 mark
- Anaerobic
AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)
- 400m is a sprint event and all sprint events are anaerobic (1)
- Maximal intensity / effort and low duration means insufficient oxygen is available to work aerobically (1)
- Energy demand is higher than oxygen available, therefore anaerobic (1)
- No reduction in intensity / time to rest to repay oxygen debt (1)
- Body uses glucose → energy + lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen (1)
Accept any other suitable justification as to why the 400m is an anaerobic event. Answers must include a reasoned justification, linking the demands of the event to how energy is produced.
Analyse how both aerobic and anaerobic exercise can be used in interval training to help improve performance in a team game.
[6 marks]
AO1 – Knowledge of aerobic and anaerobic exercise and interval training eg
* Aerobic – with oxygen. When exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart and lungs can supply all the oxygen that the working muscles need.
* Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water.
* It is used over longer periods of time.
* Anaerobic – without oxygen. When exercise duration is short and at high intensity, the heart and lungs cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the respiring cells need them.
* Glucose -> energy + lactic acid.
* Interval training – periods of training/work that are followed by periods of rest, eg work, rest, work, rest.
* Interval training can be altered to meet specific fitness demands.
AO2 – Application to a team game eg
* Team games involve periods of work and rest therefore interval training is a very appropriate method of training for a team player.
* Interval training can be altered to different team games by altering the time working and the time resting.
* Interval training can also be altered by changing the intensity of the work and making it sports specific.
* Team games involve different intensities of exercise therefore both the aerobic and anaerobic zones are used throughout the duration of the games.
AO3 Analysis of how aerobic and anaerobic exercise can be used in interval training to help improve performance in a team game eg
Aerobic
* Games are usually of a long duration and the aerobic system is used for low to moderate intensity work including jogging into position and walking between phases of play.
* Interval training can be tailored by working for long periods of time (1 minute +) at a moderate intensity to replicate the game duration and intensity eg run at a moderate pace for 3 minutes and rest for 60 seconds and repeat 5 ×.
* Different interval work methods can be used to create variety or to make the training specific to an activity. These may include hill repeats, stair running, plyometrics, ladders, circuit training etc.
* Interval training can be adapted to replicate the different situations in a variety of games.
* The aerobic system in activities such as football, hockey and basketball is used as part of the recovery process from high intensity anaerobic work.
* This will supply energy and help the performer to remove lactic acid from the muscles.
* This reduces fatigue and enables the team player to perform for both longer periods of time and recover for the next burst of intensive exercise.
* If a team player has a developed aerobic system they will be able to work for longer periods of time therefore improving their performance eg repeatedly jogging into position or sustaining long rallies.
Anaerobic
* Most team players employ the anaerobic system throughout the game eg sprinting or dribbling in football, vertical jumping in basketball or sprinting to get into position in netball.
* Interval training will be varied and will replicate the demands of the game eg high intensity interval training (HITT) for up to 1 minute. This may be sprinting for 10 seconds with 30 seconds rest 10 ×.
* Team players will then be using or training the anaerobic energy system. This produces lactic acid as a waste product and can only be used for short intervals in time.
* After HITT such as sprinting in a team game, the performer will have to revert to the aerobic system to help remove lactic acid and pay back any oxygen debt.
* If a team player has a developed anaerobic system they will be able to work with more intensity for longer therefore improving their performance eg repeatedly make fast breaks, track player’s runs or continually jump in volleyball and basketball.
* Tedium and boredom may be prevented by altering or manipulating the demands on the anaerobic or aerobic system.
* Team games have different requirements so a more suitable method of training may be more appropriate eg continuous training to improve the cardiovascular system.
* Not all team games require HITT as they are not used in a game situation eg volleyball setter.
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Explain what happens to an athlete’s breathing during EPOC, also why does this happen?
[4 marks]
- The athlete maintains their increased breathing rate
- The exercise they engaged in will have been Anaerobic
- The Oxygen debt is being repaid
- Lactic acid is being removed from the athlete’s body
What does EPOC stand for?
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
Referring to the image below explain the process of EPOC [2 marks]
As it is Anaerobic exercise the athlete’s breathing will not increase fast enough to meet the demands of exercise creating an oxygen debt, which is on the left of the diagram.
Once the athlete has finished exercising, there breathing will remain increased to repay the oxygen debt and flush out any lactic acid.
Where does Gaseous exhange take place? [1 mark]
The Alveoli
Explain the Process of Gaseous exchange [4 marks]
Gaseous echnage takes place through diffusion [1 mark]
- Oxygen in the alveoli moves into the capilaries to create Oxyhaemoglobin within the redblood cells [1 mark]
- Carbon dioxide in the capilaries moves into the alveoli [1 mark]
- The gases are exchanged due to the different concentration levels. [1 mark]
*The oxygen concetration is lower in the capilaries than Alveoli, so the gases exchange to equalise the concetration levels.
* The carbon dixoide concentraion is lower in the alveoli than the capilaries, so the gases exchange to equalise the concetration levels.
Describe the correct order for the pathway of air [6 marks]
1. Mouth/ Nose 2. Trachea 3. Bronchus
4. Bronchioles 5. Lungs 6. Alveoli
Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli.
Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. [2 marks]
- Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1)
- Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1)
- Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1)
- Large blood supply to carry gases / (1)
- Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1)
During exercise the lungs expand more to allow a greater volume of air to be breathed in.
Name the two muscles that help the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in this process. [3 marks]
Also name the muscle that helps the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when Exhaling
- The Pectorals and Sternocleidomastoid
- Abdominals
- His lungs can expand more during exercise when inpsiring as the diaprhagm and intercostals contract to expand the rib cage.
- The Pectorals and Sternocleidomastoid assist by contracting which lifts the rib cage
Identify what A, B, X and Y are
A= Residual volume
B= Tidal volume
X= Inspiratory reserve volume
Y= Expiratory reserve voulme
What type of exercise is the athlete engaging in? Explain why you think this [3 marks]
Steady state running or light Aerobic training [1 mark]
Tidal volume only slightly increases [1 mark]
There is not an urgent demand for oxygen {1 mark}
Idenitfy the different parts of the Cardiovascular system
1= Aorta
2= Right Atrium
3= Right Ventricle
4= Pulmonary veins
5= Left Atrium
6= Left Ventricle
7= Pulmonary Artery
Q1. Explain what is happening to the heart rate before exercise [3 marks]
Q2. Identify the type of exercise Athlete A is engaging in [1 mark]
Q3. Identify the type of exercise Athlete B is engaging in [1 mark]
Q1: Anticipatory rise is happening, the heart rate increases slightly due to adrenaline being released
Q2. Aerobic, for example stead state running
Q3. Anaerobic, for example sprinitng
