Anatomy and Physiology (1)

Question 1

State and touch all of the major muscles on the back of the body, head to toe

Answer 1

Rotator Cuff Tricep Latissimus Dorsi Gluteals Hamstrings Gastrocnemius

Question 2

State and touch all of the major muscles on the front of the body, going from head to toe

Answer 2

Deltoid Pectorals Biceps Abdominals

Hip flexors Quadriceps Tibialis anterior

Question 3

What attaches the muscles to the bones?

What attaches bone to bone?

What does cartilage do?

True or false movement only occurs at the joint

Answer 3

Muscles= The Tendons (muscles can only pull)

Bones= The ligaments

Provides protection at the end of long bones e.g Femur

True

Tip= The tendons connect the muscle to the bone, which is how movement is possible as the muscles pull the bones (muscles can only pull and not push)

Question 4

Explain and give a sporting example of how the antagonistic muscles work to produce movement

Answer 4

The agonist muscle contracts, allowing the tendons to pull on the bones to produce movement. Also,the antagonist relaxes.

Example 1= During the upward phase of a bicep curl the bicep is the agonist and the tricep is the antagonist, at the elbow joint.

Example 2= When performing the downward phase of a press up the tricep is the agonist and bicep is the antagonist, at the elbow joint

Example 3= When performing the downward phase of a squat the Quadriceps act as agonist and the Hamstrings act as the agonist, at the knee joint

Tip: The antagonist is ALWAYS opposite the agonist.

Question 5

What tip can you use to identify the Agonist or Antagonist muscle, at each joint?

Answer 5

1. Perform the movement yourself as hard as you can and the muscle in agony is the agonist, then the antagonist is opposite.

E.g perform the upward phase of a bicep curl, pull your fist to your deltoid until touching and you will feel your bicep in “Agony”

Question 6

Does the agonist and antagonist change depending on the movement at the joint?

Answer 6

Yes

For example-backwards movement at the knee joint means the Hamstring is the agonist. However, forward movement at the knee joint the Quadricep is the agonist.

Question 7

What are the Agonist and Antagonist muscles for these images?

Image 1— Knee joint
Image 2—-Ankle joint
Image 3—- Shoulder joint

Answer 7

Image 1
Agonist= Hamstring
Antagonist=Quadricep

Image 2
Agonist= Gastrocnemius
Antagonist= Tibialis Anterior

Image 3
Agonist= Deltoid
Antagonist= Rotator Cuff

Question 8

Define CONCENTRIC contraction, also provide a sporting example

Define ECCENTRICcontraction, also provide a sporting example

Define ISOMETRICcontraction, also provide a sporting example

Answer 8

Concentric contraction refers to the muscle shortening.

Example 1- UPWARD phase of a bicep curl
Example 2- Upward phase of a squat (Quadricep)
Example 3- Upward phase of a Press up (Triceps)

Eccentric contraction refers to the muscle lengthening.

Example 1- DOWNWARD phase of a bicep curl
Example 2- Downward phase of a squat (Quadricep)
Example 3- Downward phase of a Press up (Triceps)

Isometric contraction refers to the muscle staying the same length as it contracts.
Example 1- The plank Example 2- A handstand Example 3- A wall sit

Tip: When giving a sporting example be specific, e.g UPWARD phase of a bicep curl, don’t just say Bicep curl!

Question 9

If you struggle with muscle contractions, what is the rule you can use to identify which one is occurring?

Answer 9

• Perform the movement yourself to the fullest extent

Firstly, work out the Agonist.

Secondly, if the muscle is in agony during that phase of the exercise the muscle is contracting concentrically, if it is not in agony it is contracting eccentrically.

Example- The Quadriceps is the agonist for a squat.During the downward phase there is no agony (Eccentric) during the upward phase there is agony (concentric)

Question 10

What is the agonist muscle at the knee and at the ankle joint?

Also, what types of movement occur at the hip and ankle?

Answer 10

Knee= Quadriceps

Ankle= Gastrocnemius

The knee is moving forwards, the ankle is moving backwards

*Perform the movement intensely to feel the muscle in agony

Hip= Extension

Ankle= Plantar flexion

Question 11

Explain how the muscles and bones work together to produce movement from position A to position B

[3 marks]

• I have bullet pointed the mark scheme but be sure to be specific with the bones, muscles etc

Answer 11

• The bicep acts as the agonist and the tricep acts as the antagonist

-The tendons around the bicep pull on the radius and Ulna bones

• Flexion occurs at the elbow joint

-The ligaments connectthe bones to provide stability at the joint

• The Humerus, Radius and Ulna articulate at the joint
• The Bicep contracts concentrically as the muscle shortens

Question 12

Q1) Give an example from the skeleton where a hinge joint can be found [1 mark]

Q2)Give an example from the skeleton where a ball and socketjoint can be found [1 mark]

Answer 12

Q1) Elbow, Ankle, Knee

Q2) Hip, Shoulder

Question 13

Explain how Ibrahim’s Skeletal muscle and the Muscular system work together to produce movement [4marks]

• I have bullet pointed the mark scheme but be sure to be specific with the bones, muscles etc

Answer 13

Use an example to help structure your answer

1- Ligaments connect bone to bone [be specific], providing stability at the joint

2- Tendons connect muscle to bone [be specific], allowing movement as the muscles pull the bones

3- Muscles work in pairs [name the muscles in your example] as they can only pull. The agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes

4- Different types of movement possible such as Flexion, Extension etc

5-Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet

6- Different types of contractions possible such as concentric, eccentric and isometric

7- The different categories of bone e.g long bone generates more force and pace, which is needed for movement such as kicking a rugby ball

Explain= give example and say why/how

Question 14

Identify and touch the 15 bones.

Also,identify and define the 4 classifications for the skeletal system

Answer 14

1= Cranium 2= Clavicle 3= Scapula 4= Humerus 5= Radius 6= Ulna 7= Sternum 8= Ribs 9= Vertebrae 10= Pelvis 11= Femur 12= Patella 13= Tibia 14= Fibula 15= Talus

Flat bones– Protects vital organs

Long bones– Generates more force andGenerates more pace

Short bones– Focuses on precision and accuracy

Irregular bones– Specific shape to protect. E.g Patella

Question 15

Provide 2 bones and 2sporting examples for the Flat bones

*your examples don’t need to match mine, but the flat bones need to match the correct organ

Answer 15

Flat bones

Cranium= Protects the brain when heading a football

Sternum= Protects the heart when chesting a football

Ribs= Protects the lungs when tackled during Rugby

Pelvis= Protects the bladder when tackled during Rugby

Question 16

Provide 1 bone and a sporting example for the short bones

Answer 16

Short bones

Talus- Focuses on accuracyand precision when moving from Plantarflexion to Dorsiflexion when kicking a conversion in Rugby.

Question 17

Provide 2 bones and 2sporting examples for the Long bones

Answer 17

Humerus, Radius or Ulna = Acts as large levers which generates more force and pace when performing a smash in tennis

Femur, Tibia or Fibula= Acts as large levers which generates more force and pace when striking a football

Question 18

What is meant by the term articulating bones?

Answer 18

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement e.g humerus, radius and ulna at the elbow joint

Question 19

Explain three functions of the skeleton [3marks]

Answer 19

1.Blood cell production- Red blood cells are created in the bone marrow, redblood cells are crucial to aerobic activities as they transport oxygen to the working muscles and remove the waste product Carbon dioxide.

2.Storage of minerals- are essential to major bodily functions, minerals such as calcium are linked to general health.

3.Protection of Viral organs- The flat bones provide protection to the vital organs, such as the cranium. This is important for an athlete as it reduces the likelihood of injury

4.Shape and Structure- The skeleton provides basic structure to keep our frame. Also, the bones provide the muscles with something to attach to via the tendon

5.Support- The skeleton provides us with support, without it we would be a mass of soft tissue

6.Movement- In combination with the muscular system the skeletal system allows movement to occur, as the muscles pull on the bones to allow sporting movement to take place.

Question 20

Identify the different parts of a Synovial joint

Answer 20

1= Synovial fluid

2= Cartilage

3= Ligament

4= Synovial membrane

5= Joint capsule

6= Bursae

Question 21

The shape and type of bones determine the amount of movement that is possible

Explain the role of long bones during a game of Badminton [3 marks]

Answer 21

-Long levers generate more pace

-Long levers generate more force

-This is beneficial in Badminton when performing a smash shot to win a rally

Question 22

Identify A, B and C at the knee joint

Answer 22

A=Cartilage

B= Synovial fluid

C=Ligament

Question 23

How does the structure of each part of a synovial joint prevent injury? [2 marks]

Answer 23

1. They prevent the bones rubbing together, reducing friction
2. They prevent excessive movements

Question 24

What is the function of the Cartilage, Synovial fluid, Ligaments, Bursae, synovial membrane and Joint capsule in relation to preventing injury?

Answer 24

Cartilage= Absorbs shock and acts as a buffer between the bones, prevents excessive movemetns

Synovial fluid= Lubriactes the joint

Ligaments= Provides stability at the joint and restricts excessive movements

Bursae= Sacks of fluid with reduce friction

Synovial membrane= Secretes Synovial fluid

Joint capsule= Lined with Synovial membrane supports the joints

Question 25

Explain two shortterm effects of exercise

Answer 25

Fatigue-Muscle fibres are torn as a consequence of exercise and are repaired during Hypertrophy. This consequence causes fatigue as energy systems/carbohydrates are used to replenish the body.

Muscular ache/DOMS-Muscle fibres are torn as a consequence of exercise and are repaired during Hypertrophy. This can leave the muscles feeling sore as torn muscles are replenished.

Light headedness and Nausea occur due to dehydration and low blood pressure

Low BP= not enough blood is being pumped to the muscles (slightly) meaning a slight lack of oxygen

Dehydrated= The blood is slowly thickening meaning lesson oxygen is being circulated to the muscles and organs.

Question 26

Explain two immediate effects of exercise

Answer 26

Increased Heart rate-Increase blood flow to oxygenate the working muscles, as well as remove Carbon dioxide.

Increased Breathing rate-To oxygenate the red blood cells and exhale Carbon dioxide.

Hot Sweaty/red skin-As a consequence of increased blood flow our core temperature increases. Therefore, the blood vessels rise to the surface to cool down, this causes our skin to turn red. Furthermore, our body sweats to cool down as a consequence of the increased core temperature created by exercising.

Question 27

Explain three long term effects of exercise

Answer 27

One COF and Two other

Muscular endurance and Maximal strengthis improved as a consequence of Hypertrophy, as the muscle fibres regenerate stronger

Speed is improved as type 2 muscle fibres become more explosive.

Flexibilityis improved as the muscles become more supple if stretched consistently over a prolonged period of time

CV endurance is improved as the heart and lungs become more efficient in supplying oxygen to the working muscles over a prolonged period of time

Change in body shapeFat is burned as a consequence of exercise, whilst simultaneously muscles increase in size due to hyper trophy.

Decrease in resting Heart rate (Bradycardia)Bradycardia occurs as the heart increases in size it is able to circulate a greater volume of blood. Therefore, oxygenated blood is circulated more efficiently with each stroke.

Increase in Heart size (Hypertrophy)The heart consists of Cardiac muscle and increases in size as a consequence of Hypertrophy

Question 28

Explain thethree different components ofthe recovery process

Answer 28

1. Manipulation of diet- Depending on the sport athlete’s will modify their hydration, Carbohydrate and Protein intake. Hydration replaces water stores, Carbs create Gluocse which provides energy and Protein repairs the muscles as a consequence of Hypertrophy.

2.Ice baths or massage- Promotes Vasodilation surrounding muscles that have been used during Physical activity to increase Blood flow, this reduces the likelihood of DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness) occurring.

3. Cool down- A cooldown consists of three stages which are;Maintain elevated HR and BR,Gradually reduce intensity and Static stretching. Benefits of a Cool down include;
4. Removal of lactic acid and waste products
5. Aid the body’s recovery, by repaying the oxygen debt
6. Reduce the effects of DOMS/Muscular ache

4.Helps repay the oxygen debt

5. Decreases body temperature back to normal

Question 29

Explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. [3 marks]

Answer 29

*   Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1)

• Bones are attached to bones via Tendons (1)

*   The origin is attached to the stationary bone / the insertion is attached to the moving bone (1)

*   Muscles are arranged in (antagonistic) pairs / because they can only pull (1)

*   The agonist or prime mover contracts (shortens) / and the antagonist, relaxes (lengthens) (1)

*   Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet (1)

• Identify a type of movement within your example (1)

UTILISE AN EXAMPLE TO MAKE YOUR ANSWER STRONGER!

Question 30

What is the role of Z in the diagram above?

Answer 30

*   To carry (oxygenated) blood away from the heart (1)

Question 31

Explain two ways in which the body DISTRIBUTES blood around the body during exercise [4 marks]

Answer 31

**Vasocontriction- **The arteries supplying blood to areas that are not needed during exercise become smaller, restricting blood flow to those tissues.

Vasodilation- The arteries supplying blood to areas that are needed during exercise (muscles, skin or heart) become wider, increasing blood flow to those tissues.

Question 32

Suggest three factors that can affect Chris’s speed of recovery.
[3 marks]

Answer 32

• Chris may participate in a cool down which will speed up removal of lactic acid or bring heart rate to
  normal slowly (1)
• The manipulation of diet to repair muscles or replenish energy stores or replace essential nutrients (1)
• Chris could drink fluids to ensure he is hydrated (1)
• Ice baths to prevent DOMS or remove lactic acid (1)

Question 33

Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) can occur after vigorous exercise.
Evaluate the use of ice baths to prevent DOMS.

[4 marks]

Answer 33

• Used to bring about vasoconstriction / vasodilation to help remove lactic acid and reduce swelling /
  inflammation form micro tears in the muscles (1)
• Many anaerobic sports produce lactic acid and ice baths can help to reduce DOMS due to
  vasoconstriction which forces out blood containing lactic acid (1)
• Vasodilation floods the muscles with oxygenated blood after which vasoconstriction helps to flush
  away waste products to alleviate DOMS (1)
• Ice baths may not be accessible in many sports situations (only usually available to elite performers)
  and they may require some help to prepare an ice bath (1)
• A relatively quick and simple method requiring little / no specialist equipment (1)
• Many believe an active recovery of 10 minutes low intensity exercise is just as beneficial (1)
• Relatively unpleasant experience due to extreme cold on the body (1)

Accept any other suitable response.
Maximum 4 marks