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AQA GCSE PE > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Different functions of the skeleton

A

Support

Protecton

Movement

Blood Production

Mineral storage

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2
Q

How does the skeleton provide support

A

Bone frame for the body

Supports the soft tissues - skin and muscle

Helps with good posture

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3
Q

How does the skeleton provide protection

A

Bones are very tough - protect vital organs like brain, heart and lungs

ALlows you to perform well in sport without fear of serious injury

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4
Q

How does the skeleton allow movement

A

Muscles are attached to bones by tendons which can move bones at joints

Different types of movement occur at different joints

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5
Q

How does the skeleton make blood cells

A

Bones contain bone marrow which makes components of blood - red blood cells and white blood cells

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6
Q

How does the skeleton provide mineral storage

A

Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus

Help bone strength = less likely to break a bone

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7
Q

Different types of bones

A

Long bones - gross movements

Short bones - fine movements

Flat bones - protection

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8
Q

Long bone examples

A

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Femur

Fibula

Tibula

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9
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Cranium

Sternum and Ribs

Scapula

Pelvis

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10
Q

Short bone examples

A

Talus

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11
Q

Joints

A

Any point where two or more bones meet

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12
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing angle at joint

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13
Q

Extension

A

Increasing angle at joint

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14
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from the centre of the body

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15
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the centre of the body

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16
Q

Rotation

A

Clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb

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17
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of a limb in a circular motion

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18
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension at the ankle

Moving toes away from ankle

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle

Moving toes toward ankle

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20
Q

Types of joint

A

Ball and Socket

Hinge Joint

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21
Q

Movement at a ball and socket joint

A

Flexion and Extension

Abduction and Adduction

Rotation and circumduction

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22
Q

Movement at a hinge joint

A

Flexion and extension

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23
Q

Hinge joint examples

A

Knee

Elbow

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24
Q

ball and socket joint examples

A

Hip

Shoulder

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25
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone Restrict movement at joints - to maintain stability and prevent dislocation Made of tough fibrous tissue
26
Tendons
Attach muscles to bones Allow bones to move when muscles contract
27
Cartilage
Acts a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement Aids stability
28
Synovial Joint
A joint that allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule enclosing and supporting it
29
Cartilage at a synovial joint
Allow bones to fit together and can move smoothly
30
Synovial membrane
releases synovial fluid into the joint capsule to lubricate the joint - allows it move easily
31
Bursae
Sac of fluid Reduces friction between bones and tissues at a joint shock absorber to impact
32
Isometric contraction
Muscle length stays the same
33
Isotonic contraction
The muscle length changes
34
eccentric contraction
Muscles contracts and lengthens
35
Concentric contraction
Muscle contracts and shortens
36
Antagonsitc muscles
Pairs of mucles that work against each other
37
Agonist
prime mover - the muscle contracting
38
Antagonsit
The muscle that is relaxing
39
Function of cardiovascular system
Transport around the body in the bloodstream - oxygen, CO2, nutrients Allows muscles to respire and produce energy to contract
40
Right side of the heart
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava Right atrium contracts pushing the blood through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle Right ventricle contracts pushing the blood into the pulmonary artery which carries blood to lungs to be oxygenated
41
Left side of the heart
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein The left atrium contracts pushing blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle The left ventricle contracts and blood enters aorta which transports oxygenated blood to mucles/body
42
Diastole
When the heart relaxes and fills with blood
43
Systole
When the heart contracts and pumps the blood out
44
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood - except pulmonary artery
45
Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood - except pulmonary vein
46
Capillaries
allow exchange of nutrients and gases between tissues
47
Arteries structure
Thick muscular and elastic walls - withstand high pressure narrow lumen - maintain high pressure
48
Veins structure
Thin muscluar and elastic walls - low pressure Wide lumen valves to prevent backflow of blood
49
Capillaries structure
1 cell thick = short diffusion distance
50
Red Blood cells
Carry and transport oxygen around the body
51
Red Blood Cells stucture
No nucleus - more haemoglobin Bi concave shape - Large SA = increase rate of diffusion
52
White Blood cells
Protect the body against pathogens/diseases
53
Vasodilation
Blood vessels/Arteries dilate (widen) More blood flow to surface skin More heat loss via radiation
54
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels/Arteries constrict (narrow) Less blood flow to surface skin Less heat loss via radiation
55
Respiratory System process
Trachea - Air passes through nose or mouth into trachea Bronchi - Trachea splits into two tubes called bronchi one going to each lung Bronchioles - Bronchi splir into smaller tubes called bronchioles Alveoli - Small bags were gas is exchanged
56
How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange
1 cell thick - short diffusion distance Moist - Allows gases to dissolve Surrounded by blood capillaries - high concentration gradient Large SA - increased rate of diffusion
57
Process of gas exchange at alveoli
1. Diffusion moves oxygen from alveoli (high conc) to capillaries (low conc) 2. Diffusion moves CO2 from capillaries (high conc) to alveoli (low conc)
58
Tidal Volume
Volume of air normally inhaled and exhaled
59
Expiratory reserve volume
Maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of lungs
60
Inspiratory reserve volume
Maximumm amount of additional air that can be taken into lungs
61
Residual volume
The amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
62
Spirometer trace changes with exercise
Tidal volume increases - peaks are higher and dips are lower Breathing rate increase - more breaths per minute = lines are closer together
63
Aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
64
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose --> Energy + Lactic acid
65
Aerobic
With oxygen Long duration moderate and steady intensity
66
Anaerobic
Without oxygen Short period of time High intensity
67
Inhalation
Diaphragm contracts —> moves down and flattens Intercostal muscles contract —> moving rib cage up and out Volume of lungs increase and air pressure decreases Air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure —> air moves in
68
Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes —> moves up and domes Intercostal muscles relax —> rib cage moves down and in Volume of lungs decreases and air pressure increases Air pressure is more than atmospheric pressure —> air moves out
69
Immediate effects of exercise on muscular system
Muscles repsire - releases energy - heat = hot and sweaty anaerobic repsiration - produces lactic acid - build up of lactic acid = muscle fatigue
70
Excess post Oxygen consumption - EPOC
Repay oxgen debt Remove lactic acid
71
Short term effects of exercise on body
Nasuea Light headed DOMS - Delayed onset muscle soreness Cramps
72
Immediate effects of exercise on respiratory system
Increase breathing rate Increase depth of breathing
73
Short term effects on the cardiovascular system
Heart rate increases Stoke volume increases Cardiac output increases increases blood pressure = more removal of CO2 and more oxygen supplied
74
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x Heart Rate The amount of blood leaving the heart per minute
75
Stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat
76
Describe the graph how HR rate changes as you exercise
1. Resting HR 2. Anticipatory Rise - HR increases due to adrenline 3. HR increases sharply - demand for oxygen increases so cardiac output increase 4. Continuous exercise = HR levels 5. Sharp decrease because exercise has stopped - demand for oxygen decreases 6. HR returns to resting
77
Long term effects of exercise on musculo-skeletal system
Muscle hypertophy - change in body shape Stronger ligaments and tendons - less likely to injure yourseld Increased speed - imrpoves recovery time
78
Muscle hypertrophy
Micro tears in musle fibres Muscles repair thicker and stronger Muscles increase in strength and size
79
Long term effects of exercise on Cardio-respiratory system
Cardiac Hypertrophy - bigger and stronger = pump more blood with each beat Bradycardia - resting HR decreases Increased cardiovascular endurance and stamina

AQA GCSE PE (6 decks)

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