Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What does homeostasis stand for
Homeostasis, derived from the Greek expression meaning “staying the same”
How many types of tissues are there?
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
What is the function of epithelial tissues
Provide covering
Membrane lining
Forms glands
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
What is the functions of connective tissue
Protects
Support
Binds
Example: Tendons and ligaments
What is the functions of neurons
Receive Signals
Transmit Signals
What is the function of muscular tissues
Skeletal-Helps move bone and protect it. Attached to bones.
Smooth-Contracts without conscious control. Blood vessels and digestive tract.
Cardiac- Heart Specific. Adapted to continued rhythmic contraction
Define superior
Above referred point
What does inferior mean
Below referred point
What does lateral mean
Away from midline
Define medial
Towards midline
What does posterior mean
Towards the back/behind
Define anterior
Towards the front
Define supine
Flat on back
Define prone
Face down
Define lateral recumbent (left/right)
Lying on side
Define fowlers position
60 degrees sitting up legs bent
Define trendelenbergs position
Lying flat with head lower than legs
Define abduction
Abduction is
movement from the midline, or
to abduct.
Define adduction
Adduction is movement toward the midline or to add
Define Flexión
Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to
reduce the angle.
Define extension
Extension is to straighten at a joint or to increase the angle for example from 90 - 180 degrees
Define medial rotation
To turn inward
Define lateral rotation
To turn outward
Define supination
Is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward
Define pronation
Is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward
Define proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment
Define distal
Further from the point of attachment
Define external
Outside
Define internal
Inside
Define mid clavicular
Parallel to midline through mid-clavicle, (collar bone)
Define mid axillary
Vertical line extending through mid-axilla, (armpit)
What does the chest( thoracic) cavity consist of
Major blood vessels
Oesophagus
Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm.
What does the right upper quadrant of the abdomen consist of
Liver, right kidney, gallbladder,duodenum,colon and small intestine
What does the left upper quadrant of the abdomen consist of
Stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas, colon and small intestine
What does the right lower quadrant consist of
Appendix, colon and small intestine
What does the left lower quadrant consist of
Colon and small intestine
What percentage of oxygen is in inspired air
20
What percentage of nitrogen is in inspired air
79
What percentage of carbon dioxide is in inspired air
0.04%
What is the percentage of nitrogen in expired air
79%
What percentage of oxygen is in expired air
16%
What percentage of carbon dioxide is in expired air
4%
Define external respiration
Takes place in the lungs
Process of getting oxygen into the blood
Define internal respiration
Takes place in the tissues at a cellular level, oxygen is burned with glucose and H2O to create energy in cells
Mechanics of breathing: define inspiration
The diaphragm flattens, (contracts), and intercostal muscle contract creating a negative pressure in the lungs, creating a vacuum, forcing air into the lungs.
Mechanics of breathing: define expiration
The diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax causing a positive pressure in the lungs, thereby creating expiration, or air to be forced out.
Where is the respiratory system control center located
Medulla oblongata
What does the medulla oblongata do
Signal sent by the Vagus nerve/ Glossopharyngeal nerves
● Return signal sent by Phrenic nerves
● Causes the Diaphragm Intercostal muscles to contract and relax
What do chemoreceptors do
Detect presence of CO2 in the great arteries. High CO2 will stimulate breathing to reduce these levels: i.e. increase O2 levels.
What are the structures of the nose
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Divided by the septum
Roof formed by the ethmoid bone
Hair to prevent foreign bodies from entering
Mucous to moisten and warm inspired air
What are the structures of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngo-pharynx
What is the structure of the larynx
Continuous with the oro-pharynx
Epiglottis leaf shaped cover the larynx when swallowing
What are the structures of the trachea
12 cm long, 16 -20 C-shaped cartilage rings
Divides into the left & right main-stem bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebrae
Made up of involuntary muscles
What are the structures of the lungs
Large spongy organs
Cone shaped [Apex at the top and base at the bottom of the lungs]
Extends from root of the neck to the diaphragm
Right lung has three lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Carina: The point at which the trachea divides into the main-stem bronchi.
Hilum: Entry point of bronchi to the lungs
What is the visceral pleasure
firmly attached to the lung, (the skin of the lung structure).
What is the parietal pleura
Forms the lining of the superior surface of the diaphragm and the inner lining of the chest cavity. Between the two linings it provides a potential space which holds a film of serous fluid, (lubricant to reduce friction).
Define the bronchi
Lead to each lung
Left narrower and longer
More horizontal, heart lies a little to the left of the midline
Sub divides into bronchioles
What are the structures of the bronchioles
Finest bronchi
No cartilage
Contain muscle tissue
Fibrous tissue
Elastic tissue
Terminal bronchiole
Single layer of flat epithelial cells
Sub divides into alveolar ducts
What do arteries carry
Carry 02 rich blood (except for pulmonary artery)
Thick-walled vessels in which blood is pumped away from heart to the body
What do veins and venules carry
Contain Valves
C02 rich (except for pulmonary vein)
Thin-walled vessels through which blood is returned to the heart
What percentage of blood is plasma
55%
What weight is the heart
200- 300 g
