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Biology > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ingestion ?

A

A main function of the digestion system that gets food in.

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

A main function of the digestive symptom that breaks food down into monomers

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3
Q

What is absorption

A

A main function of the digestion system, that gets nutrients from digestive tract into blood stream

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4
Q

What is egestion?

A

A main function of the digestive system that puts undigested/ unabsorbed material out.

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5
Q

Examples of mechanical digestion ?

A

Chewing/mastication

Food moving in body / peristalsis

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6
Q

Examples of chemical digestion?

A

HCl and enzymes in the stomach

In the duodenum there is chemical digestion

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7
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles

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8
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Break down molecular structure into a form that can absorb into bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is the alimentary canal system?

A

Big long tube open at both ends
(The path of food)

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10
Q

First food gets chewed up in a process called?

A

Mastication

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11
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

Water, mucus, and enzyme amylase

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12
Q

After mastication the tongue forms a _____ that is pushed into the _______

A

Bolus

Pharynx

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13
Q

Each time you swallow what covers the trachea?

A

The epiglottis

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14
Q

The esophagus moves because of…

A

Peristalsis (smooth muscle contraction)

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15
Q

Food goes from the trachea into the _______ which entry is regulated by __________

A

Stomach

Sphincters

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16
Q

What is in the stomach for chemical digestion?

A

HCl and enzymes

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17
Q

What is used as protection in the stomach?

A

Mucous

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18
Q

What are rugae?

A

Ridges in the stomach that allow for expansion

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19
Q

What is the soupy mix in the stomach?

A

Chyme

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20
Q

What three sections are the small intestine built of ?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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21
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Chemical digestion

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22
Q

What is the function of the jejunum and ileum?

A

The absorption of nutrients.

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23
Q

What is the function of villi in the digestive system?

A

They maximize surface area in small intestine

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24
Q

What leads into the duodenum to help with digestion?

A

Bile produced in the liver stored in the gallbladder to emulsify fats

Pancreas delivers digestive enzymes

Chyme from the stomach

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25
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption

26
Q

What are the parts of the colon?

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

27
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Allows for temporary storage.

28
Q

What does the salivary glands and pancreas both produce?

A

Amylase which digests starches to simple sugars

29
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Pepsin which is activated by HCl into pepsinogen, to digest proteins.

30
Q

What is trypsin?

A

Protein digestion enzyme produced by the pancreas that goes to the duodenum.

31
Q

What is lipase ?

A

Fat digestion enzyme that is produced by the pancreas, that goes to the duodenum.

32
Q

What is bile?

A

A fluid that emulsifies fat

33
Q

What is secretin?

A

A hormone in the duodenum that helps neutralize the acidic chyme

34
Q

What is Moltin?

A

A hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contraction to move food through GI tract

35
Q

What is a peptic ulcer ?

A

A sore in the stomach that weakens mucus that inflamed stomach tissue

36
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation in the liver

37
Q

What is Hepatitis A?

A

Contracted from drinking contaminated water

38
Q

What digestive disorder is contacted from sexual contact?

A

Hepatitis B

39
Q

What digestive disorder is contracted though infected blood?

A

Hepatitis C

40
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

When insulin producing cells are destroyed by immune system

41
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is unable to use insulin

42
Q

How does gas exchange maximize surface area in lungs?

A

The alveoli’s fill and oxygen and expand.

43
Q

How does the gas exchange work?

A

-The aveolli fill with oxygen
-Using diffusion the oxygen seeps into the capillaries
-Making blood oxygenated
-CO2 comes out of blood into alveoli’s
- breath out CO2

44
Q

Composition of inhaled air ?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% Carbon dioxide

45
Q

Composition of exhaled air?

A

78% Nitrogen
17% Oxygen
4% Carbon Dioxide

46
Q

What is the pharynx ?

A

Passageway behind mouth that connects mouth and nasal cavity to esophagus

47
Q

What is the trachea ?

A

A tube that carries air from nasal passageway to the bronchi

48
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Opening of the trachea where air enters the larynx

49
Q

What is the larynx ?

A

Structure between glottis and trachea that contain vocal cords.

50
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm moves down and lungs expand

51
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm moves up and rib cage gets smaller

52
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

A disease that causes inflammation in lungs, and alveoli fill with thick fluid making gas exchange difficult.
Typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection

53
Q

What is asthma?

A

A lung disease that causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and mucus in the lungs.
Airways are inflamed due to irritation of the bronchioles constrict.

54
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

A respiratory disease that causes inflammation of mucous membranes in the bronchi.

55
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of the lungs to expel air.
Aveoli burst and fuse into each other. The surface area for gas exchange is reduced.

56
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with max effort after a normal inspiration.

57
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation.

58
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The total volume of air that can be moved out of (or into) the lungs during a single breath.

59
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort.

60
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied).

61
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

Add tital volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.
VC=TV+IRV+ERV

62
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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