Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another?
ANATOMY
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span?
DEVELOPMENTAL
Deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye(cytology,
histology)?
MICROSCOPIC
All structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)?
REGIONAL
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface?
SURFACE
Body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc)?
SYSTEMIC
Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities?
PHYSIOLOGY
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood?
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands?
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals?
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat?
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood?
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces?
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood?
URINARY SYSTEM
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract?
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously?
HOMEOSTASIS
When a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either1) cell fate changes or 2) morphogenetic responses?
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Form the basic structure of the membrane?
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?
PHYSICAL BARRIER
Determines which substances enters or exit the cell?
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior?
COMMUNICATION
Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to
recognize each other?
CELL RECOGNITION
Diffuse directly through the lipid
bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)?
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Either through a) binding to
carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel
proteins?
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Diffusion of a solvent through a
membrane?
OSMOSIS
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume?
TONICITY
Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those
found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water?
ISOTONIC
Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate?
HYPERTONIC
More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse?
HYPOTONIC
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles?
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
In which cells come
together, touch and recognize one
another. Useful in development and
immunity?
CONTACT SIGNALING
Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a
specific receptor and initiates a
response?
CHEMICAL SIGNALING
Signals from the nervous system?
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Signals from the endocrine system?
HORMONES
Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed?
PARACRINES
Metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
generate ATP?
ORGANELLES
