Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Answer 1

Anatomy = The parts
Physiology = How the parts work

Question 2

What are the bodily systems?

Answer 2

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Digestive
Nervous
Urinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Special Senses

Question 3

Integumentary System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 3

○ Protection and sensitivity
○ Skin and Receptors

Question 4

Skeletal System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 4

○ Structure, Protection, Movement, WBC formation, Storage
○ Bones and Joints

Question 5

How many bones to cats have?

Answer 5

230 bones

Question 6

How many bones to dogs have?

Answer 6

319

Question 7

How many teeth do Kittens, Cats, Puppies and Dogs have?

Answer 7

Kitten: 26
Cat: 30
Puppies: 28
Dogs: 42

Question 8

What are dogs skull shapes with examples?

Answer 8

Doliocephalic: Narrow base; elongated muzzle (Greyhound)
Mesaticephalic: Medium with base; medium muzzle (Labradors)
Brachyphalic: Broad base; short muzzle (Pugs)

Question 9

How many vertebrae do cats and dogs have?

Answer 9

7 cervical neck muscles
13 thoracic chest
7 lumbar lower back
3 sacral tail bones
(coccygeal)

Question 10

What is the structure of dogs feet?

Answer 10

4 functional toes; 1 vestigial = dewclaw

Question 11

What is the structure of cats feet and the sections?

Answer 11

5 toes front feet; 4 back feet with extra toes being fairly common

Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx, Distal Phalanx

Question 12

Muscular System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 12

○ Movement, Posture, Breathing, Circulation, Digestion
○3 types:
Skeletal (round the bone)
Smooth (in organs)
Cardio (in the heart)

Question 13

What are Voluntary Muscles and which muscle types are voluntary?

Answer 13

Move muscles on your own volition when you decide it
(Skeletal)

Question 14

What are Involuntary Muscles and which muscle types are involuntary?

Answer 14

Subconscious movement happening without decisions
(Smooth and Cardio)

Question 15

Circulatory System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 15

○ Transport blood around the body
○ Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Lymphatic vessels, Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Nodes

Question 16

What do Arteries do?

Answer 16

They carry OXYGEN RICH blood away from the heart

Question 17

What do Veins do?

Answer 17

They carry OXYGEN DEFICIENT blood to the heart

Question 18

Lymphatic System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 18

○ Directing and helping WBC combat diseases by storing them and help with reabsorption of some fluids
○ Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Lymphocytes

Question 19

Respiratory System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 19

○ Breathing and exchanging CO2 and O2 for cell metabolism and helps cardiovascular system
○ Lungs, nose, airways

Question 20

Nervous System
○ Functions
○ Major parts

Answer 20

○ Regulates activities, Coordinates movement and Process sensations
○ CNS, PNS

Question 21

What is the CNS and what does it entail?

Answer 21

The Central Nervous System
Spine - Protect and House nerves
Brain - Maintain control and houses nerves

Question 22

What is the PNS and what does it entail?

Answer 22

The Peripheral Nervous System
All other nerves around the body

Question 23

What are nerve cells called?

Answer 23

Neurons

Question 24

What are the parts of the Brain and what is the most important?

Answer 24

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem (Most important)

Question 25

What does the Cerebrum do?

Answer 25

Communication, Emotions, Learning and Memory

Question 26

What are the parts of the Cerebrum?

Answer 26

Frontal Lobe: Emotion, Speech Parietal Lobe: Movement, Recognition Occipital Lobe: Visual Processing Temporal: Auditory Stimuli

Question 27

What does the Cerebellum do?

Answer 27

Movement Balance Posture Reflexes

Question 28

What does the Diencephalon do?

Answer 28

Consists of thalamus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus Connects nervous system to endocrine system

Question 29

What does the Brain Stem do?

Answer 29

Has Medulla Oblongata, Pons and Midbrain Subconscious Regulation (Breathing, Heart Swallowing or Vomiting)

Question 30

Urinary System ○ Functions ○ Major parts

Answer 30

○ Reabsorb useful nutrients and eliminate waste ○ Parts are: Kidney- Filtration Ureter- Transport from Kidney to Bladder Bladder- Urine Storage Urethra- Bladder to urination

Question 31

What is the bony socket where eyes located called?

Answer 31

Orbit

Question 32

What is the name for the 3rd eyelid and its function?

Answer 32

Nictitating Membrane - To help spread tears on the cornea

Question 33

What volume to humans, cats and dogs hear?

Answer 33

Humans: 20,000 hz Cats: 40,000 hz Dogs: 60,000 hz

Question 34

What is the structure of External Ear?

Answer 34

Pinna Vertical canal Horizontal canal Tympanic Membrane - Eardrum

Question 35

What is the structure of Middle Ear?

Answer 35

Eustachian tube 3 bones - Incus, Malleus, Stapes Oval window

Question 36

What are the number of receptors for smell?

Answer 36

Humans - 5 million Cats - 75-100 million Dogs - 150-300 milliom

Question 37

Why is dogs and cats smell so good?

Answer 37

Smell receptors Short and Quick inhalations Air not to lungs but to nasal pockets

Question 38

What is the Jacobson’s organ? ○ Function?

Answer 38

Vomereronasal (or Jacobson’s) organ Are 2 fluid filled sacs above roof of mouth They sense nerve impulses to hypothalamus (region connected to sexual, feeding, social behaviors) They also detect pheromones

Question 39

Why are dogs good at tracking/sniffing work?

Answer 39

Can detect scent at 10-12 molar concentrations

Question 40

What tastes do Cats react to?

Answer 40

To bitter, acidic tastes

Question 41

What tastes do Dogs react to?

Answer 41

To sugary tastes

Question 42

How do Dogs and Cats detect touch?

Answer 42

Whiskers and receptors in paws

Question 43

Endocrine System ○ Functions ○ Major parts

Answer 43

○ Production of hormones for response ○ Hormones and glands

Question 44

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Answer 44

Helps control body temp, appetite and thirst

Question 45

What does the Pituitary do?

Answer 45

Regulates body functions (Anterior and Posterior)

Question 46

What does the Thyroid do?

Answer 46

Metabolism and calcitonin regulation

Question 47

What does the Parathyroid do?

Answer 47

Calcium and Phosphorous regulation

Question 48

What does the Adrenal do?

Answer 48

Fight or flight response through Cortex and Medulla

Question 49

What does the Pancreas do?

Answer 49

Has digestive enzymes as well as The regulation of blood sugar concentration (Insulin/Glucagon)

Question 50

What does the Ovaries do?

Answer 50

Produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 51

What does the Testes do?

Answer 51

Produce testosterone and estrogens