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PE > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bone covering your brain

A

Cranium

Flat bone

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2
Q

Two bones located in your chest

A

Sternum
Ribs
Flat bones

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3
Q

Bone in your upper arm

A

Humerus

Long bone

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4
Q

Two bones in your forearm and what type of bone

A

Radius
Ulna
Long bones

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5
Q

Bone located near your hips and what type

A

Pelvis

Flat bone

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6
Q

Bone at the top of your leg

A

Femur

Long bone

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7
Q

Bone in your knee and what type of bone

A

Patella

Irregular bone

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8
Q

Bones down your spine

A

Vertebrae

Irregular bones

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9
Q

Bone near your shoulder blade

A

Scapula

Flat bone

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10
Q

Two bones in your shin

A

Tibia - bigger one
Fibula - smaller one
Long bones

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11
Q

Bone in your ankle

A

Talus - short bone

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12
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

Provides a framework of bones for movement in conjunction with the muscular system

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13
Q

What is Movement

A

When muscles contract to pull the bones of the skeleton

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14
Q

What do long bones do

A

Help you to move

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15
Q

What do flat bones do

A

Protect

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16
Q

What do short bones do

A

Small fine movements

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17
Q

What do vertebrae do

A

Protect the spinal cord

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18
Q

What does the patella do

A

Sits in front of the knee and protects the tendon

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19
Q

six functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Movement
Protection
Blood production
Minerals Storage
Shape
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20
Q

What is cartilage

A

Flexible, elastic tissue covering the ends of the bones which prevents friction and stops bones form rubbing together

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21
Q

What is the joint capsule

A

Tough fibrous tissue that surrounds synovial joints

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22
Q

What are tendons

A

Very strong cords that attach muscle to bone

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23
Q

What is a bursae

A

a fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint

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24
Q

What is a synovial membrane

A

Secretes Synovial Fluid which lubricates the joint

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25
Q

What is a ligament

A

Bands of fibre which atta.ch bone to bone

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26
Q

Function of a flat bone

A

protection of vital organs

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27
Q

What is the function of a short bone

A

Smaller finer movements

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28
Q

What is the antagonistic pair to the abdominals

A

The latissimus dorsi

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29
Q

What is the rotator cuff

A

A group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of your upper arm bone within the socket of the shoulder

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30
Q

Antagonistic pair of pectoralis major

A

deltoids

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31
Q

what is your clavicle

A

The bone that is connected to your scapular the end of which is your shoulder

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32
Q

What is abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

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33
Q

What is adduction

A

movement towards the midline of your body

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34
Q

what is flexion

A

Decreasing the angle at the joint

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35
Q

What is extension

A

increasing the angle at the joint

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36
Q

what is rotation

A

movement around an axis OR a circular movement around a joint

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37
Q

What two movements occur at the ankle joint

A

Plantar flexion (point) and dorsi flexion

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38
Q

What are cardiac muscles

A

Found in the wall of the heart, involuntary muscle, does not fatigue

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39
Q

What are smooth muscles

A

Involuntarily controlled, found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines

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40
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

Voluntarily controlled, found throughout the body attached to bones by tendons

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41
Q

what is an example of a ligament

A

cruciate knee ligaments

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42
Q

what is an example of a tendon

A

Achilles tendon

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43
Q

What is an example of cartilage

A

the meniscus inside the knee

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44
Q

what is the agonist muscle

A

The primes mover of the muscles (contracts)

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45
Q

what is the antagonist muscle

A

the muscle that relaxes to allow the other to contract

46
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction

A

muscle action where the muscle changes length

47
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction

A

muscle action where the muscle stays the same length

48
Q

what is a concentric muscle contraction

A

Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens

49
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction

A

isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens

50
Q

What is an artery

A

blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart

51
Q

what is a vein

A

Blood vessel carrying blood towards the hheart

52
Q

What are capillaries

A

very thin blood vessels that allow gas exchange to happen

53
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to the tissues

54
Q

What is vasodilation

A

increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues

55
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • have thick elasticated muscular walls
  • narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
56
Q

Characteristics of veins

A
  • carry blood towards heart
  • have thin walls and contain valves
  • wide lumen
57
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A
  • walls only one cell thick
  • lumen the width of only one blood cell
  • allow gaseous exchange
58
Q

what valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

tricuspid

59
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium

A

bicuspid

60
Q

What is the thick wall in the middle of the heart that prevents mixing of blood

A

septum

61
Q

what are the two valves that separate the ventricles from the outgoing blood vessels

A

aortic semilunar valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

62
Q

On a spirometer: What is the volume of air inspired and expired in each breath

A

Normal tidal volume

63
Q

On a spirometer: What is the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

64
Q

On a spirometer: What is the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume

65
Q

On a spirometer: What is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

66
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

The sequence of events that occur when the heart beats

67
Q

What is systole

A

When the heart contracts to eject blood out of the ventricles

68
Q

What is diastole

A

When the heart relaxes to allow the ventricles to fill with blood

69
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

the volume of blood that the heart pumps out per minute

70
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart per contraction

71
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

72
Q

What happens to stroke volume as we exercise

A

It increases until moderate exercise intensity is achieved at which point it starts to decrease this is because as the HR increases there isn’t enough time to fill the chambers fully for each contraction

73
Q

What happens to cardiac output as exercise intensity increases

A

It increases because although the SV drops, the HR increase accounts for it

74
Q

What is EPOC

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption - increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise

75
Q

Why does EPOC occur

A

It occurs after strenuous exercise while one had been respiring anaerobically producing lactic acid. The increased breathing repays the oxygen debt to break down the toxic lactic acid

76
Q

What two words are needed when talking about aerobic vs anaerobic exercise

A

Intensity and Duration

77
Q

Pathway of air:

A

Nose/mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

78
Q

What muscle helps during forced inspiration

A

Pectorals and sternoclaidomastoids

79
Q

What muscle helps during forced Expiration

A

Abdominals

80
Q

What acronym is used to remember all the different class levers

A

123
FRE
TGB

81
Q

What shapes represent the Fulcrum, effort and resistance

A

Effort = Upwards arrow sitting on top of the line
Resistance - square sitting on top of the line
Fulcrum - triangle beneath the line

82
Q

What is the mechanical advantage

A

The efficiency of a working lever, calculated by effort arm/resistance arm. Mechanical advantage means a large load can be lifted with little effort

83
Q

What is the sagittal plane and which axis is it paired with

A

runs vertically from front to back and divides the body into left and rigth parts (Movement forwards and backwards) -transverse axis

84
Q

What is the frontal plane and which axis is it paired with

A

runs vertically from side to side and divides the body into front and back (Movement left and right) - sagittal axis

85
Q

What is the transverse plane and which axis is it paired with

A

runs horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts (Rotation around the - longitudinal axis)

86
Q

What is the sagittal axis and which plane is it paired with

A

Through the belly button from front to back - frontal plane

87
Q

What is the longitudinal axis and which plane is it paired with

A

Head to toe - transverse plane

88
Q

What is the transverse axis and which plane is it paired with

A

Through the hips from side to side - sagittal plane

89
Q

Acronym for remembering plane and axis pairs

A

SquaT
TwirL
FROm Side to side

90
Q

what is the equation to find mechanical advantage

A

mechanical advantage = effort arm / resistance arm

91
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement of the limb in a circular pattern: a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

92
Q

what six features of the alveoli assist in efficient gas exchange

A
  • large surface area of alveoli
  • moist thin walls
  • short diffusion distance
  • lots of capillaries
  • large blood supply
  • movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration
93
Q

oxygen bonds with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form:

A

oxyhaemoglobin

94
Q

what two things does haemoglobin carry in the blood

A

carbon dioxide

oxygen

95
Q

what are the short term effects of exercise

A
  • tiredness/fatigue
  • light headedness
  • nausea
  • aching/DOMS/cramp
96
Q

when would an athlete feel the short term effects of exercise

A

up to 36 hours after exercise

97
Q

when would an athlete feel the immediate effects of exercise

A

during exercise

98
Q

when would an athlete feel the longterm effects of exercise

A

after months and years of exercising

99
Q

what are the long term effects of exercise

A
  • change in body shape
  • improvement in specific components of fitness
  • build muscle strength
  • improve stamina
  • increase in size of heart (hypertrophy)
  • lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)
100
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

the increase in heart size after years of exercise

101
Q

what is bradycardia

A

a lower resting heart rate after years of exercise

102
Q

what three methods can be used to recover from exercise

A
  • cool down
  • manipulation of diet
  • ice baths/massage
103
Q

what does manipulation of diet include and why does it help to reduce the effects of exercise

A
  • rehydration and increased intake of carbohydrates

this replaces the energy stores that have been used up and the fluids that have been sweated during exercise

104
Q

what does a massage include and why does it help to reduce the effects of exercise

A
  • rubbing the muscles

increases blood flow, reduces inflammation and helps to prevent DOMS

105
Q

what does an ice bath include and why does it help to reduce the effects of exercise

A
  • sitting in a mixture of ice and cold water

this constricts the blood vessels and flushes out lactic acid from the affected tissues.it also reduces swelling and DOMS. once they leave the ice baths their blood vessels then vasodilate, increasing blood flow once again

106
Q

what does a cool down include and why does it help to reduce the effects of exercise

A
  • light aerobic exercise such as jogging

this -clears waste products such as lactic acid

  • reduces potential for DOMS
  • reduces chance of dizziness or fainting caused by blood pooling at extremities
  • allows breathing and HR to slowly decrease to prevent sudden changes in heart rhythm which is dangerous
107
Q

what is visual guidance

A

practical demonstrations, diagrams and other visual prompts used to help the learner create a mental image of the skill that needs to be learned

108
Q

what is manual guidance

A

when the coach physically moves the body of the learner through the correct pattern of movement.

109
Q

what is verbal guidance

A

a spoken explanation of how a skill is performed

110
Q

what is mechanical guidance

A

equipment is used to help the learner practise a skill

PE (5 decks)

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