Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Throat, Nose, Sinuses, and Middle Ear Flashcards
Which structures in the nasal cavity slow air flow?
a) turbinates
b) epithelium
c) septum
d) nose hair
a) turbinates
What size of particles does the nose hair filter out?
> 30mm
Which vascularized tissue connects the mucosal layer to the periosteum (bone)
connective tissue
Nasal mucosa serves a _________ function against environmental exposure
protective function
Stimulating the parasympathetic system causes increases or decreases mucous production?
increases mucous production (vasodilation)
When stimulating the sympathetic system, nasal congestion or decongestion occurs? Vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
nasal congestion occurs, and by vasoconstriction
What nerve does the nasal mucosa innervate?
trigeminal nerve
Which nerve innervates for sense of smell?
olfactory nerve
What three cells is ciliary epithelium made of?
- Ciliated columnar epithelial cells –> remove particulate to nasopharynx
- Goblet cells –> produce mucin
- Basal cells –> attach mucous epithelium submucosal tissues
Which receptors mediate increased mucous production? a) M2 b) M3 c) M1 D) M4
b) M3 receptors
Which receptors inhibit mucous production? a) M2 b) M3 c) M1 D) M4
a) M2 by blocking acetylcholine release
Which cells are associated with release of histamine and inflammatory mediators from an allergen
mast cells and basophils
What nerve mediates pruritis and sneezing?
a) facial nerve
b) abducens
c) hypoglossal
d) trigeminal
d) trigeminal
Which receptors lead to vasoconstriction that attenuates hyperemia
a) a1 + a2
b) b1 + b2
c) a1 + b1
d) a2 + b1
a) a1 + a2
What releases when H3 receptor is activated during nasal stuffiness?
a) epinephrine
b) norepinephrine
c) noradrenaline
d) adrenaline
c) noradrenaline
condition that describes inflammation of the nose and sinuses
rhinosinusitis (sinusitis)
How long does acute rhinsosinusitis last for?
a) < 2 weeks
b) <3 weeks
c) <4 weeks
d) <6 weeks
c) < 4 weeks
What causes rhinosinusitis?
rhinovirus
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
Symptoms of rhinosinusitis?
nasal obstruction and discharge, changes in smell, facial pain/pressure, radiates to teeth
How long does chronic rhinosinusitis occur?
a) > 12 weeks
b) > 6 weeks
c) > 8 weeks
d) > 10 weeks
a) > 12 weeks
Presence of nasal polyps indicates acute or chronic sinusitis?
chronic sinusitis
what structure connects the nasal passage to the larynx and drains sinuses, lymph, and auditory tubes
nasopharynx
what structure closes passage during swallowing?
soft palate
what structure connects mouth to esophagus and contains the epiglottus
oropharynx
what structure is the common passage for food and air?
a) esophagus
b) nasopharynx
c) oropharynx
d) laryngopharynx
d) largynophyaynx
What causes pharyngitis and what are the symptom?
rhinovirus, streptococcus, candida
sore throat
How long is pharyngitis infectious for?
7 days
which structure of the ear collects sound waves and sends them to the tympanic membrane?
external acoustic meatus
two names for the external ear?
auricle or pinna
circular structure at the internal end of the external acoustic meatus
eardrum (part of the tympanic membrane)
What is the middle ear called?
a) Pinna
b) ossicles
c) auricle
d) mallaeus
b) ossicles
what structure of the area sends vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
middle ear- ossicles
what structure is attached tot he internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
a) ossicles
b) incus
c) malleus
d) stapes
c) malleus
which structure in the ear connects the malleus with the stapes?
a) incus,
b) ossicles
c) ear drum
d) timpus
a) incus
which structure in the ear attaches to the vestibular window?
stapes
what condition is it when there is inflammation of the middle ear?
otitis media
why is acute otitis media common in children?
short auditory tube increase risk of infection to middle ear
What is a big risk factor in getting acute otitis media?
a) daycare attendance
what is the area of the ear called where there are functional organs for hearing located
inner ear (labyrinth)
a coiled tube structure that is divided into 3 chambers that transduces sound?
cochlea
Which group of antibiotics is a risk of drug-induced ototoxicity
a) fluoroquinolones
b) beta-lactams
c) aminoglycosides
d) macrolides
c) aminoglycosides
which test can detect vestibulotoxicity?
dynamic illegible E test
this type of toxicity can be detected by loss of response to high-frequency sound
a) neurotoxicity
b) cytotoxicity
c) chocleotoxicity
d) vestibulotoxicty
c) chocleotoxicity
