Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Eyes Flashcards
What is the white outer protective layer of the eye?
Sclera
What is the vascular layer that provides oxygen and nutrients to the eye?
choroid
What is the neural tissue that contains the photoreceptors?
Retina
what is the clear mucous membrane that covers the sclera up to the cornea
bulbar conjunctiva
what lines the inside of the eye lids?
Palpebral conjunctiva
______ is a modified, transparent sclera that allows light to enter the eye. It is not covered by the conjunctiva
Cornea
What part of the eye does not respond to light?
the blind spot
At which part of the eye does the optic nerve leave the eye?
the optic disk
yellowish pigmented spot at the back of the eye
Macula
which part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?
fovea
Part of the eye that is thinned out, with cones only
fovea
disease where sharp central vision is gradually destroyed
Age-related macular degeneration
What are the yellow lipid deposits that form under the retinal epithelium?
Drusen
Dry or wet process that causes age-related macular degeneration? When drusen is formed under the retinal epithelium and there is loss of retinal epithelium, capillaries and photoreceptors
Dry process
What process involves neovascularization of choroidal blood vessels into the retina, leaking fluid, lipids, and blood, that can lead to fibrous scarring? Is this treatable?
Wet process of age related macular degeneration
List 3 risk factors for macular degeneration
cigarette smoking
obesity
Low intake of vitamin ACE + zinc, lutein, omega 3
CVD risk factors
List 3 lifestyle modifications to slow macular degeneration
stop smoking
weight loss
antihypertensive and lipid lowering meds
dietary supplements
Treatment of Wet macular degeneration
–> suppresses the action of ______ __________ ________ _______
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
3 Drugs that treat wet macular degeneration
Ranibizumab: binds all VEGF
Bevacizumab: an antibody against VEGF
Aflibercept: acts like a VEGF receptor, selectively binds VEGF A,
What drug causes drug-induced retinal toxicity?
Hydroxychloroquine
What are some risk factors of drug-induced retinal toxicity when using hydroxychloroquine?
more than 5 years of use
using with tamoxifen
significant renal disease
preexisting retinal and macular disease
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits uptake of _______ ___ by retinal pigment epithelium cells
Vitamin A
List 1 ways to manage hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity
- screen for toxicity during 1st year and after 5 years
What is the maximum daily dose of hydroxychloroquine?
400mg (less than 5mg/kg)
Which gland secretes tears that spread over the eyeball by blinking and to remove dust and foreign particles and what nerve does it use to produce the tears?
Lacrimal gland and VII nerve
what is it called when there’s obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct
dacryostenosis
What is it called when there’s an infection of the lacrimal sac
dacrocystitis
Which cells release mucin?
goblet cells
What are two reasons why dry eye occurs?
1) reduced tear production
2) increased evaporation of the tear film due to bad meibomian glands
incurable autoimmune disorder of mucous membranes = dry eyes, mouth, skin, nasal and vaginal passages
Sjogren’s syndrome
What causes conjunctivitis (Pink eye)?
Allergic conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis (adenovirus)
Bacterial (H influenzae or S. aureus )
staph infection of the hair follicle of the eyelid, upper lid, pimple like abscess (swells, red, pain)
external hordeolum (stye) caused by blocking zeis and moll glands
what is it called when there is an infection of the meibomian gland in the conjunctiva, very painful.
internal hordeolum (inner stye)
cyst-like nodules that remain after the hordeolum heals. Red but NOT painful
chalazion
inflammation of eyelids, often at the base of the eyelashes. Symptoms include erythematous, pruritic eyelids, conjunctival infection, crusting or matting of the eyelids
Blepharitis
