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HEENT > Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Eyes > Flashcards

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the white outer protective layer of the eye?

A

Sclera

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2
Q

What is the vascular layer that provides oxygen and nutrients to the eye?

A

choroid

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3
Q

What is the neural tissue that contains the photoreceptors?

A

Retina

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4
Q

what is the clear mucous membrane that covers the sclera up to the cornea

A

bulbar conjunctiva

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5
Q

what lines the inside of the eye lids?

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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6
Q

______ is a modified, transparent sclera that allows light to enter the eye. It is not covered by the conjunctiva

A

Cornea

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7
Q

What part of the eye does not respond to light?

A

the blind spot

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8
Q

At which part of the eye does the optic nerve leave the eye?

A

the optic disk

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9
Q

yellowish pigmented spot at the back of the eye

A

Macula

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10
Q

which part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

A

fovea

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11
Q

Part of the eye that is thinned out, with cones only

A

fovea

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12
Q

disease where sharp central vision is gradually destroyed

A

Age-related macular degeneration

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13
Q

What are the yellow lipid deposits that form under the retinal epithelium?

A

Drusen

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14
Q

Dry or wet process that causes age-related macular degeneration? When drusen is formed under the retinal epithelium and there is loss of retinal epithelium, capillaries and photoreceptors

A

Dry process

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15
Q

What process involves neovascularization of choroidal blood vessels into the retina, leaking fluid, lipids, and blood, that can lead to fibrous scarring? Is this treatable?

A

Wet process of age related macular degeneration

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16
Q

List 3 risk factors for macular degeneration

A

cigarette smoking
obesity
Low intake of vitamin ACE + zinc, lutein, omega 3
CVD risk factors

17
Q

List 3 lifestyle modifications to slow macular degeneration

A

stop smoking
weight loss
antihypertensive and lipid lowering meds
dietary supplements

18
Q

Treatment of Wet macular degeneration

–> suppresses the action of ______ __________ ________ _______

A

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

19
Q

3 Drugs that treat wet macular degeneration

A

Ranibizumab: binds all VEGF
Bevacizumab: an antibody against VEGF
Aflibercept: acts like a VEGF receptor, selectively binds VEGF A,

20
Q

What drug causes drug-induced retinal toxicity?

A

Hydroxychloroquine

21
Q

What are some risk factors of drug-induced retinal toxicity when using hydroxychloroquine?

A

more than 5 years of use
using with tamoxifen
significant renal disease
preexisting retinal and macular disease

22
Q

Hydroxychloroquine inhibits uptake of _______ ___ by retinal pigment epithelium cells

A

Vitamin A

23
Q

List 1 ways to manage hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity

A
  1. screen for toxicity during 1st year and after 5 years
24
Q

What is the maximum daily dose of hydroxychloroquine?

A

400mg (less than 5mg/kg)

25
Q

Which gland secretes tears that spread over the eyeball by blinking and to remove dust and foreign particles and what nerve does it use to produce the tears?

A

Lacrimal gland and VII nerve

26
Q

what is it called when there’s obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

A

dacryostenosis

27
Q

What is it called when there’s an infection of the lacrimal sac

A

dacrocystitis

28
Q

Which cells release mucin?

A

goblet cells

29
Q

What are two reasons why dry eye occurs?

A

1) reduced tear production

2) increased evaporation of the tear film due to bad meibomian glands

30
Q

incurable autoimmune disorder of mucous membranes = dry eyes, mouth, skin, nasal and vaginal passages

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

31
Q

What causes conjunctivitis (Pink eye)?

A

Allergic conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis (adenovirus)
Bacterial (H influenzae or S. aureus )

32
Q

staph infection of the hair follicle of the eyelid, upper lid, pimple like abscess (swells, red, pain)

A 
external hordeolum (stye) 
caused by blocking zeis and moll glands
33
Q

what is it called when there is an infection of the meibomian gland in the conjunctiva, very painful.

A

internal hordeolum (inner stye)

34
Q

cyst-like nodules that remain after the hordeolum heals. Red but NOT painful

A

chalazion

35
Q

inflammation of eyelids, often at the base of the eyelashes. Symptoms include erythematous, pruritic eyelids, conjunctival infection, crusting or matting of the eyelids

A

Blepharitis

HEENT (14 decks)

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