Anatomy and Pathophysiology Flashcards
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
clavicle
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
femoral head
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
subcutaneous tissue
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
expiratory reserve volume
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
chordae tendineae
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.
spinal cord
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration.
metabolism
The bones of the fingers and toes.
phalanges
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.
lymph
The bone of the lower jaw.
mandible
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels.
perfusion
Small bones that compose the wrist.
carpals
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
large intestine
The hip bones.
coxae (singular: coxa)
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
alpha-adrenergic receptors
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.
Labored breathing
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
pubis
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.
inferior vena cava
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
nervous system
The bending of a joint.
flexion
The small organs that produce hair.
hair follicles
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.
trachea
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae.
Thoracic spine
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
peripheral nervous system
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
aorta
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
oncotic pressure
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.
xiphoid process
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
abdomen
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.
somatic nervous system
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.
shock
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
white blood cells
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
cerebrospinal fluid
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.
superior vena cava
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal glands
The heel bone.
calcaneus
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.
brain
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
pleural space
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
chyme
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. These tissues support and strengthen a joint.
ligaments
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.
platelets
The chest or rib cage.
thoracic cage
The space in between the cells.
Interstitial space
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
coronal plane
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.
tunica media
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
nasopharynx
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
cervical spine
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
patella
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
pelvic girdle
The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
triceps
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
minute volume
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
pleura
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
radius
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.
systole
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
peristalsis
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
sweat glands
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
pubic symphysis
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.
semen
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
cerebellum
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation.
parasympathetic nervous system
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.
zygomas
The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath.
tidal volume
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.
ulna
The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.
ventilation
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock.
hypoperfusion
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.
testicle
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
parietal bones
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
urinary system
One of the two lower chambers of the heart.
ventricle
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
pons
