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Renal > Anatomy and histology of the kidney > Flashcards

Anatomy and histology of the kidney Flashcards

1
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The kidneys are relatively in a fixed position. However, movement of the kidneys occur when?

A

During respiration and when changing from the supine to the erect position, and vice versa

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2
Q

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The renal fascia is continuous with the fascia on the interior surface of the diaphragm (diaphragmatic fascia); thus, the primary attachment of the suprarenal glands is to which organ?

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

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Kidneys are retroperitoneal. T/F

A

T

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4
Q

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The kidneys are at which vertebral level?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

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The concave medial margin of each kidney is a vertical cleft called what?

A

Renal hilum

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6
Q

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The renal hilum is the entrance to a space within the kidney called what?

A

Renal sinus

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7
Q

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Which is located lower: the right or left kidney?

A

Right

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8
Q

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Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?

A

Because of the presence of the liver in the right side, above the right kidney

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9
Q

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At the hilum, which is anterior: renal vein or renal artery?

A

Renal vein

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10
Q

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The renal artery is anterior to: renal vein or renal pelvis?

A

Renal pelvis

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11
Q

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Arrange from anterior to posterior: renal pelvis, renal artery, renal vein

A

Renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis

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12
Q

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The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion of the superior end of the ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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13
Q

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The apex of the renal pelvis is continuous with which urinary structure?

A

Ureter

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14
Q

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The kidney surface is covered by a connective tissue capsule. This capsule consists of which two distinct layers?

A

Outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers

Inner layer with myofibroblasts

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15
Q

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The kidney can be divided into two distinct regions which are the what?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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16
Q

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How much of the cardiac output supplies the kidney?

A

25%

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17
Q

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What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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18
Q

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The beginning segment of the nephron that is spherical and contains a unique capillary network.

A

Renal corpuscle

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19
Q

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Which capillary network is in the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

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20
Q

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Vertical striations that eminate from the medulla

A

Medullary rays

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21
Q

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Each medullary ray is an agregation of which tubules?

A

Straight tubules and collecting ducts

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22
Q

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What is the special capillary network of the medulla?

A

Vasa recta or the peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

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Pyramids are in the: cortex or medulla?

A

Medulla

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24
Q

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Each pyramid is divided into which two parts of the medulla?

A

Outer medulla and inner medulla

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25
Q

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The outer medulla is divided into which two parts?

A

Inner stripe and outer stripe

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26
Q

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Which part of the medulla is divided into the inner stripe and outer stripe?

A

Outer medulla

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27
Q

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The cortical tissue contained within the medulla are called what?

A

Renal columns

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28
Q

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What is the apical portion of the pyramid?

A

Papilla

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29
Q

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The number of lobes in a kidney equals the number of cortical pyramids. T/F

A

F

It is equal the number of MEDULLARY pyramids.

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30
Q

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The lobe of a kidney consists of which parts?

A

The medullary pyramid and the associated cortical tissue at its base and sides

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31
Q

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Each human kidney contains how many lobes?

A

8 to 18

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32
Q

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The human kidney is multilobar. T/F

A

T

Kidneys of some animals possess only one pyramid; these kidneys are classified as unilobar, in contrast to the multilobar of humans.

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33
Q

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What does a lobule consist of?

A

Collecting duct and all nephrons that it drains.

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34
Q

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What constitutes the renal secretory unit?

A

The medullary ray containing the collecting duct for a group of nephrons that drain into that duct

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35
Q

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The glumerulus consists of 10 to 20 capillary loops surrounded by a double layered epithelial cup called what?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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36
Q

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Which renal process occurs in the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerular filtration

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37
Q

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The glomerular capillaries are supplied by which vessels?

A

Afferent arteriole

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38
Q

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The glomerular capillaries are drained by which vessels?

A

Efferent arteriole

39
Q

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Which glomerular capillaries branches to form a new capillary network to supply the kidney tubules?

A

Efferent arteriole

40
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The site where the afferent and efferent arterioles penetrate and exit from the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule is called what?

A

Vascular pole

41
Q

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The site of the Bowman’s capsule where the proximal convoluted tubule begins is called what?

A

Urinary pole

42
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

What are the three main tubules that make up the nephron?

A

Proximal thick segment, thin segment/loop of Henle, distal thick segment

43
Q

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The proximal thick segment is made up of which tubules?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta) and proximal straight tubule (pars recta)

44
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The distal thick segment is made up of which tubules?

A

Distal straight tubule (pars recta) and distal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta)

45
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which part of the nephron connects to the collecting duct?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

46
Q

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The nephron plus collecting tubule is called what?

A

Uriniferous tubule

47
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The thick descending limb of the loop of Henle is also known as what?

A

Proximal straight tubule

48
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The proximal straight tubule is continuous downward with which part of the nephron?

A

Thin descending limb

49
Q

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The thin descending limb is continuous downward with which part of the nephron?

A

Thin ascending limb

50
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is also known as what?

A

Distal straight tubule

51
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Macula densa is found on which part of the nephron?

A

Distal straight tubule

52
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which parts of the nephron make up the loop of Henle?

A

Proximal straight tubule (thick descending limb), thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb)

53
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Most basic structure of the kidney found mostly in:

A. Renal Capsule
B. Renal Cortex 
C. Renal Column
D. Renal Pyramid
E. Renal Pelvis
A

B

54
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

At what level is are the kidneys located?

A. T 11 to L4
B. T12 to L5
C. T11 to L3
D. L1 to L5

A

C

55
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which is false?

A. On the frontal plane, the renal axis is directed downward and outward.
B. The kidneys lie parallel to the lateral borders of the psoas muscles on either side.
C. On the lateral plane, the renal axis is directed downward and anteriorly.
D. On the lateral plane, the renal lower pole is 2-3 cm more posterior than the upper pole.

A

D

56
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which anatomical structure is not usually seen in a plain x-ray of the abdomen?

a. stomach
b. psoas
c. ureter
d. bladder

A

C

57
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which of the ff. does not describe perirenal fascia?

a. Encloses perirenal fat
b. Known as Gerota’s fascia
c. Anchors kidney to surrounding structures and wall of abdomen
d. Innermost of 3 tissue layers surrounding the kidneys

A

D

58
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

What is true of the efferent arteriole

a. It branches into the glomerular capillary
b. It contains mechanoreceptors sensitive to BP
c. It branches into the peritubular capillary
d. It absorbs solutes from intestinal fluid

A

C

59
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which correctly describes the kidney

a. It is located in the zone 1 of the retroperitoneum
b. It is almost parallel to the vertebral column
c. It is primarily a retroperitoneal organ
d. It is fixed in place by renal vessels and renal fascia
e. It measure 10x1x5 cm

A

C

60
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The outline to the renal shadows are visible on the plain film of abdomen because of:

a. Low density of peri-renal fat capsule
b. Uptake of contrast by the kidney
c. Low soft tissue density of the psoas
d. Surrounding bowel gas

A

A

61
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

A patient needs to remove one of his kidneys. During surgery the spleen is carefully lifted. What abdominal organ will be injured?

a. Pancreas
b. Spleen
c. Ovary
d. Stomach
e. Left colic flexure

A

E

62
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

You have a patient with a stab wound at the right flank, with depth just enough to lacerate the dorsal convex border of the kidney. Assuming the kidney bled slowly, in what direction would blood preferentially dissect in the retroperitoneum?

A. Anteriorly towards peritoneal cavity
B. Posterior into fascia of Zuckerland
C. Laterally towards lateral abdominal wall fascia
D. Medially towards midline
E. Superiorly towards hepatorenal fascia and subdiaphragmatic area

A

D

63
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Reabsorbed electrolytes from PCT go back to circulation through

A. vasa recta
B. arcuate arteries
C. peritubular capillaries
D. arcuate veins
E. all of the above
A

C

64
Q

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Region of the kidney with the least blood supply

A. cortex
B. outer medulla
C. papilla
D. renal columns
E. NOTA
A

C

65
Q

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Which of the following is true for the collecting duct?

A. There are 2 cell types: principal cell and dark staining intercalated cell.
B. It is lined mostly by intercalated cells that regulate sodium reabsorption.
C. It has aquaporin 3 responsible for urea reabsorption due to solvent drag.
D. It is affected by SIADH, which presents inappropriately low vasopressin levels, causing water retention.

A

A

66
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The Brush Border Microvilli in the apical membrane is a distinct characteristic of:

A. glomerulus
B. bowman's capsule
C. PCT
D. DCT
E. NOTA
A

C

67
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

You noticed a urine-like fluid leaking from the anterior abdominal wall of a child. You explain to the mother that an abdominal structure, the urachus, has persisted in her child. The leak can be seen at the:

A. Hypogastrium
B. Mons Pubis in Female
C. Umbilicus
D. Inguinal Area
E. Ventral Aspect of Genitalia
A

C

68
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which the following is not true of the kidney?

A. The superior pole can lie at as high as the 11th rib
B. The long axis of the kidneys are completely parallel with the vertebra
C. The width of the kidney is approximately half its length
D. It is a completely retroperitoneal organ
E. It is supplied by the renal artery which is an end artery

A

B

69
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

PCT:

A. Found at cortex and medulla
B. Reabsorbs using an osmotic gradient.
C. Generates osmotic gradient of the renal interstitium
D. Distinguishedfrom DCT by brush border
E. AOTA
A

D

70
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Fluids and solutes reabsorbed from the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are returned to the circulation via:

A. vasa recta
B. podocytes
C. peritubular capillaries
D. interlobular arteries
E. arcuate arteries
A

C

71
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which is not within the renal sinus?

A. Medullary pyramid
B. Branches of renal artery
C. Tributaries of renal vein
D. Renal collecting system

A

A

72
Q

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This statement describes a normal kidney.

A. The superior pole of the right kidney is palpable by bimanual examination,

B. Its lateral border is almost on the same plane horizontally as the medial border.

C. It has an average size of 10 X 5 X 2.5 with equal corticomedullary thickness on ultrasound.

D. Its immediate covering after the fibrous capsule is the perirenal fat layer.

E. It becomes retroperitoneal after it has migrated to the posterior abdominal wall.

A

D

73
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Dissection of extravasated blood from a lacerated kidney will seep through the perirenal fat before it contacts the Gerota’s fascia. There will be a preferential passage of the blood in this direction when the fascia remains intact.

A. medially across the midline to the other kidney
B. inferiorly towards the pelvis
C. laterally into the posterior abdominal wall
D. superiorly into the hapatorenal fossa

A

A

74
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The following layers of tissue surround each kidney EXCEPT

A. renal capsule
B. fibrous tissue
C. perirenal fat
D. perirenal fascia or Gerota’s fascia

A

B

75
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

A. renal corpuscle
B collecting tubule
C. Uriniferous tubule
D. juxtamedullary nephron

A

C

76
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule is believed to originate from:

A. mesoderm
B. metanephros
C. endoderm
D. glomerular basement membrane

A

B

77
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

The glomerular endothelium is negatively charged due to

A. podocalyxin
B. fibronectin
C. heparan sulphate
D. laminin

A

A

78
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which is/are true regarding mesangial cells?

A. contain actin and myosin
B. possess phagocytic functions
C. can contract and respond to angiotensin ll
D. all of the above

A

D

79
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which cell membrane structure of the apical membrane is found in proximal tubule cells but not in the cells of the other parts of the nephron?

A

Brush border

80
Q

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The collecting duct is composed of which two kinds of cells?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

81
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

What are the three types of nephrons based on the location of their renal corpuscles in the cortex?

A 
Subcapsular nephrons (cortical nephrons)
Juxtamedullary nephrons 
Intermediate nephrons (midcortical nephrons)
82
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which type of nephrons have their renal corpuscles located in the outer part of the cortex?

A

Subcapsular nephrons (cortical nephrons)

83
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which type of nephrons have their renal corpuscles in the midregion of the cortex?

A

Intermediate nephrons (midcortical nephrons)

84
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which type of nephrons have their renal corpuscles in proximity to the base of a medullary pyramid?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

85
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Long loops of Henle: cortical nephrons, juxamedullary nephrons or midcortical nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

86
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Short loops of Henle: cortical nephrons, juxamedullary nephrons or midcortical nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

87
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Loops of Henle of intermediate length : cortical nephrons, juxamedullary nephrons or midcortical nephrons?

A

Midcortical nephrons

88
Q

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The thin descending and thin ascending limbs of the loop of Henle are always located in which region of the kidney?

A

Medulla

89
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Component of the nephron with phagocytic properties

A. macula densa
B. JG cells
C. mesangial cells	
D. principal cells
E. intercalated cells
A

C

90
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

Which statement is false regarding the normal renal long axis orientation?

A. On the front plane the renal axis is oriented downward and outward.
B. The kidneys are parallel to the lateral border of the psoas muscle on either side.
C. In the lateral plane, the renal long axis is oriented downward and anteriorly.
D. In the lateral plane, the lower renal pole is 2 – 3 cm posterior to the upper pole.

A

D

91
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

transport of sodium facilitated by aldosterone

A. simple squamous epithelium
B. columnar epithelium
C. prominent brush border
D. numerous mitochondria

A

D

92
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

ADH dependent water reabsorption

A. simple squamous epithelium
B. columnar epithelium
C. prominent brush border
D. numerous mitochondria

A

B

93
Q

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glucose reabsorption

A. simple squamous epithelium
B. columnar epithelium
C. prominent brush border
D. numerous mitochondria

A

C

94
Q

COMPLETE SAMPLEX

diffusion of water

A. simple squamous epithelium
B. columnar epithelium
C. prominent brush border
D. numerous mitochondria

A

A

Renal (9 decks)

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