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Renal > Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What does voiding of the bladder mean?

A

Emptying the bladder of urine

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2
Q

What is the upper urinary tract and what is the lower urinary tract? Where are the kidneys and the proximal ureter located? What else is located here?

A

UUT- Kidneys and ureter
LUT- Bladder and urethra
Retroperitoneum
Aorta and IVC

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3
Q
  1. Name the three components of the renal hilum? Where is each structure located?
  2. Name the three muscles of the abdominal wall externally to internally that lie laterally to the kidneys.
  3. Name the 5 layers between the kidney and the peritoneum.
  4. What muscle lies posterior to the kidney and what lies medially?
A
  1. renal artery (posterior), renal vein (anterior), ureter (inferiorly)
  2. external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus
  3. Renal capsule- perinephric fat- renal fascia- paranephric fat- visceral peritoneum
  4. posterior- Quadratus lumborum
    medially- psoas major
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4
Q
  1. Where does the left kidney lie in relation to the vertebrae? What about the right kidney?
  2. Where do the ribs lie in relation to the kidneys?
  3. In which regions of the abdomen are the kidneys located?
A
  1. Left- T12, L1, L2
    Right- L1, L2, L3
  2. KIDNEYS ARE POSTERIOR TO RIB 11 AND 12
  3. Right and left lumbar regions
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5
Q
  1. What is the most dependant part (where fluid gathers when supine) of the peritoneal cavity?
  2. Where does the lymph from the kidneys and ureters drain?
  3. What is a bifid ureter?
A
  1. Hepatorenal recess
  2. Kidneys- lumbar lymph nodes, ureter- lumbar and iliac nodes
  3. Where someone has two ureters on one side
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6
Q

The kidneys consist of an outer _________ and an inner _______ which appear as striated renal _________. The collecting ducts of the nephrons drain into the minor ________ then into the ______ ______ then the ______ ______ and the ureter. There is a bottleneck between these called the _________ ______.

A 
Cortex
medulla
pyramids
calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
pelviureteric junction
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7
Q
  1. Identify the three sites of ureteric constriction
  2. What are the two types of ureter obstruction?
  3. How does the ureter respond to obstruction?
  4. What type of pain is associated with this?
  5. How might this cause kidney failure?
A
  1. Pelviureteric junction, ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery, ureteric orifice
  2. Internal and external obstruction
  3. Increased peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction in waves
  4. Colicky pain (pain that comes and goes) with each peristaltic contraction
  5. Back pressure of urine on the kidneys (hydronephrosis) Causes painful stretching of the renal capsule
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8
Q
  1. Which muscles make up the pelvic floor and are also called the pelvic diaphragm?
  2. What does the pelvic floor separate?
  3. Where are the ureters in relation to the peritoneum?
  4. Name the male peritoneal pouch between the rectum and the bladder.
  5. What is the most dependant pouch in the female?
A
  1. Levator Ani muscles
  2. The pelvic cavity from the perineum
  3. Sub-peritoneal
  4. Rectovesicle pouch (most dependant part of male peritoneal cavity when in the anatomical position)
  5. Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
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9
Q

In the male the ureter passes inferiorly to the _____ __________. In females the ureter passes inferior to the _______ _______ and the ________ ________.

A

Vas deferens
Uterine tubes
Uterine artery

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10
Q
  1. Name the opening in the floor of the bladder
  2. Name the triangular region between the orifices of the bladder
  3. Name the smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder
  4. During ejaculation what muscle contacts to prevent passage of semen to the bladder?
A
  1. Internal urethral orifice
  2. The trigone of the bladder
  3. Detrusor muscle
  4. Internal urethral orifice muscle (part of the detrusor muscle) It is not present in females
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11
Q
  1. What are the two routes of catheterising the bladder?
  2. How long is the urethra in males in comparison to females?
  3. What anatomical landmark follows the prostatic urethra? What is the urethra known as after this?
A
  1. Urethral and suprapubic
  2. 4cm females, 20cm males
  3. External Urethral sphincter (voluntary)
    spongy urethra
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12
Q
  1. Through what structure does the vas deferens pass anterior to the bladder?
  2. Name the two glands that lie between the rectum and the bladder in males?
  3. Name the 2 layered sac which surrounds the testis
  4. Name the condition when there is an excess of fluid in this sac
  5. What provides venous drainage of the testis?
  6. Into which veins do the left and right testicular veins drain?
A
  1. Inguinal canal
  2. seminal and prostate gland
  3. Tunica Vaginalis
  4. Hydrocele
  5. Pampiniform venous plexus
  6. Left- left renal vein
    right- IVC
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13
Q
  1. Name the connection between the seminal gland and the prostatic urethra.
  2. Which part of the prostate is felt during rectal examination?
  3. Name the three cylinders of erectile tissue found in the penis
  4. What arteries supply the penis?
A
  1. Ejaculatory duct
  2. Peripheral zones
  3. right and left corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum
  4. Deep artery of penis to internal pudendal to internal iliac. Scrotum supplied by internal and external iliac
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14
Q
  1. What part of the embryo makes up the kidneys?

2. Name three congenital bladder problems

A
  1. Intermediate mesoderm

2. Urachal fistula, Urachal cyst, Urachal sinus

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15
Q
  1. In what way does the kidney act as an endocrine gland?
  2. What tissue makes up the renal capsule?
  3. What are the two parts of the nephron?
A
  1. Secretes erythropoietin and renin
  2. connective tissue
  3. Renal corpuscle and the renal tubules
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16
Q

The glomerulus is originates from a _______ arteriole and ends in an ________ arteriole. It is enclosed in the __________ capsule. The capillary endothelium is __________ and the specialised epithelium that covers them is made up of epithelial cells called _________. There is a stalk in the centre of the glomerulus called the ____________ which is produced by ________ cells.

A 
afferent
efferent
fenestrated
podocytes
mesangium
mesangial cells
17
Q
  1. What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

2. In what two ways are the cells of the PCT modified for reabsorption?

A
  1. reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose.
  2. Many mitochondria, microvilli
18
Q
  1. What is the function of the loop of Henle?
  2. It consists of a thick and thin __________ and __________ limb with a hairpin turn
  3. What provides a blood supply to the loops of Henle?
A
  1. The creation of a hyperosmolar environment in the medulla
  2. Descending, Ascending
  3. Vasa recta
19
Q
  1. What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
  2. What hormone is responsible for the uptake of Na+ at this site?
  3. What do you call the ducts which empty into the minor calyx at the papillae?
A
  1. Acid-base balance and water balance
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Ducts of Bellini
20
Q
  1. What do you call the epithelium of the conducting parts of the urinary tract?
  2. What cells are found on the luminal surface?
A
  1. Transitional epithelium/ urothelium

2. Umbrella cells

21
Q
  1. Which nerves innervate the urethral sphincter?
  2. Which nerves convey sensory pain from the bladder, kidneys, ureters and testis?
  3. What about sensory information from the urethra?
A
  1. Somatic motor
  2. Visceral afferents
  3. Visceral afferent (proximal part) and somatic sensory (distal part)
22
Q
  1. From which spinal nerves does sympathetic outflow arise?
  2. Name the nerves which convey sympathetic innervation to the abdominal and pelvic organs
  3. From which level in the chain does the innervation of the kidneys, ureter and pelvic organs arise? Where do they synapse?
A
  1. T1-L2 Thoracolumbar outflow
  2. Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
  3. T10 to L2, the abdominal sympathetic ganglia
23
Q
  1. Which nerves originate from the sacral spine to provide parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic region?
  2. Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys and ureter?
  3. Which nerve conveys somatic nerves to the perineum?
A
  1. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
  2. Vagus nerve CNX
  3. Pudendal nerves
24
Q
  1. Where is pain from the ureter felt?
  2. Where is pain from the bladder felt?
  3. Where is pain from the kidney felt?
A
  1. Loin to groin
  2. Suprapubic region
  3. loin
25
Q

As the bladder fills this is sensed by stretch receptors connected to ______ _______ ________ fibres which relay this information to the CNS at ____, ____, and ____ spinal nerves. There is a reflex at this point which opens the internal sphincter muscle. However, we can inhibit this reflex as adults/potty trained. When appropriate to micturate ________ nerves stimulate the _________ muscle to contract and the ________ and __________ __________ ________ to relax. The abdominal wall muscles contract to increase abdominal pressure and force ______ out of the orifice

A 
Visceral afferent nerve
S2, S3, S4
parasympathetic
detrusor
internal
external urethral sphincters
urine

Renal (11 decks)

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