Anatomy

Question 1

what is the diencephalon and what connects it to the pituitary gland

Answer 1

thalamus and hypothalamus
forms central core cerebrum with connections to right and left cerebral hemispheres
infundibulum

Question 2

what is the anterior pituitary called, what is it split into and what is it responsible for

Answer 2

adenohypophysis 
pars distalis - distal
pars tuberalis - next to infundibulum 
pars intermedia - next to post lobe 
synthesis of most pituitary hormones

Question 3

what is the posterior pituitary called, what is its part called and what does it release

Answer 3

neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
ADH and oxytocin
nervous stimulation from hypothalamus

Question 4

where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 4

pituitary fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 5

what is the sella turcica

Answer 5

depression in sphenoid bone with raised anterior and posterior
depression is called pituitary fossa

Question 6

what cranial nerves does the pituitary gland sit next to

Answer 6

oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
opthalmic/maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
abducent nerve

Question 7

what is the visual field

Answer 7

field that someone can see in one eye

Question 8

what is the optic chiasma

Answer 8

formation and crossover of the right and left optic nerve

Question 9

describe passage of light perception from temporal field light

Answer 9

light entering eye laterally is picked up on medial side of retina
passes to optic nerve and crosses over optic chiasma
passes into optic tract and synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex

Question 10

describe passage of light perception from nasal field light

Answer 10

light entering medially is picked up on lateral side of retina
passes to optic nerve and passes through optic chiasma without crossing
passes to optic tract and then synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex

Question 11

describe how a pituitary tumour may cause vision disturbance and what is this condition called?

Answer 11

swelling causes midline compression in optic chiasma leading to temporal visual field disturbance
bilateral blindness in temporal visual field is called bitemporal hemianopia

Question 12

what is the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary fossa

Answer 12

through nasal cavity and through nasal wall and sphenous sinus

Question 13

what is the transcranial approach to pituitary fossa

Answer 13

through frontal bone and under frontal lobe

Question 14

what sinuses does the frontal bone make up

Answer 14

frontal sinuses

Question 15

what sinuses does the maxillae make up

Answer 15

maxillary sinuses

Question 16

what sinuses does the ethmoid make up

Answer 16

ethmoid air cells - 3 groups each side between nasal cavity an orbit

Question 17

what sinus does the sphenoid make up and where does it sit relative to pituitary gland

Answer 17

sphenoid sinuses

anteroinferior

Question 18

what are the sinuses of the facial bones lined with

Answer 18

mucus secreting respiratory epithelia

Question 19

what is the diaphragmatic sellae

Answer 19

tough dura mater forming roof over pituitary fossa, immediately superior to pituitary gland

Question 20

what is tentorium cerebelli

Answer 20

dura mater tenting over the cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa with central gap for brainstem to pass

Question 21

what are the dural venous sinuses and what ones surround the pituitary gland

Answer 21

folds of dura mater draining venous blood from cranial cavity to internal jugular veins
anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses and left and right cavernous sinus

Question 22

what cranial nerve number is, optic chiasma (nerve) what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 22

II
conducts APs form nasal retinae
bitemporal hemianopia

Question 23

what cranial nerve number is oculomotor nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 23

III
motor to muscles that move globe
parasympathetic to constrictor iris
eye movement deficit and dilated pupil

Question 24

what cranial nerve number is trochlear nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 24

IV
motor one muscle moving globe
difficulty looking inferior and lateral

Question 25

what cranial nerve number is trigeminal nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 25

V sensory to most of face and motor to muscles of mastication paraesthesia of face and difficulty masticating

Question 26

what cranial nerve number is abducent nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 26

VI motor to one muscle supplying globe difficulty abducting eye

Question 27

dura mater - what is its function and functional deficit

Answer 27

protecting structures of cranial cavity | CSF leak

Question 28

cavernous sinus - what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 28

drains venous blood | venous haemorrhage

Question 29

internal carotid - what is its function and functional deficit?

Answer 29

supplies arterial blood to brain and orbit | massive catastrophic haemorrhage

Question 30

what forms the anterior triangle of neck

Answer 30

sternal head | anterior border of SCM

Question 31

what forms the posterior triangle of neck

Answer 31

clavicular head posterior border of SCM anterior border trapezius

Question 32

what nerve supplies SCM and trapezius

Answer 32

spinal accessory nerve | XI

Question 33

what are the attachments of SCM

Answer 33

mastoid process of temporal bone | sternum and clavicle

Question 34

name the layers of the neck

Answer 34

``` skin superficial cutaneous fascia investing fascia pretracheal fascia carotid sheath prevertebral fascia ```

Question 35

what is located in the superficial cutaneous fascia and what is its innervation

Answer 35

platysma | facial nerve - VII

Question 36

what is investing fascia and what muscles are found in it

Answer 36

fascia enclosing all other neck compartments as well as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Question 37

what is located in prevertebral fascia and what is it deep to where is it located

Answer 37

deep to investing fascia contains postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae posterior neck

Question 38

what is located in pretracheal fascia and what is it deep to where is it located

Answer 38

``` deep to investing fascia anterior neck thyroid strap muscles recurrent laryngeal nerves trachea oesophagus ```

Question 39

where are the carotid sheaths located, what are they deep to and located next to what is the attachments of the sheath and what is enclosed

Answer 39

anterolateral neck deep to investing fascia and posterolateral to thyroid gland superior attachment to carotid canal and jugular formen and merges with mediastinal fascia inferior deep cervical lymph nodes vagus nerve common carotid (internal carotid sup) internal jugular vein

Question 40

what is the retrophryngeal space

Answer 40

space behind pharynx extending down to mediastinum and clinically relevant in infection

Question 41

anatomical name for the strap muscles and name them

Answer 41

infrahyoid muscles | sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

Question 42

what is unique about omohyoid to the other strap muscles

Answer 42

superior and inferior belly separated by fascial sling attaching the intermediate tendon of muscle to clavicle

Question 43

what is the thyroid gland made up of

Answer 43

2 lateral lobes and isthmus

Question 44

what do the thyroid lobes attach to and where is the isthmus

Answer 44

lateral aspect thyroid and cricoid cartilages and to trachea anterior to 2/3 tracheal cartilages

Question 45

what is the pyramidal lob, where is it commonly from

Answer 45

remnant of thyroglossal duct most common from left lateral lobe, not always connected to gland

Question 46

anatomic relations of the thyroid

Answer 46

lateral to trachea anterior to oesophagus carotid sheath and vagus nerve are lateral recurrent laryngeal nerves are posterolateral

Question 47

what are the parathyroid glands

Answer 47

4 glands on posterior surfaces of thyroid gland lateral lobes

Question 48

describe embryology of the thyroid gland

Answer 48

midine epithelial proliferation between ant 2/3 and post 1/3 tongue junction migrates inferior to hyoid and larynx with attachment to thyroglossal duct

Question 49

when does the thyroid gland reach its final position in embryology

Answer 49

7 weeks

Question 50

where may you see a thyroglossal duct cyst or ectopic thyroid tissue?

Answer 50

anywhere in the thyroid migration pathway

Question 51

arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?

Answer 51

superior thyroid artery from external carotid | inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk, branch of subclavian

Question 52

venous drainage of the thyroid?

Answer 52

superior and middle thyroid veins drain to internal jugular to brachiocephalic veins and inferior thyroid drains straight to brachiocephalic, merging with other to form SVC

Question 53

describe lymphatic drainage of the thyroid

Answer 53

superior drainage to pre-laryngeal and to deep cervical lateral to inferior deep cervical inferior to pretracheal or paratracheal

Question 54

true/false - right upper body quadrant lymph joins thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle

Answer 54

false - it joins right thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle. the thoracic duct is for all other body quadrants

Question 55

what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

Answer 55

aorta by ligamentum arteriosum

Question 56

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

Answer 56

subclavian artery

Question 57

unilateral damage to recurrent laryngeal causes?

Answer 57

hoarseness, weak voice, weak cough

Question 58

bilateral damage to recurent laryngeal nerve causes?

Answer 58

aphonia, inability to close rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or produce good cough

Question 59

describe the path of the vagus nerve

Answer 59

medulla oblongata to exit by jugular foramen in carotid sheath. right vagus descends lateral to trachea and left on left aortic arch, behind hila and around oesophagus as oesophageal plexus where they descend through diaphragm divide on terminal organs, stomach and abdomen to distal end transverse colon around splenic flexure