Anatomy Flashcards
what is the diencephalon and what connects it to the pituitary gland
thalamus and hypothalamus
forms central core cerebrum with connections to right and left cerebral hemispheres
infundibulum
what is the anterior pituitary called, what is it split into and what is it responsible for
adenohypophysis pars distalis - distal pars tuberalis - next to infundibulum pars intermedia - next to post lobe synthesis of most pituitary hormones
what is the posterior pituitary called, what is its part called and what does it release
neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
ADH and oxytocin
nervous stimulation from hypothalamus
where is the pituitary gland located
pituitary fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone
what is the sella turcica
depression in sphenoid bone with raised anterior and posterior
depression is called pituitary fossa
what cranial nerves does the pituitary gland sit next to
oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
opthalmic/maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
abducent nerve
what is the visual field
field that someone can see in one eye
what is the optic chiasma
formation and crossover of the right and left optic nerve
describe passage of light perception from temporal field light
light entering eye laterally is picked up on medial side of retina
passes to optic nerve and crosses over optic chiasma
passes into optic tract and synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex
describe passage of light perception from nasal field light
light entering medially is picked up on lateral side of retina
passes to optic nerve and passes through optic chiasma without crossing
passes to optic tract and then synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex
describe how a pituitary tumour may cause vision disturbance and what is this condition called?
swelling causes midline compression in optic chiasma leading to temporal visual field disturbance
bilateral blindness in temporal visual field is called bitemporal hemianopia
what is the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary fossa
through nasal cavity and through nasal wall and sphenous sinus
what is the transcranial approach to pituitary fossa
through frontal bone and under frontal lobe
what sinuses does the frontal bone make up
frontal sinuses
what sinuses does the maxillae make up
maxillary sinuses
what sinuses does the ethmoid make up
ethmoid air cells - 3 groups each side between nasal cavity an orbit
what sinus does the sphenoid make up and where does it sit relative to pituitary gland
sphenoid sinuses
anteroinferior
what are the sinuses of the facial bones lined with
mucus secreting respiratory epithelia
what is the diaphragmatic sellae
tough dura mater forming roof over pituitary fossa, immediately superior to pituitary gland
what is tentorium cerebelli
dura mater tenting over the cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa with central gap for brainstem to pass
what are the dural venous sinuses and what ones surround the pituitary gland
folds of dura mater draining venous blood from cranial cavity to internal jugular veins
anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses and left and right cavernous sinus
what cranial nerve number is, optic chiasma (nerve) what is its function and functional deficit?
II
conducts APs form nasal retinae
bitemporal hemianopia
what cranial nerve number is oculomotor nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?
III
motor to muscles that move globe
parasympathetic to constrictor iris
eye movement deficit and dilated pupil
what cranial nerve number is trochlear nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?
IV
motor one muscle moving globe
difficulty looking inferior and lateral
what cranial nerve number is trigeminal nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?
V
sensory to most of face and motor to muscles of mastication
paraesthesia of face and difficulty masticating
what cranial nerve number is abducent nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?
VI
motor to one muscle supplying globe
difficulty abducting eye
dura mater - what is its function and functional deficit
protecting structures of cranial cavity
CSF leak
cavernous sinus - what is its function and functional deficit?
drains venous blood
venous haemorrhage
internal carotid - what is its function and functional deficit?
supplies arterial blood to brain and orbit
massive catastrophic haemorrhage
what forms the anterior triangle of neck
sternal head
anterior border of SCM
what forms the posterior triangle of neck
clavicular head
posterior border of SCM
anterior border trapezius
what nerve supplies SCM and trapezius
spinal accessory nerve
XI
what are the attachments of SCM
mastoid process of temporal bone
sternum and clavicle
name the layers of the neck
skin superficial cutaneous fascia investing fascia pretracheal fascia carotid sheath prevertebral fascia
what is located in the superficial cutaneous fascia and what is its innervation
platysma
facial nerve - VII
what is investing fascia and what muscles are found in it
fascia enclosing all other neck compartments as well as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
what is located in prevertebral fascia and what is it deep to
where is it located
deep to investing fascia
contains postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae
posterior neck
what is located in pretracheal fascia and what is it deep to
where is it located
deep to investing fascia anterior neck thyroid strap muscles recurrent laryngeal nerves trachea oesophagus
where are the carotid sheaths located, what are they deep to and located next to
what is the attachments of the sheath and what is enclosed
anterolateral neck
deep to investing fascia and posterolateral to thyroid gland
superior attachment to carotid canal and jugular formen and merges with mediastinal fascia inferior
deep cervical lymph nodes
vagus nerve
common carotid (internal carotid sup)
internal jugular vein
what is the retrophryngeal space
space behind pharynx extending down to mediastinum and clinically relevant in infection
anatomical name for the strap muscles and name them
infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
what is unique about omohyoid to the other strap muscles
superior and inferior belly separated by fascial sling attaching the intermediate tendon of muscle to clavicle
what is the thyroid gland made up of
2 lateral lobes and isthmus
what do the thyroid lobes attach to and where is the isthmus
lateral aspect thyroid and cricoid cartilages and to trachea
anterior to 2/3 tracheal cartilages
what is the pyramidal lob, where is it commonly from
remnant of thyroglossal duct most common from left lateral lobe, not always connected to gland
anatomic relations of the thyroid
lateral to trachea
anterior to oesophagus
carotid sheath and vagus nerve are lateral
recurrent laryngeal nerves are posterolateral
what are the parathyroid glands
4 glands on posterior surfaces of thyroid gland lateral lobes
describe embryology of the thyroid gland
midine epithelial proliferation between ant 2/3 and post 1/3 tongue junction
migrates inferior to hyoid and larynx with attachment to thyroglossal duct
when does the thyroid gland reach its final position in embryology
7 weeks
where may you see a thyroglossal duct cyst or ectopic thyroid tissue?
anywhere in the thyroid migration pathway
arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?
superior thyroid artery from external carotid
inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk, branch of subclavian
venous drainage of the thyroid?
superior and middle thyroid veins drain to internal jugular to brachiocephalic veins and inferior thyroid drains straight to brachiocephalic, merging with other to form SVC
describe lymphatic drainage of the thyroid
superior drainage to pre-laryngeal and to deep cervical
lateral to inferior deep cervical
inferior to pretracheal or paratracheal
true/false - right upper body quadrant lymph joins thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle
false - it joins right thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle. the thoracic duct is for all other body quadrants
what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under
aorta by ligamentum arteriosum
what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under
subclavian artery
unilateral damage to recurrent laryngeal causes?
hoarseness, weak voice, weak cough
bilateral damage to recurent laryngeal nerve causes?
aphonia, inability to close rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or produce good cough
describe the path of the vagus nerve
medulla oblongata to exit by jugular foramen in carotid sheath. right vagus descends lateral to trachea and left on left aortic arch, behind hila and around oesophagus as oesophageal plexus where they descend through diaphragm
divide on terminal organs, stomach and abdomen to distal end transverse colon around splenic flexure
