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MB2: Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diencephalon and what connects it to the pituitary gland

A

thalamus and hypothalamus
forms central core cerebrum with connections to right and left cerebral hemispheres
infundibulum

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2
Q

what is the anterior pituitary called, what is it split into and what is it responsible for

A 
adenohypophysis 
pars distalis - distal
pars tuberalis - next to infundibulum 
pars intermedia - next to post lobe 
synthesis of most pituitary hormones
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3
Q

what is the posterior pituitary called, what is its part called and what does it release

A

neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
ADH and oxytocin
nervous stimulation from hypothalamus

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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

pituitary fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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5
Q

what is the sella turcica

A

depression in sphenoid bone with raised anterior and posterior
depression is called pituitary fossa

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6
Q

what cranial nerves does the pituitary gland sit next to

A

oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
opthalmic/maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
abducent nerve

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7
Q

what is the visual field

A

field that someone can see in one eye

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8
Q

what is the optic chiasma

A

formation and crossover of the right and left optic nerve

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9
Q

describe passage of light perception from temporal field light

A

light entering eye laterally is picked up on medial side of retina
passes to optic nerve and crosses over optic chiasma
passes into optic tract and synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex

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10
Q

describe passage of light perception from nasal field light

A

light entering medially is picked up on lateral side of retina
passes to optic nerve and passes through optic chiasma without crossing
passes to optic tract and then synapses to optic radiation to enter visual cortex

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11
Q

describe how a pituitary tumour may cause vision disturbance and what is this condition called?

A

swelling causes midline compression in optic chiasma leading to temporal visual field disturbance
bilateral blindness in temporal visual field is called bitemporal hemianopia

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12
Q

what is the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary fossa

A

through nasal cavity and through nasal wall and sphenous sinus

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13
Q

what is the transcranial approach to pituitary fossa

A

through frontal bone and under frontal lobe

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14
Q

what sinuses does the frontal bone make up

A

frontal sinuses

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15
Q

what sinuses does the maxillae make up

A

maxillary sinuses

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16
Q

what sinuses does the ethmoid make up

A

ethmoid air cells - 3 groups each side between nasal cavity an orbit

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17
Q

what sinus does the sphenoid make up and where does it sit relative to pituitary gland

A

sphenoid sinuses

anteroinferior

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18
Q

what are the sinuses of the facial bones lined with

A

mucus secreting respiratory epithelia

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19
Q

what is the diaphragmatic sellae

A

tough dura mater forming roof over pituitary fossa, immediately superior to pituitary gland

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20
Q

what is tentorium cerebelli

A

dura mater tenting over the cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa with central gap for brainstem to pass

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21
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses and what ones surround the pituitary gland

A

folds of dura mater draining venous blood from cranial cavity to internal jugular veins
anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses and left and right cavernous sinus

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22
Q

what cranial nerve number is, optic chiasma (nerve) what is its function and functional deficit?

A

II
conducts APs form nasal retinae
bitemporal hemianopia

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23
Q

what cranial nerve number is oculomotor nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

A

III
motor to muscles that move globe
parasympathetic to constrictor iris
eye movement deficit and dilated pupil

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24
Q

what cranial nerve number is trochlear nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

A

IV
motor one muscle moving globe
difficulty looking inferior and lateral

25
Q

what cranial nerve number is trigeminal nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

A

V
sensory to most of face and motor to muscles of mastication
paraesthesia of face and difficulty masticating

26
Q

what cranial nerve number is abducent nerve, what is its function and functional deficit?

A

VI
motor to one muscle supplying globe
difficulty abducting eye

27
Q

dura mater - what is its function and functional deficit

A

protecting structures of cranial cavity

CSF leak

28
Q

cavernous sinus - what is its function and functional deficit?

A

drains venous blood

venous haemorrhage

29
Q

internal carotid - what is its function and functional deficit?

A

supplies arterial blood to brain and orbit

massive catastrophic haemorrhage

30
Q

what forms the anterior triangle of neck

A

sternal head

anterior border of SCM

31
Q

what forms the posterior triangle of neck

A

clavicular head
posterior border of SCM
anterior border trapezius

32
Q

what nerve supplies SCM and trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve

XI

33
Q

what are the attachments of SCM

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

sternum and clavicle

34
Q

name the layers of the neck

A 
skin 
superficial cutaneous fascia 
investing fascia 
pretracheal fascia 
carotid sheath 
prevertebral fascia
35
Q

what is located in the superficial cutaneous fascia and what is its innervation

A

platysma

facial nerve - VII

36
Q

what is investing fascia and what muscles are found in it

A

fascia enclosing all other neck compartments as well as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

37
Q

what is located in prevertebral fascia and what is it deep to
where is it located

A

deep to investing fascia
contains postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae
posterior neck

38
Q

what is located in pretracheal fascia and what is it deep to
where is it located

A 
deep to investing fascia 
anterior neck 
thyroid 
strap muscles 
recurrent laryngeal nerves 
trachea 
oesophagus
39
Q

where are the carotid sheaths located, what are they deep to and located next to
what is the attachments of the sheath and what is enclosed

A

anterolateral neck
deep to investing fascia and posterolateral to thyroid gland
superior attachment to carotid canal and jugular formen and merges with mediastinal fascia inferior
deep cervical lymph nodes
vagus nerve
common carotid (internal carotid sup)
internal jugular vein

40
Q

what is the retrophryngeal space

A

space behind pharynx extending down to mediastinum and clinically relevant in infection

41
Q

anatomical name for the strap muscles and name them

A

infrahyoid muscles

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

42
Q

what is unique about omohyoid to the other strap muscles

A

superior and inferior belly separated by fascial sling attaching the intermediate tendon of muscle to clavicle

43
Q

what is the thyroid gland made up of

A

2 lateral lobes and isthmus

44
Q

what do the thyroid lobes attach to and where is the isthmus

A

lateral aspect thyroid and cricoid cartilages and to trachea
anterior to 2/3 tracheal cartilages

45
Q

what is the pyramidal lob, where is it commonly from

A

remnant of thyroglossal duct most common from left lateral lobe, not always connected to gland

46
Q

anatomic relations of the thyroid

A

lateral to trachea
anterior to oesophagus
carotid sheath and vagus nerve are lateral
recurrent laryngeal nerves are posterolateral

47
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

4 glands on posterior surfaces of thyroid gland lateral lobes

48
Q

describe embryology of the thyroid gland

A

midine epithelial proliferation between ant 2/3 and post 1/3 tongue junction
migrates inferior to hyoid and larynx with attachment to thyroglossal duct

49
Q

when does the thyroid gland reach its final position in embryology

A

7 weeks

50
Q

where may you see a thyroglossal duct cyst or ectopic thyroid tissue?

A

anywhere in the thyroid migration pathway

51
Q

arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid artery from external carotid

inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk, branch of subclavian

52
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid?

A

superior and middle thyroid veins drain to internal jugular to brachiocephalic veins and inferior thyroid drains straight to brachiocephalic, merging with other to form SVC

53
Q

describe lymphatic drainage of the thyroid

A

superior drainage to pre-laryngeal and to deep cervical
lateral to inferior deep cervical
inferior to pretracheal or paratracheal

54
Q

true/false - right upper body quadrant lymph joins thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle

A

false - it joins right thoracic duct to drain in right venous angle. the thoracic duct is for all other body quadrants

55
Q

what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

A

aorta by ligamentum arteriosum

56
Q

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

A

subclavian artery

57
Q

unilateral damage to recurrent laryngeal causes?

A

hoarseness, weak voice, weak cough

58
Q

bilateral damage to recurent laryngeal nerve causes?

A

aphonia, inability to close rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or produce good cough

59
Q

describe the path of the vagus nerve

A

medulla oblongata to exit by jugular foramen in carotid sheath. right vagus descends lateral to trachea and left on left aortic arch, behind hila and around oesophagus as oesophageal plexus where they descend through diaphragm
divide on terminal organs, stomach and abdomen to distal end transverse colon around splenic flexure

MB2: Endocrinology (13 decks)

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