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Medicine Gastrointestinal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The alimentary canal is a series of hollow organs running from the mouth to anus

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2
Q

Oral vs aboral directions

A

Oral - towards mouth, aboral - away from mouth

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3
Q

Structures of the alimentary canal

A

Mouth and oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

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4
Q

Function of the mouth and oropharynx

A

Chops and lubricates food, stars carbohydrate digestion, delivers food to oesophagus

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5
Q

Function of the oesophagus

A

Propels food to the stomach by peristalsis

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6
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Stores/churns food, continues carbohydrate digestion, initiates protein digestion, regulates delivery of chyme to duodenum

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7
Q

What makes up the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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8
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Principal site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

What makes up the large intestine?

A

Caecum, colon

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10
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Colon reabsorbs fluids and electrolytes, stores faecal matter before delivery to the rectum

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11
Q

Function of the rectum and anus

A

Regulated expulsion of faeces

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12
Q

Accessory structures to the alimentary canal

A

Salivary gland, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

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13
Q

Structure of the digestive tract wall

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular externa, serosa

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14
Q

Layers of the mucosa

A
  • Mucous membrane (epithelial, exocrine gland and endocrine gland cells)
  • Lamina propria (capillaries, enteric neurones, gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
  • Muscularis mucosae
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15
Q

Layers of the submucosa

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Larger blood and lymph vessels
  • Glands
  • Submucous plexus
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16
Q

Layers of the muscular externa

A
  • Circular muscle layer
  • Myenteric plexus
  • Longitudinal muscle layer
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17
Q

What does the myenteric plexus produce?

A

Lubricant fluid

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18
Q

What is the serosa made from?

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

Major functions of the alimentary canal

A

Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

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20
Q

What is motility?

A

Mechanical activity mostly involving smooth muscle (skeletal at mouth, pharynx, upper oesophagus and external anal sphincter)

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21
Q

What is secretion required for?

A

Digestion, protection and lubrication

22
Q

What is digestion?

A

Chemical breakdown by enzymatic hydrolysis of complex foodstuffs to smaller, absorbable units

23
Q

What is absorption?

A

Transfer of the absorbable products of digestion (with water, electrolytes and vitamins) from the digestive tract to the blood or lymph

24
Q

What happens in circular muscle contraction?

A

Lumen becomes narrower and longer

25
Q

What happens in longitudinal muscle contraction?

A

Intestine becomes shorter and fatter

26
Q

What happens in muscularis mucosae contraction?

A

Change in absorptive and secretory area of mucosa, mixing activity

27
Q

What does muscular mucosae contraction ensure?

A

Ensures products for digestion in contact with the epithelium are thoroughly mixed

28
Q

What is smooth muscle in the GI tract coupled by?

A

Gap junctions

29
Q

What is spontaneous activity across coupled cells in the GI tract driven by and modulated by?

A

Driven by specialised pacemaker cells

Modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic nerves and numerous hormones

30
Q

In the stomach, small and large intestine, what does spontaneous electrical activity occur as?

A

Very slow waves, rhythmic patterns of membrane depolarisation and repolarisation that spread from cell to cell via gap junctions

31
Q

What is slow wave electrical activity driven by?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

32
Q

Where are interstitial cells of Cajal located?

A

Pacemaker cells located largely between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

33
Q

Excitatory influences of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract

A

Increased gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal secretion, blood flow and smooth muscle contraction

34
Q

Inhibitory influences of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract

A

Relaxation of some sphincters, receptive relaxation of stomach

35
Q

Excitatory influence of the sympathetic innervation of the GI tract

A

Increased sphincter tone

36
Q

Inhibitory influences of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract

A

Decreased motility, secretion and blood flow

37
Q

What does the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus regulate?

A

Motility and sphincters

38
Q

What does the submucous (Meissner’s) plexus modulate?

A

Epithelia and blood vessels

39
Q

How does the enteric nervous system co-ordinate muscular, secretive and absorptive activities?

A

According to sensory neurones, interneurons, effector neurones

40
Q

Peristalsis:

  • What is it?
  • What is it triggered by?
  • What neurones coordinate the activity?
A
  • A wave of relaxation, followed by contraction that normally proceeds a short distance along the gut in an aboral direction
  • Distention of the gut wall
  • Interneurones
41
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mix and divide luminal contents

42
Q

Where does segmentation occur?

A

Small intestine and large intestine

43
Q

Colonic mass movement

A

Powerful sweeping contraction that forces faeces into the rectum – occurs a few times a day

44
Q

Migrating motor complex

A

Powerful sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum

45
Q

6 sphincters in the GI tract

A 
Upper oesophageal sphincter
Lower oesophageal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Ileocaecal valve
Internal sphincter
External sphincter
46
Q

Upper oesophageal sphincter:

  • What type of muscle is it comprised of?
  • What does it relax to allow?
  • When does it close?
A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Swallowing
  • Closes during inspiration
47
Q

Lower oesophageal sphincter:

  • What does it relax to allow?
  • Why does it close?
A
  • Permit entry of food to stomach

- To prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus

48
Q

Pyloric sphincter:

  • What does it do?
  • What does it usually prevent?
A
  • Regulates gastric emptying

- Duodenal gastric reflux

49
Q

Ileocaecal valve:

- What does it do?

A

Regulates flow from ileum to caecum

50
Q

Internal and external sphincters:

  • What type of muscle makes up internal?
  • What type of muscle makes up external?
  • What are they regulated by?
A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Defecation reflex

Medicine Gastrointestinal (24 decks)

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