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Neuroscience > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, control of muscles, interpreting what happens inside/outside.

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4
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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5
Q

Describe anatomy of the cerebellum?

A
  • There are two hemispheres (right and left) which is separated by the vermis and two lobes (anterior and posterior).
  • Surface folds are known as folia.
  • Contains gray matter and white matter.
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6
Q

What structures are present in gray matter of cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebellar Cortex

- Cerebellar Nuclei

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7
Q

What structures are present in white matter of cerebellum?

A

Superior, inferior, middle cerebellar peduncles

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8
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum and has thin sheets of neurons.

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9
Q

What are the types of cerebral cortex?

A
  • Neocortex: more than 6 cell layers

- Allocortex: less than 6 cell layers

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10
Q

What is the anatomy of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Outer surface is ridge/bump called a gyrus.
  • Precentral gyrus (before) and post central gyrus (after).
  • Shallow groove/depression known as sulcus
  • One sulcus is central sulcus
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11
Q

What are the 3 ways to identify areas of the brain?

A

1) Anatomy
2) Brodmann’s Map
3) Function
- Motor (movement)
- Sensory (senses)
- Association areas

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12
Q

What are areas of the cerebellum that can’t be seen from the surface?

A

Insula (deep in lateral tissue) and cingulate gyrus (deep in the longitudinal fissure).

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13
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A
  • Corpus callous connects left and right cerebral hemisphere
  • Large bundle neural fibres (axons)
  • Information bridge for communication between L and R sides
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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cerebrum?

A
  • Longitudinal fissure
  • Anterior commissure
  • Internal capsule
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15
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A
  • Masses of gray matter deep within the brain.

- Large bundles of axons around= called basal ganglia

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16
Q

What are the 4 parts of the basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Both called Striatum*
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Subthalamus Nucleus
  • Both called Lentiform Nuclei*`
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17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Functional grouping of structures located along the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon.
  • Involved in emotional states, linking conscious and unconscious thoughts and memory
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18
Q

What is the amyglada?

A
  • Acts as an interface between limbic system, cerebrum and sensory organs.
  • Important role in emotion.
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19
Q

Describe the ventricular system

A

Fluid filled cavities (ventricles) containing cerebrospinal fluid.

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20
Q

What are the 4 ventricles in the ventricular system?

A
  • 2 x lateral ventricles, 1 in L and R hemispheres
  • Interventricular Foramen*
  • Third ventricle within diencephalon
  • Cerebral Aqueduct*
  • Fourth ventricle between brainstem and cerebellum
  • Central Canal*
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21
Q

How does the cerebellum and cerebrum attach to brain stem?

A

-Via the cerebral peduncle and cerebellar peduncle

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22
Q

What are aspects of the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus: Relay and processing centres for sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: Controls emotion, autonomic functions, hormone production
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23
Q

What are 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla Oblongata

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24
Q

What is the midbrain?

A
  • Processes visual and auditory information.
  • Generates reflexive motor responses in somatic NS.
  • Maintains consciousness.
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25
Q

What is the pons?

A

Relays sensory of information to cerebellum and thalamus.

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26
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Relays sensory information to thalamus and brainstem,
  • Regulates organ systems
  • Maintain stable position of head and posture
27
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
I- Olfactory
II- Optic
III- Oculomotor
IV- Trochlear
V- Trigeminal 
VI- Abducens
VII- Facial
VIII- Vestibulocochlear 
IX- Glossopharyngeal
X- Vagus
XI- Accessory Nerve
XII- Hypoglossal
28
Q

What is the function of Olfactory Nerve?

A
  • Sensory*

- Smell

29
Q

What is the function of Optic Nerve?

A
  • Sensory*

- Vision

30
Q

What is the function of Oculomotor Nerve?

A
  • Motor*

- Eye movement

31
Q

What is the function of Trochlear Nerve?

A
  • Motor*

- Eye movement

32
Q

What is the function of Trigeminal Nerve?

A
  • Both*

- Jaw movement and face sensation

33
Q

What is the function of Abducens Nerve?

A
  • Motor*

- Eye movement

34
Q

What is the function of Facial Nerve?

A
  • Both*

- Facial expressions and taste on anterior tongue

35
Q

What is the function of Vestibulocochlear Nerve?

A

*Sensory

Balance, equilibrium and hearing

36
Q

What is the function of Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

A

Both
Controls throat muscles for swallowing, salivary glands (motor)
Taste on posterior tongue and monitors blood pressure (sensory)

37
Q

What is the function of Vagus Nerve?

A

Both
Controls organ function, respiratory muscles, throat muscles (motor).
Transmits sensory information from visceral organs (sensory).

38
Q

What is the function of Accessory Nerve?

A

Motor

Controls neck and upper back muscles

39
Q

What is the function of Hypoglossal Nerve?

A

Motor

Tongue movement

40
Q

How is the CNS protected by the spinal cord?

A
  • Lies within the vertebral column, specifically in the vertebral foramen. It is protected by the vertebral body and spinous process.
  • Arrangement provides protection for the spinal cord, as vertebral body protects from front and spinous process of each vertebrae protects from back.
41
Q

Describe arrangement of the spinal nerves

A

Enter and exit the spinal cord at side of each vertebra.

  • Cervical enlargement (arm nerves)
  • Lumbar enlargement (leg nerves)
42
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the spinal cord

A
  • Gray matter (cell bodies)

- White matter (axons); carries information from place to place.

43
Q

What are the protective structures of the spinal cord?

A

Meninges

  • 3 membranes visible within the outer edges of brain and spinal cord and protects CNS.
  • Dural folds support and stabilize the brain and large veins (sinus).
44
Q

What are the 3 meninges in the spinal cord?

A
  • Dura mater (inner)
  • Arachnoid membrane (middle)
  • Pia mater (outer)
45
Q

What are the spaces in-between the meninges called?

A
  • Subdural space

- Subarachnoid space

46
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Transports nutrients and

waste products, provides layer of cushioning around brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

Name the many functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Collection of nuclei in the diencephalon.
  • Behavioural drives
  • Control of circadian rhythm.
  • Adjust heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive function.
  • Coordination of autonomic and voluntary functions.
  • Subconscious control of skeletal muscle contraction
  • Hormone secretion.
  • Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine system.
48
Q

How does the hypothalamus coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine system?

A

1) Secretes regulatory hormones in anterior pituitary gland
2) Releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) via posterior pituitary gland
3) Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla

49
Q

What are the functions of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Controlled by hypothalamus

- Secretes 9 hormones: 7 produced in pituitary gland and 2 released by pituitary gland

50
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A
  • Secretes melatonin involved in circadian rhythm (sleep/wake)
  • Inhibits reproductive function.
51
Q

Name the major arteries of the brain?

A
  • Vertebral Artery: supplies blood to rest of brain

- Internal Carotid: supplies blood to anterior cerebrum

52
Q

What are the arteries in the Circle of Willis

A
  • Anterior Communicating Artery.
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery.
  • Posterior Communicating Artery.
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery.
53
Q

Name the major veins of the brain?

A
  • Internal jugular veins

- Vertebral veins (drains venous blood towards the heart)

54
Q

Describe the key structures in each spinal segment

A
  • 2 ventral and dorsal roots

- 2 spinal nerves

55
Q

What are the function of each key structures?

A
  • Sensory information enters CNS (afferent)

- Motor commands exiting CNS (efferent)

56
Q

What are aspects of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Skin
  • Joints
  • Transmit sensory information and motor commands
57
Q

What are the name of the 4 major plexuses

A

1) Cervical
2) Brachial
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral

58
Q

What is an example of peripheral nerve in cervical plexus?

59
Q

What is an example of peripheral nerve in brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous
Radial
Ulnar
Median

60
Q

What is an example of peripheral nerve in lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral

Saphenous

61
Q

What is an example of peripheral nerve in sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic

Tibial

62
Q

What are aspects of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands
  • Adipose tissue
63
Q

What are the anatomy and function of the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Branches from thoracic/lumbar spinal nerves
  • Fight, flight or fright
  • Increased HR & BP, glucose mobilisation
  • Decreased digestion
64
Q

What are the anatomy and function of the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
  • Pelvic nerves S2-S4
  • Rest and digest
  • Facilitates digestion, energy storage, group and immune response
  • Decreased HR and BP
  • Increased digestion

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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