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Y2 Past Paper Questions > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

Nasopharynx: above the soft palate and uvula from base of cranium
Oropharynx: Between soft palate and epiglottis
Laryngopharynx: Between laryngeal inlet and start of oesophagus/inferior cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

To prevent aspiration, what occurs at the nasopharynx/nasal cavity during swallowing?

A

Soft palate rises during swallowing to occlude entrance to nasal cavity.

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3
Q

To prevent aspiration, what occurs at the laryngophrynx/trachea during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis occludes the lower respiratory tract while swallowing.

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4
Q

Describe the afferent and efferent pathways involved in the cough reflex

A

Afferent: airway irritation sensed by C fibers detected by CN X –> Inspiration, closure by glottis, intrathoracic P rises

Efferent: Soft palate is raised against the pharynx, glottis is released and air leaves via mouth

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5
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Posterior margin of SCM, anterior margin of trapezius, middle third of clavicle

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6
Q

What cervical roots make up the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior - C56
Middle - C7
Inferior - C8T1

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7
Q

Where can you place a central line besides the IJV?

A

Subclavian vein, Femoral vein

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8
Q

List 2 uses of a central line

A

IV nutrition, medication delivery (vasopressors), hemodialysis, monitoring

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9
Q

List some risks of a central line.

A 
Infection
artery puncture
pneumothorax
haemothorax
nerve damage (brachial plexus)
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10
Q

Aside from the tibia and fibula what other bones articulate with the Talus

A

Calcaneus and navicular

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11
Q

Which two layers does CSF circulate between?

A

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

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12
Q

Which muscles attach at the ischial tuberosity and what are their functions?

A

Quadratus femoris - strong external rotator and adductor of the thigh

Adductor magnus - adduct and medially rotate the hip

Biceps femoris long head - flex knee, extend and laterally rotate the thigh

semitendinosus - flex knee, extend thigh, medial rotation

Semimembranosus -flex knee, extend thigh, medial rotation

Gemellus inferior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur

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13
Q

Which muscles attach at the gluteal tuberosity and what are their functions?

A

Gluteus maximus - extensor of hip, lateral stabilizer of hip joint, laterally rotates and abducts thigh

Vastus lateralis - extends knee

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14
Q

Which muscles attach at the lesser trochanter and what are their functions?

A

Iliopsoas - thigh flexor

Quadratus femoris - strong external rotator and adductor of the thigh

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15
Q

Which muscles attach at the greater trochanter and what are their functions?

A

Gluteus medius - abducts femur, holds pelvis secure over leg stance, prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking, medially rotates thigh

Gluteus minimus - abducts femur, holds pelvis secure over leg stance, prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking, medially rotates thigh

Obturator internis - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur

Piriformis - lateral rotation abducts flexed femur

Gemellus inferior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur

Gemellus superior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur

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16
Q

Ulnar nerve - root origin and innervation

A

C7 C8 T1

sensory to little finger and half of ring finger

motor to flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar side of FDP, hypothenar muscles, medial 2 lumbricals, adductor pollicis, interossei

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17
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve - root origin and innervation

A

C5 C6 C7

sensory (becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

motor to flexors of the ar m- biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis

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18
Q

Radial nerve - root origin and innervation

A

C5 C6 C7 C8 T1

sensory - lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm, dorsum of hand

motor - posterior compartment of arm and forearm

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19
Q

Median nerve - root origin and innervation

A

C6 C7 C8 T1

sensory lateral aspect of palm, palmar surface, lateral 3 and a half digits

motor - anterior forearm (except FCU and ulnar portion of FDP) + thenar muscles + lateral 2 lumbricals

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20
Q

Axillary nerve - root origin and innervation

A

C5 C6

sensory - lateral arm (regimental patch area)

motor - deltoid and teres major

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21
Q

what could be a consequence of damage to the pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery damage - extradural hematoma

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22
Q

What are the two movements that occur at the temporo-mandibular joint during depression of the mandible?

A

Hinge and glide

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23
Q

Which muscle initiates arm abduction?

A

supraspinatus

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24
Q

Which muscle of the upper back is innervated by a cranial nerve?

A

Trapezius

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25
Q

Which muscles depress the scapula?

A

Pec minor, trapezius, subclavius, lat dorsi

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26
Q

Which muscle of the upper back is innervated by the axillary nerve?

A

Teres minor

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27
Q

What is the consequence of cerebral aqueduct obstruction?

A

Hydrocephalus

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28
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint?

A

fibrous

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29
Q

What are the landmarks for the IJV for a central line?

A

triangle of sternal and clavicular heads of SCM and clavicle - aim needle at apex of triangle at 30 degree angle directed towards the nipple

(feel for carotid pulse and make sure you are lateral=

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30
Q

how can you distinguish between the IJV and common carotid on an ultrasound?

A

Arteries = pulsatile and circular

Vein = compressable, less circular

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31
Q

What would be the immediate effect of damage to the left hypoglossal nerve?

A

tongue deviation to the left on protrusion

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32
Q

Which muscle/nerve combination is involved in clenching of the mouth?

A

masseter + mandibular division of trigeminal

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33
Q

What part of the brachial plexus is the long thoracic nerve derived from?

A

Spinal roots C5 C6 C7

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34
Q

What components of the brachial plexus make up the musculocutaneous nerve

A

lateral cord

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35
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity?

A

nasolacrimal duct

36
Q

What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

37
Q

The secretomotor fibres of which cranial nerve innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

facial

38
Q

Which venous sinus drains directly into the internal jugular vein?

A

sigmoid sinus

39
Q

What nerve innervated gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve

40
Q

Following a shoulder dislocation, patient loses sensation on the superolateral arm. What nerve is likely to be affected?

A

axillary

41
Q

What artery is the obturator artery a branch of?

A

Internal iliac artery

42
Q

A woman with a slipped disc complains of pain down the front of her thigh and her knee. Which spinal root is likely to have been affected?

A

L3

43
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals

A

tendons of FDP

44
Q

Most of the innervation of the foot is from the plantar nerves. What is the medial plantar nerve a branch of?

A

Tibial nerve

45
Q

Patient is lying supinated with the hips externally rotated 45 degrees and knees flexed 90 degrees with feet flat. The doctor attempts to pull the tibia forward with the femur stationary. What ligament is being tested?

A

Anterior cruciate

46
Q

Which ligament is injured in whiplash (hyperextension of the neck)?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

47
Q

Which muscle is the adductor of the vocal cords?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

48
Q

Which joint is responsible for inversion of the foot?

A

Subtarsal joint

49
Q

What is the landmark for the femoral artery?

A

3-4cm above the mid-point of the inguinal ligament

50
Q

Which nerve is most likely to be injured at the shaft of the humerus?

A

radial nerve

51
Q

A patient presents with foot drop. which nerve is most likely injured?

A

common peroneal nerve (supplies anterior leg compartment responsible for dorsiflexion)

52
Q

80 year old man presents with conductive hearing loss, what is the most likely cause?

A

Otitis media

53
Q

Which ligament attaches adjacent vertebral laminae?

A

Ligamentum flava

54
Q

What is kyphosis ?

A

excessive thoracic curvature

55
Q

Where does iliopsoas attach to the femur?

A

lesser trochanter

56
Q

which bony joint connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

sterno-clavicular joint

57
Q

What is the lacrimal gland innervated by?

A

facial nerve

58
Q

Person falls from tree and loses sensation of lower mandible & teeth, which foramen is most likely broken?

A

foramen ovale (contains mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

59
Q

Which bones make up the pterion?

A

frontal
greater wing of sphenoid
parietal
temporal

60
Q

What cord of the brachial plexus makes up the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Lateral

61
Q

What 2 muscles are innervated by the Axillary nerve

A

deltoid

teres minor

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

63
Q

When swallowing, what structure stops food from going back up the nose?

A

soft palate

64
Q

When swallowing, what stops food from going down the airway?

A

epiglottis

65
Q

When coughing, what anatomical structure is intrathoracic pressure increased against?

A

closed rima glottis

66
Q

What is the anatomical space anterior to the elbow joint and what is the major nerve and artery passing through there?

A

cubital fossa

brachial artery
radial and median nerves

67
Q

Which ligament is responsible for preventing knee adduction?

A

lateral collateral ligament

68
Q

damage to which ligament allows the tibia to move backwards relative to the femur?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

69
Q

which ligament is damaged by forced abduction of the knee?

A

medial collateral ligament

70
Q

What is the platysma muscle innervated by?

A

Cervical branch of facial nerve

71
Q

what nerve roots are responsible for knee flexion?

A

L5 S1

72
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for knee extension?

A

L3 L4

73
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for elbow flexion?

A

C5 C6

74
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for elbow extension?

A

C7 C8

75
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for forearm pronation?

A

C7 C8

76
Q

What nerve root is responsible for forearm supination?

A

C6

77
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for wrist flexion?

A

C6 C7

78
Q

What nerve roots are responsible for wrist extension?

A

C6 C7

79
Q

What happens in CN III palsy?

A

eye will be pulled down and out (no SR, MR, IR, IO, just SO and LR)

drooping of eyelid (loss of levator palpebrae superficialis muscle)

myadriasis (pupil dilated due to role of CN III in pupillary reflex)

loss of accomodation reflex

80
Q

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

flexor retinaculum

81
Q

name the 2 medial and 2 lateral bony attachments of the carpal tunnel

A

Medial: hamate and pisiform

Lateral: scaphoid and trapezium

82
Q

Which structures run through the carpal tunnerl?

A

FDS, FDP, FPL, median nerve

83
Q

What are the 2 main symptoms that people with carpal tunnel syndrome complain of?

A

Thumb weakness + thenar wasting

pins and needles in lateral 2.5 digits and thumb

84
Q

the dorsal venous arch of the foot gives rise to which two main superficial veins?

A

long and short saphenous

85
Q

Into which vessels do the long and short saphenous veins drain into?

A

Long saphenous - femoral vein

Short saphenous - popliteal vein

86
Q

What is the direction of drainage between superficial and deep veins?

A

drains from superficial to deep via perforating vein with one way valve to ensure directionality

87
Q

What is a common consequence of abnormal drainage between superficial and deep veins?

A

Varicose veins

Y2 Past Paper Questions (6 decks)

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