Anatomy Flashcards
Boundaries of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx: above the soft palate and uvula from base of cranium
Oropharynx: Between soft palate and epiglottis
Laryngopharynx: Between laryngeal inlet and start of oesophagus/inferior cricoid cartilage
To prevent aspiration, what occurs at the nasopharynx/nasal cavity during swallowing?
Soft palate rises during swallowing to occlude entrance to nasal cavity.
To prevent aspiration, what occurs at the laryngophrynx/trachea during swallowing?
Epiglottis occludes the lower respiratory tract while swallowing.
Describe the afferent and efferent pathways involved in the cough reflex
Afferent: airway irritation sensed by C fibers detected by CN X –> Inspiration, closure by glottis, intrathoracic P rises
Efferent: Soft palate is raised against the pharynx, glottis is released and air leaves via mouth
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Posterior margin of SCM, anterior margin of trapezius, middle third of clavicle
What cervical roots make up the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus?
Superior - C56
Middle - C7
Inferior - C8T1
Where can you place a central line besides the IJV?
Subclavian vein, Femoral vein
List 2 uses of a central line
IV nutrition, medication delivery (vasopressors), hemodialysis, monitoring
List some risks of a central line.
Infection artery puncture pneumothorax haemothorax nerve damage (brachial plexus)
Aside from the tibia and fibula what other bones articulate with the Talus
Calcaneus and navicular
Which two layers does CSF circulate between?
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
Which muscles attach at the ischial tuberosity and what are their functions?
Quadratus femoris - strong external rotator and adductor of the thigh
Adductor magnus - adduct and medially rotate the hip
Biceps femoris long head - flex knee, extend and laterally rotate the thigh
semitendinosus - flex knee, extend thigh, medial rotation
Semimembranosus -flex knee, extend thigh, medial rotation
Gemellus inferior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur
Which muscles attach at the gluteal tuberosity and what are their functions?
Gluteus maximus - extensor of hip, lateral stabilizer of hip joint, laterally rotates and abducts thigh
Vastus lateralis - extends knee
Which muscles attach at the lesser trochanter and what are their functions?
Iliopsoas - thigh flexor
Quadratus femoris - strong external rotator and adductor of the thigh
Which muscles attach at the greater trochanter and what are their functions?
Gluteus medius - abducts femur, holds pelvis secure over leg stance, prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking, medially rotates thigh
Gluteus minimus - abducts femur, holds pelvis secure over leg stance, prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking, medially rotates thigh
Obturator internis - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur
Piriformis - lateral rotation abducts flexed femur
Gemellus inferior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur
Gemellus superior - lateral rotation, abducts flexed femur
Ulnar nerve - root origin and innervation
C7 C8 T1
sensory to little finger and half of ring finger
motor to flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar side of FDP, hypothenar muscles, medial 2 lumbricals, adductor pollicis, interossei
Musculocutaneous nerve - root origin and innervation
C5 C6 C7
sensory (becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
motor to flexors of the ar m- biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis
Radial nerve - root origin and innervation
C5 C6 C7 C8 T1
sensory - lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm, dorsum of hand
motor - posterior compartment of arm and forearm
Median nerve - root origin and innervation
C6 C7 C8 T1
sensory lateral aspect of palm, palmar surface, lateral 3 and a half digits
motor - anterior forearm (except FCU and ulnar portion of FDP) + thenar muscles + lateral 2 lumbricals
Axillary nerve - root origin and innervation
C5 C6
sensory - lateral arm (regimental patch area)
motor - deltoid and teres major
what could be a consequence of damage to the pterion?
middle meningeal artery damage - extradural hematoma
What are the two movements that occur at the temporo-mandibular joint during depression of the mandible?
Hinge and glide
Which muscle initiates arm abduction?
supraspinatus
Which muscle of the upper back is innervated by a cranial nerve?
Trapezius
Which muscles depress the scapula?
Pec minor, trapezius, subclavius, lat dorsi
Which muscle of the upper back is innervated by the axillary nerve?
Teres minor
What is the consequence of cerebral aqueduct obstruction?
Hydrocephalus
What type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint?
fibrous
What are the landmarks for the IJV for a central line?
triangle of sternal and clavicular heads of SCM and clavicle - aim needle at apex of triangle at 30 degree angle directed towards the nipple
(feel for carotid pulse and make sure you are lateral=
how can you distinguish between the IJV and common carotid on an ultrasound?
Arteries = pulsatile and circular
Vein = compressable, less circular
What would be the immediate effect of damage to the left hypoglossal nerve?
tongue deviation to the left on protrusion
Which muscle/nerve combination is involved in clenching of the mouth?
masseter + mandibular division of trigeminal
What part of the brachial plexus is the long thoracic nerve derived from?
Spinal roots C5 C6 C7
What components of the brachial plexus make up the musculocutaneous nerve
lateral cord
What opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity?
nasolacrimal duct
What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
The secretomotor fibres of which cranial nerve innervate the lacrimal gland?
facial
Which venous sinus drains directly into the internal jugular vein?
sigmoid sinus
What nerve innervated gluteus maximus?
inferior gluteal nerve
Following a shoulder dislocation, patient loses sensation on the superolateral arm. What nerve is likely to be affected?
axillary
What artery is the obturator artery a branch of?
Internal iliac artery
A woman with a slipped disc complains of pain down the front of her thigh and her knee. Which spinal root is likely to have been affected?
L3
What is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals
tendons of FDP
Most of the innervation of the foot is from the plantar nerves. What is the medial plantar nerve a branch of?
Tibial nerve
Patient is lying supinated with the hips externally rotated 45 degrees and knees flexed 90 degrees with feet flat. The doctor attempts to pull the tibia forward with the femur stationary. What ligament is being tested?
Anterior cruciate
Which ligament is injured in whiplash (hyperextension of the neck)?
anterior longitudinal ligament
Which muscle is the adductor of the vocal cords?
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Which joint is responsible for inversion of the foot?
Subtarsal joint
What is the landmark for the femoral artery?
3-4cm above the mid-point of the inguinal ligament
Which nerve is most likely to be injured at the shaft of the humerus?
radial nerve
A patient presents with foot drop. which nerve is most likely injured?
common peroneal nerve (supplies anterior leg compartment responsible for dorsiflexion)
80 year old man presents with conductive hearing loss, what is the most likely cause?
Otitis media
Which ligament attaches adjacent vertebral laminae?
Ligamentum flava
What is kyphosis ?
excessive thoracic curvature
Where does iliopsoas attach to the femur?
lesser trochanter
which bony joint connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
sterno-clavicular joint
What is the lacrimal gland innervated by?
facial nerve
Person falls from tree and loses sensation of lower mandible & teeth, which foramen is most likely broken?
foramen ovale (contains mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
Which bones make up the pterion?
frontal
greater wing of sphenoid
parietal
temporal
What cord of the brachial plexus makes up the musculocutaneous nerve?
Lateral
What 2 muscles are innervated by the Axillary nerve
deltoid
teres minor
Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
When swallowing, what structure stops food from going back up the nose?
soft palate
When swallowing, what stops food from going down the airway?
epiglottis
When coughing, what anatomical structure is intrathoracic pressure increased against?
closed rima glottis
What is the anatomical space anterior to the elbow joint and what is the major nerve and artery passing through there?
cubital fossa
brachial artery
radial and median nerves
Which ligament is responsible for preventing knee adduction?
lateral collateral ligament
damage to which ligament allows the tibia to move backwards relative to the femur?
Posterior cruciate ligament
which ligament is damaged by forced abduction of the knee?
medial collateral ligament
What is the platysma muscle innervated by?
Cervical branch of facial nerve
what nerve roots are responsible for knee flexion?
L5 S1
What nerve roots are responsible for knee extension?
L3 L4
What nerve roots are responsible for elbow flexion?
C5 C6
What nerve roots are responsible for elbow extension?
C7 C8
What nerve roots are responsible for forearm pronation?
C7 C8
What nerve root is responsible for forearm supination?
C6
What nerve roots are responsible for wrist flexion?
C6 C7
What nerve roots are responsible for wrist extension?
C6 C7
What happens in CN III palsy?
eye will be pulled down and out (no SR, MR, IR, IO, just SO and LR)
drooping of eyelid (loss of levator palpebrae superficialis muscle)
myadriasis (pupil dilated due to role of CN III in pupillary reflex)
loss of accomodation reflex
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
flexor retinaculum
name the 2 medial and 2 lateral bony attachments of the carpal tunnel
Medial: hamate and pisiform
Lateral: scaphoid and trapezium
Which structures run through the carpal tunnerl?
FDS, FDP, FPL, median nerve
What are the 2 main symptoms that people with carpal tunnel syndrome complain of?
Thumb weakness + thenar wasting
pins and needles in lateral 2.5 digits and thumb
the dorsal venous arch of the foot gives rise to which two main superficial veins?
long and short saphenous
Into which vessels do the long and short saphenous veins drain into?
Long saphenous - femoral vein
Short saphenous - popliteal vein
What is the direction of drainage between superficial and deep veins?
drains from superficial to deep via perforating vein with one way valve to ensure directionality
What is a common consequence of abnormal drainage between superficial and deep veins?
Varicose veins
