Anatomy

Question 1

What are some anatomical events at the crocoid cartilage level

Answer 1

C6 Larynx becomes the trachea Pharynx becomes the oesophagus ansa cervicalis crosses in front of carotid tendon of omohyoid inferior thyroid artery passes behind carotid sheath middle cervical sympathetic ganglion lies on transverse process of C6 recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the larynx superior parathyroid level

Question 2

internal illiac artery branches

Answer 2

anterior and posterior posterior - superior gluteal, ileolumbar and lateral sacral anterior - broken into groups of three - Bladder - superior and inferior vesical, obliterated umbilical - Visceral - Uterine, middle rectal, vaginal - Parietal - inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator

Question 3

define the perineum

Answer 3

diamond shaped region caudal to the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani and coccygeus). Boundaries are the pubic rami, the ischial tuberosities , the sacrotuberous ligaments and coccyx. A line through the ischial tuberosities splits the area into a larger posterior anal region and a smaller anterior urogenital region

Question 4

discuss the different epithelial linings of the anal canal

Answer 4

above the pectinate/dentate line (marked by the small folds in the anus/anal valves where glands empty) = columnar epithelium. At Dentate line = transitional epitherlium. Below dentate line to intersphinteric groove = stratified non keritanising squamous cells, below groove = keratinising Squamous cells = normal skin with hair.

Question 5

BLOOD supply of the anus

Answer 5

superior rectal artery middle rectal (internal iliac branch) inferior rectal (branches from internal pudendal artery which cross through the ischioanal space)

Question 6

femoral triangle

Answer 6

inguinal ligament, medial border of sartorius, medial border of adductor longus floor - iliacus, psoas major, pectenius, adductor brevis, adductor longus Contents - Femoral nerve, artery, vein. Saphenous vein. lymphatics

Question 7

lymphatic drainage of the head and neck

Answer 7

Question 9

describe the antecubital fossa

Question 10

relationship to median nerve and brachial artey

Question 11

ulnar nerve and brachial artery relation

Answer 11

ulnar is posterior

Question 12

popliteal fossa

Answer 12

Diamond shaped area bounded by the twp hamstrings and heads of gastrocnemius

(semitendinosis and semimembranosus medially and laterally is biceps femoris)

Floor - femur amd knee joint capsue + popliteus and tibia

Roof = deep fascia of the leg

Contents

common peroneal nerve is far lateral close to biceps tendon

from superficial to deep -tibial nerve, popliteal vein and then artery.

The vein always lies between the artery and the nerve

Tibial nerve starts laterally and crosses superficially to the artery from lateral to medial. Vein is closely applied to the artery

Question 13

Discuss the classification of hydroceles and the pathophysiology

Answer 13

Communicating - patent processus vaginalis with communication to the peritoneal cavity - congenital, usually resolve by 1-2 years old - consider repair if ongoing. Will change in size through day and usually vaslva positive

Non-communicating - excess fluid production of visceral portion of tunica vaginalis mesothelial cells. Mostly idiopathic. BUT CONSIDER SECONDARY causes = reactive hydrocel (tumour, trauma, torsion, orchitis, radiotherapy, prior hernia repair)

Hydrocele of the cord - closure has occured of the processus distally but it is patent around the cord. proximal end can be open or closed.