Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LSS Urinary System > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

nephron: recall the constituent parts of a nephron and which compounds are absorbed in each area, explain the microscopic anatomy of the Bowman's capsule and list the regional features of tubular cells aiding urinary concentration, identify different sections and cell types of the nephron in light and electron microscopic images

1
Q

what are 3 components of renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus consisting of capillaries, podocytes associated with glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the blood supply to in the renal corpuscle

A

vascular pole of corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does blood enter in and exit from

A

afferent, then efferent, arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is blood filtered, including features which assist filtration

A

passes through glomerulus at high pressure from renal artery; high surface area, fenestrated capillaries, modified basement membrane, podocytes with feet which interdigitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

effect of hypertension on blood filtering in glomerulus

A

protein in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is a pressure gradient created in glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole big, efferent arteriole small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the filtrate consist of

A

all components below 50000 RMM, keeping cells in bloodstream, so is isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is filtrate drained into proximal convoluted tubule

A

urinary pole of corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what % of glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 materials reabsorbed by proximal convoluted tubule and brief method

A

Na+ uptake by basolateral Na+ pump, water and anions follow Na+, glucose uptake by Na+/glucose co-transporter, amino acid uptake by Na+/amino acid co-transporter, protein uptake by endocytosis (many vesicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

type of proximal convoluted tubule epithelium

A

cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is proximal convoluted tubule epithelium sealed with

A

fairly water-permeable tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is there also not a huge influx/efflux of water at the proximal convoluted tubules

A

iso-molar filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is membrane area of proximal convoluted tubule increased to maximise rate of resorption

A

brush border at apical surface, interdigitations of lateral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does proximal convoluted tubule contain to allow some water diffusion

A

aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why do proximal convoluted tubule have prominent mitochondria

A

high energy requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the main function of loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels

A

creation of hyper-osmotic extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is descending thin limb of loop of Henle made from

A

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do aquaporins in descending thin limb of loop of Henle allow

A

passive osmotic equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are actively pumped out of tubular fluid in ascending thick limb of loop of Henle

A

Na+. Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is ascending thick limb of loop of Henle made from, and what does it have few of

A

cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does ascending thick limb of loop of Henle have a very low water permeability

A

very water-impermeable tight junctions, membranes also lack aquaporins

23
Q

what does a very low water permeability in ascending thick limb of loop of Henle result in

A

hypo-osmotic tubular fluid, hyper-osmotic ECF to allow movement of ions passively out of descending thin limb of loop of Henle

24
Q

why are there prominent mitochondria in ascending thick limb of loop of Henle

A

high energy requirement

25
Q

what type of mechanism is the loop of Henle and vasa recta

A

countercurrent

26
Q

what are the vasa recta capillaries arranged in

A

loop

27
Q

what is the blood in rapid equilibrium with

A

ECF

28
Q

why is the vasa recta in a loop structure

A

stabilises hyper-osmotic [Na+]

29
Q

features of distal convoluted tubules

A

no brush border; shorter length than proximal so fewer seen on slide; contain invaginations

30
Q

what is distal convoluted tubule/cortical collecting duct made from

A

cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

31
Q

what does distal convoluted tubule use to adjust ions

A

hyper-osmotic ECF

32
Q

what ions are controlled

A

Na+, K+, H+, NH4+

33
Q

what do the complex lateral membrane interdigitations in distal convoluted tubule have

A

Na+ pumps

34
Q

what hormone controls adjustment of ions, and subsequently blood pressure

A

aldosterone

35
Q

what is present in numerour amounts and in a large size in distal convoluted tubule

A

mitochondria due to high energy demand

36
Q

where does specialisation occur at in distal convoluted tubule

A

macula densa (part of juxtaglomerular apparatus)

37
Q

what does the collecting duct have

A

many tight junctions

38
Q

what are the 2 cellular components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa of distal convoluted tubule, juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole

39
Q

what specialisation is juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

endocrine (produces hormones)

40
Q

what hormone does juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete and why

A

renin to control blood pressure via angiotensin

41
Q

what can juxtaglomerular apparatus sense in arteriole wall

A

stretch

42
Q

what can juxtaglomerular apparatus sense in tubule

A

[Cl-]

43
Q

what does the fluid pass through with hyper-osmotic ECF

A

medulla

44
Q

how is urine concentrated in medullary collecting duct

A

movement of water down osmotic gradient into ECF

45
Q

what is rate of water movement dependent on in collecting duct

A

aquaporin-2 in apical membrane

46
Q

how is content of urine varied

A

endo/exocytosis mechanisms

47
Q

what is aquaporin-2 under control from

A

pituitary hormone vasopressin (ADH)

48
Q

what does basolateral membrane of medullary collecting duct have

A

aquaporin-3, not under control of vasopressin (ADH)

49
Q

what is the medullary collecting duct made from

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

50
Q

do cell boundaries of medullary collecting duct interdigitate

A

no

51
Q

why does medullary collecting duct have fewer mitochondria

A

little active pumping

52
Q

how is blood pressure measured in kidney: high Na+

A

high Na+ in distal convoluted tubule stops renin release, stopping production of angiotensin I and II; vessels vasodilate and pass more urine; juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin when signalled by macula densa (juxtaglomerular apparatus next to afferent arteriole)

53
Q

how is blood pressure measured in kidney: low Na+

A

more renin so more aldosterone so more vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure

LSS Urinary System (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions