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neurology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

through what foramen does the medulla pass to form the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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2
Q

what does the open part of the medulla “open” into

A

4rth ventricle

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3
Q

the middle cerebellar peduncle consists of what fibers?

A

motor fibers

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4
Q

what part of the brain lies superior to the midbrain

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

what lies immediately inferior to the midbrain

A

pons

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6
Q

what separates the two hemispheres of the brain

A

the median longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

what is the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum

A

the cerebellar aqueduct

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8
Q

the corpus callosum consists of what fibers?

A

commissural fibers

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9
Q

the primary motor cortex is the

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

the primary visual cortex is the

A

occipital lobe

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11
Q

the primary sensory cortex is the

A

parietal lobe

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12
Q

the primary auditory cortex is the

A

temporal lobe

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13
Q

at what level does the spinal cord terminate

A

L1/L2

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14
Q

what spinal level in a child ends

A

L3

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15
Q

the dura mater and arachnoid mater ends at what vertebral level

A

S2

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16
Q

the pia mater ends with the

A

filum terminale

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17
Q

what level is a lumbar puncture on an adult

A

L3/4

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18
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

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19
Q

what are the arteries in the circle of willis

A

anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, ophthalmic artery, internal carotids, middle cerebral, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebral, basilar, labyrinthine artery, arterior inferior cerebller artery, posterior inferior artery,, vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery.

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20
Q

the left and right vertebral arteries arise from

A

subclavian

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21
Q

the left and right internal carotid arteries arise from

A

C4

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22
Q

the primary motor cortex is supplied by what artery?

A

anterior/middle cerebral

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23
Q

the primary sensory area is supplied by what cerebral arteries?

A

mostly middle cerebral, some anterior

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24
Q

primary visual cortex is supplied by what cerebral artery?

A

posterior cerebral

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25
Q

primary auditory area is supplied by what cerebral artery

A

middle

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26
Q

area for olfaction is supplied by what cerebral artery

A

middle

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27
Q

the vertebro-basilar system supplies

A

cerebellum and brainstem

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28
Q

what cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery

A

oculomotor

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29
Q

sympathetic innervation arises for the brain

A

superior cervical ganglion around the internal carotid

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30
Q

the pressure receptor along the blood supply to for the brain is

A

the carotid sinus along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

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31
Q

the chemorecptor along the blood supply for the brain is the

A

carotid body along the glossopharyngeal nerve

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32
Q

dural venous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular vein

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33
Q

the internal jugular vein passes through the

A

jugular foramina

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34
Q

the superior ophthalmic vein route

A

the facial vein is continuous with the superior ophthalmic vein which drains into the cavernous sinus within the cranial cavity

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35
Q

the inferior petrosal sinuses lies at the base of the brain and communicates with

A

the basilar sinus and communicates with the internal vertebral sinus

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36
Q

the posterior spinal artery is branches of

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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37
Q

in the epidural space what is present

A

internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus

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38
Q

what is structure is present within the subarachnoid psace

A

connective tissue trabeculae

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39
Q

the falx cerebri seperates the

A

the cerebrum hemispheres

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40
Q

the falx cerebri attaches to t

A

crista gali and the internal occipital protuberance

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41
Q

the upper border of the falx cerebri contians

A

superior sagittal sinus

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42
Q

the lower border of the falx cerebri contains

A

inferior sagittal sinus

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43
Q

what structures surround the tentorium cerebelli

A

tranverse sinus, cerebellum and cerebrum

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44
Q

the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attaches to

A

posterior clinoid processes

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45
Q

the dural venous that runs along the atachment of falx cerebri to the tentorium is the

A

straight sinus

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46
Q

the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk is called

A

the diaphragma sellae

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47
Q

the middle meningeal artery is a branch of

A

the maxillary

48
Q

the meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through

A

the foramen spinosum

49
Q

CSF is produced by

A

the choroid plexus

50
Q

CSF passes through the 4rth ventricle into the subarachnoid space is through

A

medial aperture, and left and right apertures

51
Q

CSf is reabsorbed through the

A

arachnoid villi in the sagittal sinus

52
Q

olfactory nerve pathway

A

receptors in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity, olfactory nerve fibres pass through foraminifera in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enter olfactory bulb in the anterior cranial fossa

53
Q

components of olfactory nerve

A

smell

54
Q

clinical application of olfactory nerve

A

fractured cribriform plate may tear olfactory nerve fibres causing anosmia

55
Q

optic nerve pathway

A

enters via optic canal, nerves join to form optic chiasm, fibres from medial (nasal) half of each retina cross to form optic tract

56
Q

optic nerve component

A

vision

57
Q

clinical applications of optic nerve

A

papilloedema, blindness, hemianopsia

58
Q

oculomotor nerve pathway

A

emerges from midbrain and exits via superior orbital fissure

59
Q

oculomotor nerve components

A

somatic motor - extraocular muscles (superior, medial & inferior rectus and inferior oblique) and eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris)
visceral motor - parasympathetic to pupil causing constriction and to ciliary muscle causing accommodation of the lens

60
Q

clinical applications of oculomotor nerves

A

drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis)
eyeball abducted and pointing down
no pupillary reflex
no accommodation of the lens

61
Q

trochlear nerve pathway

A

emerges from dorsal surface of the mid brain and exits via the superior orbital fissure

62
Q

components of trochlear nerve

A

somatic motor - extraocular muscle (superior oblique turns eye downwards)

63
Q

clinical application of trochlear nerve

A

diplopia

64
Q

abducent nerve pathway

A

emerges between pons and medulla and exits exits via the superior orbital fissure

65
Q

abducent nerve components

A

somatic motor - extraocular muscle (lateral rectus abducts the eye)

66
Q

clinical application of abducent nerve

A

medial deviation of the affected eye causing diplopia

67
Q

ophthalmic nerve pathway

A

emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the superior orbital fissure

68
Q

components of ophthalmic nerve

A

General sensory - from cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses

69
Q

maxillary nerve pathway

A

emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen rotundum

70
Q

components of maxillary nerve

A

General sensory - from face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, temperomandibular joint, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses and palate

71
Q

pathway of mandibular nerve

A

emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen ovale

72
Q

components of mandibular nerve

A

General sensory - from face over mandible, mandibular teeth, temperomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth & anterior 2/3rds of tongue
Somatic motor - muscles of mastication, part of digastric, tensor veli palatinin & tensor tympani

73
Q

trigeminal nerve clinical applications

A

paralysis of muscles of mastication
loss of corneal or sneezing reflex
loss of sensation in the face
trigeminal neuralgia

74
Q

facial nerve pathway

A

emerges between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

75
Q

components of facial nerve

A

somatic motor - muscles of facial expression & scalp, stapedius of middle ear, part of digastric muscle
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of submandibular & sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands, glands of nose & palate
special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue & soft palate
general sensory - from external acoustic meatus

76
Q

clinical application of facial nerve

A

most frequently injured - due to long pathway through bone

Bell’s palsy - cannot frown, close eyelid, or bare teeth

77
Q

pathway of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

emerges from between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, dividing into vestibular & cochlear nerves

78
Q

components of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

special sensory - vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule gives sense of position & movement
- hearing from spiral organ

79
Q

clinicla applications of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
deafness (conductive vs sensorineural)
vertigo (loss of balance)
nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movements)

80
Q

pathway of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen

81
Q

components of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

special sensory - taste from posterior 3rd of tongue
general sensory - cutaneous sensations from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
visceral sensory - sensation from carotid body & carotid sinus
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
somatic motor - to stylopharyngeus, helps with swallowing

82
Q

clinical applications of glossopharyngeal

A

loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue

associated with injuries to CNs X and XI - jugular foramen syndrome

83
Q

vagus nerve pathway

A

emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen, then everywhere!

84
Q

components of vagus nerve

A

special sensory - taste from epiglottis and palate
general sensory - sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
visceral sensory - from pharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
somatic motor - to pharynx, larynx, palate & oesophagus

85
Q

clinical application of vagus

A

damage to pharyngeal branches cause difficulty in swallowing

damage to laryngeal branches causes difficulty in speaking

86
Q

accessory nerve pathway

A

small cranial (medulla) and large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen

87
Q

components of accessory nerve

A

somatic motor - striated muscle of soft palate, pharynx & larynx, and to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius

88
Q

application of accessory nerve

A

weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulder

89
Q

pathway of hypoglossal nerve

A

emerges from medulla and exits through the hypoglossal canal

90
Q

components of hypoglossal nerve

A

somatic motor - to muscles of tongue

91
Q

clinical application of hypoglossal nerve

A

vulnerable to damage during tonsillectomy

causes paralysis & atrophy of ipsilateral half of tongue. Tip deviates towards affected side

92
Q

vertebral arteries route

A

– right and left arise from the subclavian arteries ascending via the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae entering through the foramen magnum. They then branch of to give the meningeal branch to supply the falx cerebelli, anterior and posterior spinal arteries to supply the spinal cord and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Finally both merge to form the basilar artery which bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries.

93
Q

cerebellum blood supply is from the

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

94
Q

structures that traverse through the cavernous sinus

A

abducen’s nerve
carotid plexus
internal carotid artery

95
Q

travels through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

A

oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve and maxillary branches of the trigeminal

96
Q

what are the four folds of the dura

A

tentorium cerebri
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

97
Q

falx cerebelli attachments

A

internal occipital crest to projecting between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

98
Q

diaphragma sellae is

A

small circular fold of dura forms the roof of the sella turica

99
Q

extradural haematoma cause

A

blood pools between skull and dura usually from meningeal artery

100
Q

subdural haematoma cause

A

venous blood collects between dura and arachnoid mater form cerebral vein damage

101
Q

CSF is produced from

A

plasma

102
Q

association fibre example

A

connects cortical areas, includes the fornix connecting the hippocampus to the mamillary body

103
Q

septum pellucidum is the

A

thin triangular vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain its runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix.

104
Q

what are the four parts of the corpus callosum

A

Rostrum, Genu, body, Splenium

105
Q

Rostrum of the corpus callosum connects

A

orbital frontal lobes

106
Q

Genu of the anterior corpus callosum connects

A

frontal lobes

107
Q

body of the corpus callosum connects

A

superficial surfaces of the cerebrum via the corona radiata

108
Q

body of the corpus callosum connects the

A

two occipital lobes

109
Q

internal capsule blood supply is from

A

middle cerebral artery

110
Q

cerebellum grey matter organisation

A

located on the surface of the cerebellum, tightly folded forming the cerebellar cortex

111
Q

cerebellum white matter organisation

A

located underneath the cerebellar cortex embedding the four cerebellar nuclei

112
Q

lateral horns of the spinal cord are located between which vertebrae?

A

T1-L2 and S2-S4

113
Q

ascending white matter functional tracts of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal column for sensory of fine touch, vibration and proprioception
anterolateral system; anterior spinothalamic (crude touch, pressure) and the lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature)
spinocerebellar tracts; proprioception

114
Q

descending pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract – supplies musculature of the body

corticobulbar tract – musculature of head and neck

115
Q

descending extrapyramidal tracts of the spinal cord

A

vestibulospinal – balance and posture
reticulospinal - medial pons (facilitates voluntary movement) lateral medulla (inhibits voluntary movement)
rubrospinal tracts – red nucleus mid brain for fine control of hand movement
tectospinal tracts – coordinates head to vision stimulus

neurology (6 decks)

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