Anatomy Flashcards
1) Genioglossus
2) Sublingual artery
3) Mylohyoid
4) Digastric
5) Hypoglossus
1) Mylohyoid
2) Geniohyoid
3) Sternohyoid
- Parietal bone
- Coronal suture
- Sphenoid bone
- Lacrimal bone
- Maxilla (Frontal process; Alveolar process)
- Zygomatic bone
- Occipital bone (External occipital protuberance)
- Lambdoid suture
- Temporal bone (Squamous part; Zygomatic process; External
acoustic meatus; Mastoid process)
- Sphenoid bone (Greater wing; Lesser wing; Sella turcica;
Sphenoidal sinus) - Frontal bone (Frontal sinus)
- Ethmoid bone (Perpendicular plate)
- Maxilla (Incisive canal; Palatine process)
- Vomer
- Palatine bone
- Occipital bone
- Temporal bone (Squamous part; Petrous part)
- Parietal bone
- Frontal bone (sinus)
- Nasal bone
- Major alar cartilage
- Maxilla (Frontal process; Incisive canal; Palatine process;
Alveolar process) - Inferior nasal concha
- Palatine bone (Perpendicular plate; Horizontal plate)
- Sphenoid bone (Sphenoidal sinus; Medial and Lateral plates of
pterygoid process; Pterygoid hamulus) - Ethmoid bone (Middle nasal concha; Cribriform plate; Superior
nasal concha) - Lacrimal bone
- Foramina of cribriform plate (Olfactory nerve bundles)
- Optic canal (Optic nerve [CN II]; Ophthalmic artery)
- Superior orbital fi ssure (Oculomotor nerve [CN III]; Trochlear
nerve [CN IV]; Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of
ophthalmic nerve [CN V1]; Abducens nerve [CN VI]; Superior
ophthalmic vein) - Foramen rotundum (Maxillary nerve [CN V2])
- Foramen ovale (Mandibular nerve [CN V3]; Accessory meningeal
artery; Lesser petrosal nerve [occasionally]) - Foramen spinosum (Middle meningeal artery and vein;
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve) - Foramen lacerum
- Carotid canal (Internal carotid artery; Internal carotid nerve plexus)
- Internal acoustic meatus (Facial nerve [CN VII];
Vestibulocochlear nerve [CN VIII]; Labyrinthine artery) - Jugular foramen (Inferior petrosal sinus; Glossopharyngeal
nerve [CN IX]; Vagus nerve [CN X]; Accessory nerve [CN XI];
Sigmoid sinus; Posterior meningeal artery) - Hypoglossal canal (Hypoglossal nerve [CN XII])
- Foramen magnum (Medulla oblongata; Meninges; Vertebral
arteries; Meningeal
- Condylar process (head and neck)
- Coronoid process
- Submandibular fossa
- Mylohyoid line
- Mental foramen
- Mental protuberance
- Body
- Ramus
- Joint capsule
- Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
- Sphenomandibular ligament (phantom)
- Stylomandibular ligament
- Mandibular fossa
- Articular disc
- Articular tubercle
- Joint capsule
- Epiglottis
- Hyoid bone
- Thyrohyoid membrane
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Thyroid cartilage lamina
- Vocal ligament
- Median cricothyroid ligament
- Cricoid cartilage
- Trachea
1) Orbicularis Occuli
2) Orbicularis Oris
3) Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
4) Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
5) Platysma
6) Nasalis (transverse and alar)
7) Auricularis superior muscle
8) Buccinator
9) Corrugator Supercilii
Buccinator
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Superior rectus
- Medial rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Superior oblique
- Inferior rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Inferior oblique
1) Masseter Muscle
2) Temporalis
1) Lateral Pterygoid
2) Medial Pterygoid
- Mylohyoid
Origin: Arises from the mylohyoid line of the mandible.
Insertion: Attaches to a median fi brous raphe and the body of the
hyoid bone.
Action: Elevates the hyoid bone and raises the fl oor of the mouth
during swallowing, pushing the tongue upward as in swallowing or
protrusion of the tongue.
Innervation: By the mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the mandibular
division of the trigeminal.
- Geniohyoid
Origin: Inferior mental spine of mandible.
Insertion: Attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.
Action: Slightly elevates and draws the hyoid bone forward,
shortening the fl oor of the mouth. When the hyoid bone remains
fi xed, this muscle also helps retract and depress the mandible.
Innervation: C1 via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
Comment: The digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid
muscles are considered “suprahyoid” muscles because they lie
above the hyoid bone.
- Genioglossus
Origin: Arises from the superior part of the mental spine of the
mandible.
Insertion: Dorsum of the tongue and body of the hyoid bone.
Action: Its central fi bers depress the tongue. Its posterior fi bers
protrude the tongue, as in sticking the tongue out of the mouth.
Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
Comment: The genioglossus is 1 of the 3 extrinsic muscles of the
tongue. These extrinsic muscles move the tongue, whereas the
intrinsic muscles change the tongue’s shape.
All of the muscles with “glossus” in their name are innervated by the
hypoglossal nerve except the palatoglossus muscle, which is not a
tongue muscle but a muscle of the soft palate.
1) Genioglossus
2) Hyoglossus
3) Styloglossus
- Uvular muscle
- Palatopharyngeus
- Palatoglossus
- Superior pharyngeal constrictor
- Pterygomandibular raphe
- Buccinator
1) Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
2) MiddlePharyngeal Constrictor
3) inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
4) Stylopharyngeus
1) Stylohyoid
2) Digastric
2) Digastric
the ___________ muscle abducts the vocal cords
Posterior circo-arytenoid
Scalene Muscle
- Main trunk of facial nerve emerging from stylomastoid foramen
- Cervical branch
- Marginal mandibular branch
- Buccal branches
- Zygomatic branches
- Temporal branches
- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Ansa cervicalis (Superior root; Inferior root)
- Vagus nerve (CN X)
- Phrenic nerve
- Accessory nerve (CN XI)
- Lesser occipital nerve
- Great auricular nerve
- Middle meningeal artery
- Buccal artery
- External carotid artery
- Superior thyroid artery
- Common carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- Facial artery
- Maxillary artery
- Superfi cial temporal artery
1) Pterygoid brs(?)
2) Lateral Pterygoid muscle
3) Second part of Maxillary artery (pterhgoid part)
1) Auricotemporal nerve (V3)
2) Middle meningeal artery
3) Inferior alveolra nerve
4) Chorda tympani
5) Lingual nerve
1) Pterygoid (venous) plexus
2) Maxilalry vein
1) Post. belly of the digastric muscle
2) Stylohyoid muscle
3) Anteiror belly of digastric muscle
4) Mandible
5) Myohyoid muscle
6) Submandibular gland (retracted)
7) Hyoid bone
8) Thyroid cartilage
9) Cricoid cartilage
1) Hyoid bone
2) Thyroid cartilage
3) Cricoid cartilage
4) Thyroid gland (left)
5) Trachea
6) Thyroid gland (isthmus)
7) Thyroid gland (right)
8) Cricothyroid m.
9) Thyrohyoid m.
- Frontal sinus
- Middle nasal concha
- Middle nasal meatus
- Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
- Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
- Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged)
- Sphenoidal sinus
- Hypophysis (pituitary gland) in sella turcica
- Branches of facial nerve
- Transverse facial artery
- Parotid duct
- Sublingual gland
- Submandibular duct
- Submandibular gland
- Parotid gland
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- Quadrangular membrane
- Vestibular ligament
- Cuneiform cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Corniculate cartilage
- Cricothyroid (cricovocal) ligament
- Vocal ligament
- Cribriform plate
- Cranial cavity
- Orbit
- Ethmoidal cells
- Maxillary sinus
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavities
- Genioglossus
- Mylohyoid
- Hyoglossus
- Deep lingual vein
- Submandibular duct
- Sublingual fold overlying sublingual gland
- Sublingual caruncle
- Opening of submandibular duct
- Opening of ducts from sublingual gland
- Frenulum of tongue
- Fimbriated fold
- Submandibular duct
- Hyoglossus muscle
- Genioglossus muscle
- Superficial submandibular gland
- Deep submandibular gland
- Lingual nerve
- Sublingual gland
- Lingual nerve
- Chorda tympani nerve
- Submandibular ganglion
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Lingual artery
Omohyoid
A small growth or tumor in the jugular foramen may affect which nerves?
glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory
Sternothyroid
Posterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
The superior orbital fissure is a gap that opens into the orbital cavity between the: _______ and _______. (specific parts of bone)
greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
What arteries supply the nose?
1) Anterior ethmoidal artery
2) Posterior ethmoidal artery
3) Sphenopalatine artery
4) Greater palatine artery
5) Superior labial artery
What are the gateways of the nasal cavity and waht goes through them?
Cribiform plate (roof)
- Olfactory nerve
- Anterior ethmoid nerve
- Anterior ethmoid vessels
Sphenopalatine foramen (from pterygoid palatine fossa)
- Spehnopalatine artery
- Nasophalatine branch of V2
- Superior nasal branch of V2
Incisive canal
- Nasopalatine nerve
- Terminal end of greater palatine artery
Where do the different sinuses drain into?
Frontal sinus- middle meatus
Maxillary sinus- middle concha
Ethmoid sinus - (anterior cells) - middle meatus
Ethmoid sinus- (posterior cells)- superior meatus
Sphenoid sinus- sphenoethmoid recess
What makes up the roof and the floor of the posterior triangle?
Roof:
1) Skin
2) Subcutaneous
3) Superficial fascia (with platysma)
4) Investing fascia
Floor
1) Prevertebral fascia
2) Muscles (semispinalis capitis, spelnius capitis, levator scapulae, scalene muscles)
What are the contents of the Posterior triangle?
Nerves
- Accessory nerve
- Cervical nerves
- Lesser occipital
- Greater occipital
- Greater auricular
- Transverse cervical
- Supraclavicular
- Branches of brachial plexus
Muscles
- Inferior belly of omohyoid
Arteries
- 3rd part of subclavian
- Occipital artery
- Transverse cervical artery
What is found in the apex of the posterior triangle?
1) Lesser occipital nerve
2) Occipital artery
3) Lesser occipital nodes
What is found between the trachea and the oestophagus?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What does C1 travel with?
What muscles does it innervate?
Hypoglossal nerve
Geniohyoid and Thyrohyoid muscle
Which is found more medially, phrenic or vagus nerve?
Phrenic
Vagus is more lateral.
How does the hypoglossal nerve run?
Between internal carotid and internal jugular vein
Crosses _3 arterie_s (occipital, external carotid and lingual arteries)
Travel deep to the p_osterior belly of the digastric_ to reach the tongue
What are the branches of the Mandibular branch of the Trigeminal nerve?
Buccal
Auricotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveoli -> mental
What are the branches of the Facial nerve?
1) Greater petrosal nerve
2) Chorda tympani
—- parotid gland—-
3) Temporal
4) Zygomatic
5) Marginal mandibular
6) Cervical
What bones make up the pterion?
1) Temporal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Sphenoid
How does the glossopharyngeal nerve run?
Leave via the jugular foramen
Between ex and in carotid arteries
Curve around the lateral boarder of stylopharyngeus
(tympanic cavity via floor)- Tympanic nerve
lesser petrosal nerve (leave via foramen ovale)
Join auricotemporal nerve
Parotid gland.
Where does the lingual nerve join the chorda tympani?
Infratempral fossa
What structures go through the orbital cavity?
Superior orbital fissure
1) Lacrimal branch of V1
2) Frontal branch of V1
3) Trochlear nerve
4) Superior opthalmic vein
5) Superior branch of III
6) Nasociliary branch of V1
7) Inferior branch of III
8) Abducens nerve
Optic canal
9) Optic nerve
10) Opthalmic artery
Inferior orbital fissure
11) Inferior opthalmic vein
What are the boundaries of the cranial fossa?
Anterior cranial fossa
- Anteiror bounded by the frontal bone
Middle cranial fossa
- The anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa is formed by the lesser wing of sphenoid bone and the anterior chiasmic part of the body of the sphenoid bone
- The posterior boundary is formed by the superior sharp border of the petrous part of temporal bone. and the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone
Posterior cranial fossa
- Posteriorly bounded by the squamous part of the occipital bone
- Sagittal suture
- Parietal bone
- Squamous part (of occipital bone)
- Occipitomastoid suture
- Superior nuchal line
- Inion
- External occipital crest
- Inferior nuchal line
- Mastoid process
- Mastoid notch
- External occipital protuberance
- Lambdoid suture
- Sutural bone
What MUSCLES of facial expression does each of the branches of the facial nerve innervate? (AFTER IT EXITS THE PAROTID GLAND)
Temporal
- Frontalis
- Corugator Supercili
- Orbicularis occuli
Zygomatic
- Orbicularis occuli
- Nasalis
Buccal
- Buccinator
- Orbicularis oris
Marginal mandibular
- Mentalis (part of the lower oral group)
Cervical
- Platysma
What travels in the parotid duct?
Facial nerve
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery
** in a dissection, if you see veins and an artery, you’ve crossed the facial nerve**
In a partoid duct surgery, ** in a dissection, if you see ____ and _____, you’ve crossed the _______**
** in a dissection, if you see veins and an artery, you’ve crossed the facial nerve**
What supplies
1) Sensation
2) Parasympathetic
innervation to the Parotid gland
and the
3) Sensation to the parotid fascia
1) auricotemporal nerve
2) Lesser petrosal (glossopharyngeal nerve)
3) Greater auricular nerve
What makes up the floor of the oral cavity?
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Tongue (ex and in muscles)
What 3 nerves are likely to be damaged when removing the submandibular gland?
1) Marginal mandiblular nerve (VII)
2) Lingual
3) Hypoglossal
What nerve loops uder the submandibular duct?
Lingual nerve
What are the different potnetial spaces in the submandibular space
what goes through these areas?
Space 1 (between mylohyoid and hyoglossus)
1) Lingual nerve
2/3) Hyoglossal nerve + Deep lingual vein
Spacce 2 (deep to hyoglossus and lat to genioglossus)
1) Lingual artery
2) Dorwsal lingual vein
What structures enter/exit from the tympanic cavity?
- Tegmen tympani
- Tensor tympani muscle
- Pharyngotympanic tube
- Lesser petrosal nerve
- Branch from internal carotid plexus
- Internal carotid plexus (sympathetic)
- Internal carotid artery
- Chorda tympani nerve
- Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
- Internal jugular vein
- Round window
- Facial nerve [VII]
- Chorda tympani nerve
- Pyramidal eminence (encloses stapedius muscle)
- Oval window
- Aditus to mastoid antrum
- Prominence of lateral semicircular canal
- Prominence of facial canal
- Promontory
What innervates the constrictor muscles?
Vagus nerve
Name all of the muscles of the pharynx
What innervates each of the muscles?
1) Superior
2) Middle
3) Inferior constrictor muscles
4) Salphingopharyngeus (X)
5) Palatopharyngeus (X)
6) Stylopharyngeus (IX)
What structures travel between the constrictor muscles?
B/w Sup and Mid constrictor:
- Stylopharyngeus
- Lingual nerve and vessels
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
B/w Mid and Inf constrictor:
-internal laryngeal nerve and vessels (from sup laryngeal)
Below Inf
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Inferior laryngeal nerve
What ligaments make up the real and false vocal cords?
Real: Cricothyroid membrane
False: Quandrangular membrane
What travels through the small hole in the thyrohyoid membrane?
Superior laryngeal nerve and associated artery
What is the other name for laryngeal prominence?
Adam’s apple
