Anatomy Flashcards
How long and wide is the female urethra
4cm long and 6mm in diameter
Lymph from the bladder drains to several groups of lymph nodes. What are they ?
External iliac nodes - superolateral aspect internal iliac nodes - posterior surface and neck sacral or common iliac nodes - some areas of the neck
Where are the paraurethral glands located?
Superior part of the urethra, they open into the sides of the external urethral meatus
How long is the male urethra
20cm (18 - 22cm)
What are the features of the intramural (preprostatic urethra)
surrounded by internal urethral sphincter, diameter varies on whether bladder is filling or emptying, it is the shortest component of the urethra
Each of the angles of the trigone represent an osmium, what are they?
Two superior - openings of the ureters one inferior - internal urethral orifice
In the adult where is the empty bladder located?
Entirely within the pelvis
What are the mechanisms to prevent reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureters?
Ureters pass obliquely through the detrusor muscle to the ureteric orifice fibres of the detrusor muscle encircle the ureteric orifices and theses tighten when bladder contracts
The ureters pierce the bladder wall obliquely what is the purpose of this?
Provides a valve like action which prevents a reverse flow of urine toward the kidneys as the bladder fills.
What is the blood supply for the male urethra?
proximal - middle rectal from inferior vesicle from internal iliac distal part - internal pudendal
What is the secretion of the prostate?
Secretes a milky fluid containing citric acid and acid phosphatase which neutralises the acidity of the vagina
Why does the trigone not have muscular folds
Mucosa is firmly attached tot he underlying muscle
Describe the pathway of the female urethra
Passes anteroinferior from the internal urethral orifice of the bladder posterior and inferior to pubis symphysis , passes through the pelvic diaphragm with the vagina and perineal membrane, lies parallel to the vagina and passes with it through the pelvic diapraghm, external urethral sphincter and perineal membrane, it exits via the external urethral orifice located in the vestibule, anterior to the vagina.
In the adult where is the full bladder located?
It ascends into the greater pelvis and lies within extra peritoneal fascia of the abdominal wall
What are the functions of the male urethra?
To convey urine and provide a passageway for semen
Describe the relations of the posterior surface of the prostate gland
Ampulla of the rectum
Describe the relations of the anterior surface of the prostate gland
separated from the pubic symphysis by retroperitoneal fat in the retropubic space
The anterior and lateral relations of the bladder are the same in male and female. Describe the lateral relations
Levator ani muscle Obturator interns muscle
The anterior and lateral relations of the bladder are the same in male and female. Describe the anterior relations
Anterior abdominal waal Symphysis pubis Retropubic fat
Describe the structure of the prostate gland
it is a branched tuboalveolar gland which is embedded in a fibromuscular stoma. the glandular part makes two thirds and the other third is fibromuscular. Surrounds the prostatic urethra. It has a fibrous capsule that is dense and contains neurovasculature
What are the mechanisms to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen into the bladder
Muscles fibres toward the neck of the bladder form an involuntary internal urethral sphincter which contracts during ejaculation
Describe the apex of the bladder?
It lies anteriorly behind the upper margin of symphysis pubis, it is attached to the umbilicus by the median umbilical ligament
Describe the blood supply to the ureter
proximal part - vaginal arteries distal part - internal pudendal
Describe the relations of the base of the prostate gland
neck of the bladder
What is a urethra?
a muscular tube that conveys urine from the bladder to the external urethral orifice
Describe the route of the male urethra?
It extends from the internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice which is located on the tip of the glans penis
Describe the walls of the bladder
Consists of the same four layers as the ureter: epithelium lamina propria muscularis adventitia
The bladder is covered in endopelvic fascia what is it made of
Loose areolar, fatty connective tissue between adjacent structures
Describe the superior surface of the bladder
It is covered with peritoneum, it bulges into the abdominal cavity when distended
Describe the venous drainage of the bladder
vesical venous plexus drains blood from the bladder into the internal iliac vein
Describe the Inferolateral surface
Lies adjacent to the pubic bone and retropubic fat pad
What is the arterial supply to the prostate gland?
From branches of the inferior vesicle artery
What are the paraurethral glands homologues off
prostate gland of the male
Describe the base/fundus of the bladder
faces posteriorly it is triangular in shape and slightly convex
What are the features of the intermembranous urethra?
narrowest and least distensible part surrounded by the external urethral sphincter penetrates perineal membrane
What is the lymphatic drainage from the prostate?
Drains into the internal iliac nodes
What gives the bladder’s internal surface mucosal folds?
the epithelium and underlying lamina propria are loosely connected to the muscular layer of the bladder
Describe the relations of the apex of the prostate gland
fascia on the superior aspect of the urethral sphincter and deep perineal muscles
Describe the relations of the inferolateral surface the prostate gland
Levator ani
Describe the prostatic sheath?
Visceral layer of pelvic fascia that is thin anteriorly and continuous anterolaterally with the puboprostatic ligaments and posteriorly blends with retrovesicle septum
Describe the neck of the bladder?
This structure is held in position by the puboprostatic (male) or pubovesical (female) ligaments
What are the features of the spongy urethra?
Longest and most mobile part Bulbourethral glands open into bulbous part urethral glands open into small urethral lacunae entering lumen surrounded by corpus spongiousum dilated section of the navicular fossa
What are the features of the prostatic urethra
Widest and most dilatable part Features urethral crest with seminal colliculus on posterior wall Flanked by prostatic sinus which prostatic ducts open ejaculatory ducts open
Where is the bladder of an infant or young child located within the bladder
Projects into the abdomen even when empty
What arteries supply the male and female bladder and where do they arise
superior vesical arteries and inferior vesicle in male superior vesicle and vaginal arteries in female All the arteries arise from the internal iliac artery
What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system
Prostate gland
Where is the beginning and the end of the small intestines
- pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal junction
What is the function of the small intestine
- main site of digestion and absoption
What are the adaptations of the small intestine to increase its surface area?
- Plicae circulares - circular folds in the mucosa that can be seen with the naked eye
- microvilli - microscopic protrusions from luminal surface of the intestinal cells
- villi - finger like progections of the mucosa
How long is the root of the mesentery?
15cm
What enters at the root of the mesentery
- blood vessels
- nerves
- lymphatics
prevents tangling and trapping of neurovascular structure
What are the three different divisions of the SI
- Dudodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What sre the anterior relations of the duodenum
- superior part
- quadrate lobe
- gall bladder
- descending
- fundus of the gall bladder
- right lobe of the liver
- T. colon
- coils of jej
- horizontal
- coils of jej
- root of mesentery
- ascending
- coils of jej
- root of mesentery
Describe the arterial supply of the duodenum.
- proximal to duodenal papillae supplied by
- superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from gastroduodenal artery from coeliac trunk
- distal to major duodenal papillae
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from SMA
What are the features of the superior part of the duodenum
- short 5cm
- anterolateral to L1 body
- attached to the lesser omentum at superior border
- attached to greater omemtum at inferior border
- only part that is intraperitoneal
What are the features of the descending part of the duodenum
- longer 7- 10cm
- descends along right side of L1 - 3
- Minor and major duodenal papillae open
- most distal part of foregut