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Step 1 Gastrointestinal-First Aid 2017 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What can injury to retroperitoneal structures cause

A

Blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

Retroperitoneal structures/organs

A 
SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal (adrenal glands)
Aorta and IVD
Duodenum (2nd through 4th parts)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (thoracic portion)
Rectum (partially)
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3
Q

Connects liver to anterior abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

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4
Q

Structures contained in the falciform ligament

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

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5
Q

Tissue falciform ligament derived from

A

Ventral mesentery

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6
Q

Structure ligamentum teres hepatis derived from

A

Fetal umbilical vein

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7
Q

Connects liver to duodenum

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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8
Q

Structures contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament

A

Portal triad: common Bile duct, Portal vein, proper Hepatic artery

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9
Q

Maneuver used to control bleeding by compressing hepatoduodenal ligament between thumb and index finger

A

Pringle maneuver

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10
Q

Cavity where fingers are placed to perform Pringle maneuver

A

Omental foramen

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11
Q

Ligament which borders omental foramen and lesser sacs

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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12
Q

Ligament used for Pringle maneuver

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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13
Q

Connects liver to lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Gastrohepatic ligament

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14
Q

Structures contained within the Gastrohepatic ligament

A

Gastric arteries

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15
Q

Ligament which separates the greater and lesser sacs on the right

A

Gastrohepatic ligament

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16
Q

Ligament which may be cut to access lesser sac during surgery

A

Gastrohepatic ligament

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17
Q

Ligaments that are part of the lesser omentum

A

Hepatoduodenal and Gastrohepatic ligaments

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18
Q

Ligament which connects the greater curvature and transverse colon

A

Gastrocolic ligament

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19
Q

Structures contained within the Gastrocolic ligament

A

Gastroepiploic arteries

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20
Q

Ligament which connects the greater curvature and spleen

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

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21
Q

Structures contained within the Gastrosplenic ligament

A

Short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels

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22
Q

Ligament which separates the greater and lesser sacs on the left

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

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23
Q

Ligaments which are part of the greater omentum

A

Gastrosplenic and Gastrocolic ligaments

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24
Q

Ligament which connects spleen to posterior abdominal wall

A

Splenorenal ligament

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25
Q

Structures contained within the Splenorenal ligament

A

Splenic artery and vein and tail of pancreas

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26
Q

Layers of the gut wall

A

MSMS:

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

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27
Q

Layers of the mucosal layer of gut wall

A

Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa

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28
Q

Layers of the submucosa of gut wall

A

Submucosal gland and Meissner plexus

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29
Q

Layers of the muscularis externa

A

Inner circular layer, Auerbach plexus, Outer longitudinal layer

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30
Q

Erosions are found in which gut walls

A

Mucosal layer only

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31
Q

Ulcers are found in which gut walls

A

Can extend into all gut layers

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32
Q

Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in stomach

A

3 waves/min

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33
Q

Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in duodenum

A

12 waves/min

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34
Q

Frequency of basal electric rhythm waves in ileum

A

8-9 waves/min

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35
Q

Outer layer of gut wall when intraperitoneal

A

Serosa

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36
Q

Outer layer of gut wall when retroperitoneal

A

Adventitia

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37
Q

Type of tissue in the esophagus

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

Location of gastric glands

A

Stomach

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39
Q

Location of Brunner glands

A

Submucosa of duodenum

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40
Q

Glands that secrete HCO3-

A

Brunner glands

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41
Q

Location of crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon

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42
Q

Structure that contains stem cells that replace enterocytes and goblet cells

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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43
Q

Cells that secrete defensins, lysozyme and TNF

A

Paneth cells

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44
Q

Location of stem cells and Paneth cells

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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45
Q

Location of plicae circulares

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum

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46
Q

Section of small intestine that contains the largest number of goblet cells

A

Ileum

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47
Q

Lymphoid aggregates in lamina propria and submucosa

A

Peyer patches

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48
Q

Location of Peyer patches

A

Ileum

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49
Q

Direction arteries supplying GI structures branch

A

Anteriorly

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50
Q

Direction arteries supplying non-GI structures branch

A

Laterally and posteriorly

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51
Q

Main artery that supplies the foregut

A

Celiac artery

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52
Q

Provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut

A

Vagus nerve

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53
Q

Organ of mesoderm origin found in the foregut

A

Spleen

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54
Q

Vertebral level celiac artery is located

A

T12/L1

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55
Q

Nerve that supplies innervation to the pharynx

A

Vagus nerve

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56
Q

Provides blood supply to the lower esophagus

A

Celiac artery

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57
Q

Structures supplied by the celiac artery

A

Lower esophagus to proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

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58
Q

Main artery that supplies the midgut

A

SMA

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59
Q

Vertebral level SMA is located

A

L1

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60
Q

Provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut

A

Vagus

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61
Q

Structures supplied by the SMA

A

Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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62
Q

Main artery that supplies the hindgut

A

IMA

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63
Q

Vertebral level IMA is located

A

L3

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64
Q

Provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut

A

Pelvic splanchnic

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65
Q

Structures supplied by the IMA

A

Distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper portion of rectum

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66
Q

Branches of the celiac trunk

A

Splenic artery, Left gastric artery, Common hepatic artery

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67
Q

Constitute the main blood supply to the stomach

A

Splenic artery, Left gastric artery, Common hepatic artery

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68
Q

Anastomoses with the left gastroepiploic artery

A

Right gastroepiploic artery

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69
Q

Anastomoses with the left gastric artery

A

Right gastric artery

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70
Q

Ulcer that can damage gastroduodenal artery causing hemorrhage

A

Posterior duodenal ulcer

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71
Q

Ulcer that can cause pneumoperitoneum

A

Anterior duodenal ulcer

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72
Q

Artery that may be damaged in a posterior duodenal ulcer

A

Gastroduodenal artery

73
Q

Condition that may be caused by an anterior duodenal ulcer

A

Pneumoperitoneum

74
Q

Supply blood to lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Left and Right gastric arteries

75
Q

Supply blood to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Right and Left gastroepiploic arteries

76
Q

Branches off the splenic artery to supply the fundus of the stomach

A

Short gastric

77
Q

Branches off the splenic artery to supply the left side of the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Left gastroepiploic artery

78
Q

Branches of the splenic artery

A

Short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries

79
Q

Branches off the left gastric artery to supply the esophagus

A

Esophageal branches

80
Q

Branches of the common hepatic artery

A

Gastroduodenal and Proper hepatic artery

81
Q

Branches of the Proper hepatic artery

A

Left and Right hepatic arteries and right gastric artery

82
Q

Branches off the Right hepatic artery to supply the gallbladder

A

Cystic artery

83
Q

Branches off the Proper hepatic artery to supply the right lesser curve of the stomach

A

Right gastric artery

84
Q

Branch off the Gastroduodenal artery to supply the proximal duodenum

A

Anterior and Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

85
Q

Branches of the Gastroduodenal artery

A

Anterior and Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries and the right Gastroepiploic artery

86
Q

Clinical sign between superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal veins in portal HTN

A

Anorectal varices

87
Q

Clinical sign between paraumbilical veins and small epigastric veins of the anterior abdominal wall in portal HTN

A

Caput medusae

88
Q

Clinical sign between left gastric and azygous veins in portal HTN

A

Esophageal varices

89
Q

Treatment which places a device between the portal vein and hepatic vein to relieve portal HTN by shunting blood to the systemic circulation, bypassing liver

A

TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt)

90
Q

TIPS device is placed between what two veins to reliever portal HTN

A

Portal vein and hepatic vein

91
Q

Anatomic structure in anal canal formed by union between endoderm and ectoderm

A

Pectinate line (dentate)

92
Q

Pathologies that form above pectinate line

A

Internal hemorrhoids and adenocarcinoma

93
Q

Blood supply to the anal canal above the pectinate line

A

Superior rectal artery

94
Q

Superior rectal artery branches off what main artery

A

IMA

95
Q

Venous drainage above the pectinate line

A

Superior rectal vein - inferior mesenteric vein - splenic vein - portal vein

96
Q

The superior rectal vein drains into what vein

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

97
Q

The inferior mesenteric vein drains into what vein

A

Splenic vein

98
Q

The splenic vein drains into what vein

A

Portal vein

99
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the anal canal above the pectinate

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes

100
Q

Pathologies that form below pectinate line

A

External hemorrhoids, anal fissures, squamous cell carcinoma

101
Q

Blood supply to the anal canal below the pectinate line

A

Inferior rectal artery

102
Q

Inferior rectal artery branches off what main artery

A

Internal pudendal artery

103
Q

Venous drainage below the pectinate line

A

Inferior rectal vein - internal pudendal vein- internal iliac vein - common iliac vein - IVC

104
Q

The inferior rectal vein drains into what vein

A

Internal pudendal vein

105
Q

The internal pudendal vein drains into what vein

A

Internal iliac vein

106
Q

The internal iliac vein drains into what vein

A

Common iliac vein

107
Q

The common iliac vein drains into what vein

A

IVC

108
Q

Tear in the anal mucosa below the pectinate line

A

Anal fissure

109
Q

Anal fissures are associated with what type of diets

A

Low fiber diets

110
Q

Symptoms of anal fissures

A

Pain while Pooping, blood on toilet Paper

111
Q

Common location of anal fissures in anal canal

A

Posteriorly because Poorly Perfused

112
Q

Lymphatic drainage from anal canal below pectinate line

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

113
Q

Innervation to anal canal below pectinate line

A

Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve

114
Q

Innervation to anal canal above pectinate line

A

Visceral innervation

115
Q

Surface of hepatocytes that faces bile canaliculi

A

Apical side

116
Q

Surface of hepatocytes that faces sinusoids

A

Basolateral

117
Q

Specialized macrophages that form lining of sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

118
Q

Cells in the space of Disse that store vitamin A and produce extracellular matrix

A

Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells

119
Q

Function of stellate cells when quiescent

A

Store vitamin A

120
Q

Function of stellate cells when active

A

Produce extracellular matrix

121
Q

Zone of liver affected first by viral hepatitis

A

Zone I (peripheral zone)

122
Q

Zone of liver affected first by ingested toxins

A

Zone I (peripheral zone)

123
Q

Zone of liver affected first by yellow fever

A

Zone II (intermediate zone)

124
Q

Zone of liver affected first by ischemia

A

Zone III (centrilobular zone)

125
Q

Zone of liver that contains cytochrome P-450 system

A

Zone III (centrilobular zone)

126
Q

Zone of liver most sensitive to metabolic toxins

A

Zone III (centrilobular zone)

127
Q

Zone of liver that is site of alcoholic hepatitis

A

Zone III (centrilobular zone)

128
Q

Enlarged gallbladder with painless jaundice

A

Courvoisier sign

129
Q

Formed by cystic duct meeting with common hepatic duct

A

Common bile duct

130
Q

The common bile duct drains into what structure

A

Ampulla of Vater within pancreatic head

131
Q

The ampulla of Vater drains into which section of the duodenum

A

First section via sphincter of Oddi

132
Q

Muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

133
Q

Structure that can be obstructed by a mass of the head of the pancreas

A

Common bile duct

134
Q

Confluence of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct

A

Ampulla of Vater

135
Q

Organization of structures within the femoral region from lateral to medial

A

Nerve, Artery, Vein, Lymphatics

you go from lateral to medial to find your NAVeL

136
Q

Structures within the femoral triangle

A

Femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein

137
Q

Structure within the femoral triangle that is nearest the penis

A

Femoral vein

138
Q

Forms lateral border of femoral triangle

A

Sartorius muscle

139
Q

Forms medial border of femoral triangle

A

Adductor longus muscle

140
Q

Located 3-4 cm below inguinal ligament

A

Femoral sheath

141
Q

Structures contained within the femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery, vein, inguinal canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes within canal)

142
Q

Site of femoral hernia

A

Inguinal ring

143
Q

Site of protrusion of direct hernia

A

Abdominal wall

144
Q

Site of protrusion of indirect hernia

A

Deep inguinal ring

145
Q

Layers that compose the spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia, Cremasteric muscle and fascia, and External spermatic fascia

146
Q

Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the Internal spermatic fascia

A

Transversalis fascia

147
Q

Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the Cremasteric muscle and fascia

A

Internal oblique

148
Q

Abdominal wall layer that gives rise to the External spermatic fascia

A

External oblique

149
Q

Female homolog of the spermatic cord

A

Round ligament of the uterus

150
Q

Complication of hernias if not reducible

A

Incarceration and strangulation

151
Q

Complication of strangulation of hernias

A

Ischemia and necrosis

152
Q

Most common type of diaphragmatic hernia

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

153
Q

Side diaphragmatic hernias typically occur on

A

Left side (right side protected by liver)

154
Q

Causes of diaphragmatic hernias

A

Congenital defect of pleuroperitoneal membrane or trauma

155
Q

Type of hernia where fundus protrudes into the thorax and normal GE junction

A

Paraesophageal hernia

156
Q

Type of hernia in which GE junction is displaced upward giving an “hourglass stomach” appearance

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

157
Q

Hernia that travels through internal inguinal ring

A

Indirect hernia

158
Q

Indirect hernia terminates in what structure

A

Scrotum

159
Q

Indirect hernia exits what structure before terminating in scrotum

A

External inguinal ring

160
Q

Indirect hernia enters inguinal ring lateral to what structures

A

Inferior epigastric vessels

161
Q

Type of hernia more common in males

A

Indirect inguinal ring

162
Q

Cause of indirect inguinal hernia in infants

A

Processus vaginalis fails to close

163
Q

In addition to an indirect inguinal hernia, what other complication can develop from failure of process vaginalis to close in infants

A

Hydrocele

164
Q

Hernia that follows the path of descent of the testes and covered by all 3 layers of spermatic fascia

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

165
Q

Type of hernia that is medial to inferior epigastric vessels

A

Direct inguinal hernia

166
Q

Direct hernia protrudes through what anatomical structure

A

Hasselbach triangle

167
Q

Structures that make up Hasselbach triangle

A

Inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle
Inguinal ligament

168
Q

A direct inguinal hernia travels through which structure

A

External inguinal ring

169
Q

A direct inguinal hernia is covered by which spermatic layers

A

External spermatic fascia

170
Q

Which type of hernia is more common in older men

A

Direct inguinal hernia

171
Q

Cause of direct inguinal hernia

A

Acquired weakness in the transversalis fascia

172
Q

A direct hernia is medial to what structures

A

Inferior epigastric vessels

173
Q

Which type of hernia is more likely to present with incarceration or strangulation

A

Femoral hernia

174
Q

Type of hernia more common in females

A

Femoral hernia

175
Q

Most common type of hernia overall

A

Inguinal hernias

176
Q

Femoral hernia protrudes below what structure

A

Inguinal ligament

177
Q

Femoral hernia protrudes lateral to what structure

A

Pubic tubercle

178
Q

What structure does a femoral hernia travel through

A

Femoral canal

Step 1 Gastrointestinal-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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