Anatomy

Question 1

what is the diencephalon composed of

Answer 1

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Question 2

what is the role of the diencephalon

Answer 2

forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

Question 3

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

Answer 3

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 4

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Answer 4

infundibulum

Question 5

what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 5

anterior and posterior

Question 6

where is the pituitary gland

Answer 6

pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 7

where does the pituitary fossa lie

Answer 7

within the sella turcica

Question 8

what can a pituitary tumour cause

Answer 8

vision loss, specifically

Bitemporal Hemianopia

Question 9

why does a pituitary tumour cause Bitemporal Hemianopia

Answer 9

disrupts the transmission of APS from the nasal retina bilaterally
causes lose in temporal side of visual field bilaterally

Question 10

what is the surgical access to the pituitary fossa

Answer 10

transsphenoidal

transcranial

Question 11

what lines the paranasal sinuses

Answer 11

mucous-secreting resp mucosa

Question 12

what are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 12

frontal bone (frontal sinuses)
maxillae (maxillary sinuses)
ethmoid bone (ethmoidal air cells)
sphenoid bone (sphenoid sinuses)

Question 13

what is an ostia

Answer 13

bony drainage hole in nasal cavities for mucous

Question 14

what adheres to the internal aspects of all the bones of the cranial vault

Answer 14

dura mater

Question 15

what is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa

Answer 15

the diaphragm sellae

Question 16

what is the tentorium cerebelli

Answer 16

tough sheet of dura mater “tenting” over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa has a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through

Question 17

venous drainage in the brain

Answer 17

venous channels within the dura mater &raquo_space; internal jugular veins

Question 18

where do the internal carotid arteries pass through to get into the skull

Answer 18

cavernous sinuses

Question 19

where does the internal jugular veins pass through to get into the skull

Answer 19

jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 20

what connects the cavernous sinuses (R+L) anterior to the pituitary gland

Answer 20

anterior intercavernous sinus

Question 21

where does the internal carotid artery travel to after it has entered the skull via the cavernous sinuses

Answer 21

carotid canal in the temporal bone

Question 22

what structures are at risk in pituitary gland structures

Answer 22

Optic chiasm
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve 
Cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Dura mater

Question 23

what connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid gland

Answer 23

the isthmus

Question 24

where does the isthmus lie

Answer 24

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

Question 25

how can you differentiate whether a lump is on the thyroid gland

Answer 25

thyroid gland is attached to the larynx & trachea | therefore, lump in the gland will move with the larynx during swallowing (i.e. up then down)

Question 26

where are the 4 parathyroid glands located

Answer 26

on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland's lateral lobes - superior and inferior on either side

Question 27

what is a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland

Answer 27

third thyroid lobe present in about 28-55% of the population most commonly originates from the left lateral lobe may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

Question 28

embryology - where does the thyroid gland begin its development

Answer 28

midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Question 29

where does the gland migrate to

Answer 29

inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

Question 30

where is the gland final position

Answer 30

C7

Question 31

what muscle has a close relation to the thyroid gland

Answer 31

the platysma

Question 32

where is the platysma located

Answer 32

immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

Question 33

what group of muscles does platysma belong to and what is its nerve supply

Answer 33

the muscles of facial expression CN VII - facial nerve

Question 34

what are the fascial compartments of the neck

Answer 34

investing (deep) (most anterior) prevertebral (deep) pretracheal (most posterior)

Question 35

what lies between investing and pre-tracheal fascia

Answer 35

the 2 carotid sheaths

Question 36

what does prevertebral enclose

Answer 36

cervical vertebrae & the postural neck muscles

Question 37

what does investing fascia enclose

Answer 37

encloses all the other neck fascial compartments encloses 2 pairs of muscles: - trapezius - sternocleidomastoid

Question 38

what does pre tracheal fascia enclose

Answer 38

the strap muscles the thyroid gland the trachea the oesophagus the recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 39

what is enclosed in the carotid sheaths

Answer 39

the internal jugular veins the carotid arteries vagus nerve deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 40

where does the retropharyngeal space lie

Answer 40

between the pre tracheal and the prevertebral fascia

Question 41

what fascia is the sternocleidomastoid enclosed in

Answer 41

investing fascia

Question 42

where are the carotid sheaths

Answer 42

deep to the investing fascia & located anterolaterally in the neck either side of the thyroid gland

Question 43

what is the blood supply of the thyroid gland

Answer 43

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 44

what is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of

Answer 44

subclavian artery

Question 45

what is the superior thyroid artery a branch of

Answer 45

external carotid artery

Question 46

what is the venous drainage of the thyroid

Answer 46

superior thyroid vein middle thyroid vein inferior thyroid vein

Question 47

where do the thyroid veins drain to

Answer 47

superior and middle thyroid veins - internal jugular vein inferior thyroid vein - brachiocephalic veins all then drain into SVC

Question 48

what is the lymph drainage of the thyroid

Answer 48

pre-tracheal and para-tracheal lymph nodes | which then drain into the superior and inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 49

what branches of the vagus nerve supply the larynx

Answer 49

superior laryngeal nerve | recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 50

what are the strap muscles

Answer 50

sternohyoid omohyoid thyrohyoid sternothyroid

Question 51

what is at risk during an operation of the thyroid

Answer 51

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 52

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 52

skeletal muscles that move the vocal cords

Question 53

what would unilateral and bilateral injury cause

Answer 53

unilateral - hoarseness/weakness of the voice, weak cough bilateral - aphonia (inability to produce sound), inability to close the rima glottidis or produce a good cough

Question 54

what fascia is the thyroid enclosed in

Answer 54

pretracheal (deep) fascia