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Spinal Station > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Superficial erector spinae (4)

A
  • run in 3 bands along the entire length of the vertebral column
  • spinalis group lies closest to the midsagittal plane
  • longissimus group lie lateral to the spinalis group
  • iliocostalis group lie lateral to the longissimus group
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2
Q

Spinalis group (2)

A
  • 2 parts

- spinalis cervicis and spinalis thoracis

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3
Q

Spinalis cervicis (2)

A
  • links the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae and the spine of c7 to the spine of the axis
  • this extends the neck
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4
Q

Spinalis thoracis (3)

A
  • originates from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spines
  • inserts into the spines of the superior thoracic vertebrae
  • extends vertebral column
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5
Q

Longissimus group (4)

A
  • 3 parts
  • longissimus capitis
  • longissimus cervicis
  • longissimus thoracis
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6
Q

Longissimus capitis (4)

A
  • arises from the transverse processes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
  • inserts into the mastoid process of the temporal bone
  • when the 2 muscles on each side contract together longissimus capitus extends the neck but if only one muscle contracts the head is rotated to that side
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7
Q

Longissimus cervicis (4)

A
  • arises from the transverse processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae
  • inserts into the transverse processes of the second to sixth cervical vertebrae
  • extends vertebrae
  • if only 1 muscle contracts it laterally flexes vertebral column
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8
Q

Longissimus thoracis (4)

A
  • arises from the supraspinous ligaments of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae
  • inserts into transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae and the lower ribs
  • extends vertebral column
  • produces lateral flexion with one aide contracting
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9
Q

Iliocostalis group(4)

A
  • 3 parts
  • iliocostalis cervicis
  • iliocostalis thoracis
  • iliocostalis lumborum
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10
Q

Iliocostalis cervicis (3)

A
  • arises from the upper borders of the third to sixth ribs
  • inserts into the transverse processes of the fourth to sixth cervical vertebrae
  • extends and laterally flexes the neck and also raises the ribs
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11
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis (3)

A
  • arises from the superior borders of the lower six ribs
  • inserts into the upper ribs and transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra
  • extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column and helps to stabilise the thoracic vertebrae during extension of the vertebral column
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12
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum (3)

A
  • arises from the iliac and sacral crests
  • inserts into the lower six ribs
  • depresses the ribs and extends vertebral column
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13
Q

Superficial erector spinae supply (1)

A

-dorsal rami of cervical thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (depending on the level of the muscle)

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14
Q

Deep erector spinae (6)

A
  • several bands of muscle in this group
  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
  • interspinales
  • intertransversarii
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15
Q

Semispinalis group (4)

A
  • all arise from transverse processes
  • semispinalis capitus, semispinalis cervicus, semispinalis thoracis
  • extends vertebral column
  • when one side is active lateral flexion can be produced (in the neck) or rotation (in the thoracic region)
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16
Q

Semispinalis cervicis (1)

A

-inserts into the spinous processes of the middle cervical vertebrae

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17
Q

Semispinalis capitis (1)

A

-inserts into the occipital bone

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18
Q

Semispinalis thoracis (1)

A

-inserts into the spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

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19
Q

Multifidus (3)

A
  • arises from the sacrum and from the transverse processes of each vertebrae
  • each part of the muscle inserts into the spinous processes 3 to 4 vertebrae above
  • the action is the same as for semispinalis
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20
Q

Semispinalis and multifidus supply (1)

A

-dorsal rami of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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21
Q

Rotatores (2)

A
  • connect transverse processes to spinous processes

- extend vertebral column and cause lateral flexion or rotation

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22
Q

Interspinales (2)

A
  • connect spinous processes

- extend vertebral column

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23
Q

Intertransversarii (2)

A
  • connect transverse processes

- produce lateral flexion

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24
Q

Rotatores, interspinales and intertransversarii supply (1)

A

-supplied by dorsal rami of cervical thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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25
Q

Flexor muscles of the vertebral column (2)

A
  • mainly produced by muscles that form the anterior wall of the trunk such as rectus abdominis
  • few small muscles lying close to the anterior surface of the vertebral column that produce some flexion
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26
Q

Longus capitis (3)

A
  • connects the cervical transverse processes with the base of the occipital bone
  • produces flexion when both sides of the muscle contract together
  • produces rotation to one side when only one side contracts
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27
Q

Longus colli (2)

A
  • arises from the anterior surfaces of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebral bodies
  • inserts into the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae
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28
Q

Longus capitis and longus colli supply (1)

A

-anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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29
Q

Quadratus lumborum ( 5)

A
  • arises from the iliac crest
  • inserts into rib 12 and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
  • when muscles on both sides contract together the ribs are depressed
  • if muscles act independently they produce lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • supplied by the anterior rami of lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
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30
Q

Main flexors of the vertebral column (4)

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • rectus abdominis
  • these are abdominal muscles
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31
Q

External oblique (3)

A
  • lies more superficially than internal oblique
  • arises from the external surfaces of the lower ribs
  • inserts into the linea alba and iliac crest
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32
Q

Internal oblique (2)

A
  • arises from the iliac crest

- inserts into the inferior ribs and xiphoid process

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33
Q

External and internal oblique (2)

A
  • lie laterally to rectus abdominis

- both compress abdomen depress the ribs and flex vertebral column

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34
Q

Rectus abdominis (4)

A
  • lies anterior
  • arises from superior surface of the pubis
  • inserts into the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
  • same action as the oblique muscles
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35
Q

Rectus abdominis and oblique muscles supply (1)

A

-nerves derived from the anterior rami of spinal nerves such as the intercostal nerves and iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

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36
Q

Extension of vertebral column (2)

A
  • backward bending

- the vertebrae rock backwards so the distance between their adjacent anterior borders is increased

37
Q

Muscles that produce extension of vertebral column (8)

A 
Erector spinae group
-spinalis
-longissimus
-iliocostalis
-iliocostalis
Deep muscles
-semispinalis
-multifidus
-rotatores
38
Q

Flexion of the vertebral column (2)

A
  • forward bending

- anterior borders of the vertebrae come closer together

39
Q

Muscles producing flexion of vertebral column (5)

A
  • Longus capitis and colli
  • quadratus lumborum
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • rectus abdominis
40
Q

Lateral flexion of vertebral column (3)

A
  • bending to the side
  • generally occurs when one of a pair of muscles contracts
  • so if the muscle to the right of the vertebral column contracts bending to that side occurs
41
Q

Muscles that produce lateral flexion of the vertebral column (7)

A
  • longus cervicis and thoracis
  • iliocostalis cervicis and thoracis
  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
  • intertransversarii
  • quadratus lumborum
42
Q

Scoliosis (1)

A

-lateral curvature of the spinal column, always abnormal

43
Q

Structural scoliosis (1)

A

-section of the spine with fixed lateral curvature which does not correct on lateral bending and exhibits rotational deformity

44
Q

Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (2)

A
  • 2% of population

- rises to 20% in affected families

45
Q

Presentation of idiopathic scoliosis (5)

A
  • uneven shoulders
  • prominent shoulder blade (convex) or breast (concave)
  • uneven waist
  • elevated hip
  • leaning to one side
46
Q

Bony deformity of ribs in scoliosis (

A
  • spinous process deviates to concave side
  • vertebral body distorted toward convex side
  • lamina thinner and vertebral canal narrower on concave side
  • rib pushed laterally and anteriorly on concave side
  • rib pushed posteriorly thoracic cage narrowed on convex side
47
Q

Vertebral wedging of spine (3)

A

Decreased height on concave side of

  • vertebral body
  • intervertebral disc
48
Q

Scoliosis school screening (4)

A
  • referrals to clinic 3-3.5%
  • scoliosis confirmed 1%
  • orthosis 0.4%
  • surgery 0.04%
49
Q

Classification of idiopathic scoliosis (3)

A
  • infantile 0-3years
  • juvenile 4-9years
  • adolescent 10+ years
50
Q

Infantile idiopathic scoliosis (8)

A
  • left sided curves are commonly seen
  • boys > girls (3:2)
  • may resolve spontaneously with growth
  • rare in USA
  • observation is treatment of choice, with repeat evaluation every 4 to 6 months
  • use of orthoses and surgery not commonly required
  • rib vertebra angle difference (rvad) is significant
  • rvad > 20 degrees poor prognosis
51
Q

Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (7)

A
  • onset 4-9years
  • male:female ratio approx 1:1
  • mostly right thoracic
  • may rapidly progress especially in children over the age of five
  • may require orthotic management
  • surgery indicated if the curve cannot be controlled by orthotic means
  • surgery in a skeletally immature spine brings its own problems
52
Q

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis stats (3)

A
  • 30% of all adolescents have rib hump/thoracic asymmetry
  • 1.2% have curve >10 degrees
  • 0.2% require treatment
53
Q

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (10)

A
  • onset 10+ years
  • most common type
  • mostly right sided
  • equal frequency in boys and girls at low curve magnitudes
  • girls have sig higher risk of progression. Female:male ratio approx 7:1
  • highest risk for curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis occurs around puberty (growth spurt)
  • pulmonary and cardiac function not impeded with lumbar curves
  • significant changes of pulmonary function seen when curve exceeds 70degrees
  • pulmonary problems exacerbated by deformity of rib cage
  • pulmonary and cardiac function tests may be required preoperatively
54
Q

King 1 (4)

A
  • lumbar dominant (10%)
  • s-shaped curve
  • both thoracic and lumbar curves cross midline
  • lumbar curve larger or more rigid
55
Q

King 2(4)

A
  • thoracic dominant (33%)
  • s-shaped curve
  • both thoracic and lumbar curves cross midline
  • thoracic curve larger or more rigid
56
Q

King 3(3)

A
  • thoracic (33%)
  • thoracic curve
  • lumbar curve does not cross midline
57
Q

King 4(4)

A
  • long thoracic (10%)
  • long thoracic curve
  • l5 over sacrum
  • l4 tilted into curve
58
Q

King 5(4)

A
  • double thoracic (10%)
  • double thoracic curve
  • t1 tilted into upper curve
  • upper curve structural
59
Q

Adolescent scoliosis (1)

A

Lateral spinal curvature that appears before the onset of puberty and before skeletal maturity

60
Q

Adult scoliosis (1)

A

-scoliosis of any cause which is present after skeletal maturity

61
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis (3)

A
  • an inflammatory disease of the spine which gradually restricts spinal movement
  • primarily occurs in young adults; they commonly have morning pain
  • often called bamboo spine disease
62
Q

Anteroposterior view (AP) view of spine (3)

A
  • an xray in which patient faces toward the xray beam
  • which passes from anterior to posterior through the pt
  • and away from the xray film
63
Q

Apex of scoliosis (1)

A

-the area of greatest curvature or displacement from the midline of the body

64
Q

Apical vertebra (1)

A

-when referring to a scoliosis it is the vertebra with the greatest distance from the midline and has the most rotation

65
Q

Block vertebra (2)

A
  • the congenital fusion of 2 or more vertebrae

- these vertebrae do not have normal growth potential

66
Q

Body alignment (1)

A

-the alignment of the midpoint of the occiput over the sacrum

67
Q

Cafe au lait spots (2)

A
  • light brown irregular areas of skin pigmentation

- if they are sufficient in number and have smooth margins they usually suggest neurofibromatosis

68
Q

Cobb angle (5)

A
  • a method of determinant the size of a curve
  • on an xray the uppermost and lowermost verebrae are identified
  • a perpendicular line is drawn from the upper edge of the uppermost veretbra and the lower end of the lowermost vertebra
  • the angle formed at their intersection is the cob angle which measures the severity of the curve
  • note: if the vertebral and plates are poorly visualised a line through the bottom or top of the pedicles can be used
69
Q

Erector spinae (4)

A
  • extend vertebral column
  • lie posterior to the column
  • deep to more superficial back muscles such as trapezius and latissimus dorsi
  • divided into 2 layers: superficial and deep
70
Q

Compensatory curve (1)

A

On spinal deformity, a secondary curve located above or below the structural curvature, which develops in order to maintain normal body alignment

71
Q

Congenital scoliosis (2)

A
  • scoliosis due to bony abnormalities of the spine present at birth
  • these anomalies are classified as failure of vertebral formation and/or failure of segmentation
72
Q

Decompensation (1)

A

-in scoliosis, this refers to loss of spinal balance when the thoracic cage is not centred over the pelvis

73
Q

Double curve (1)

A

2 lateral curvatures (scoliosis) in the same spine

74
Q

Double major curve (1)

A

-describes a scoliosis in which there are 2 structural curves which are usually of equal size

75
Q

Double thoracic curve (1)

A

-a scoliosis with a structural upper thoracic curve as well as a larger more deforming lower thoracic curve and a relatively nonstructural lumbar curve

76
Q

Gibbus (1)

A

-sharply angular kyphosis

77
Q

Hyper (1)

A

-prefix indicating a higher than normal level

78
Q

Hypo (1)

A

-prefix indicating a lower than normal level

79
Q

Idiopathic (1)

A

-of unknown aetiology

80
Q

Inclinometer (1)

A

An instrument used to measure the angle of thoracic (rib) or lumbar (flank) prominence, referred to as the angle of trunk rotation (ATR)

81
Q

Infantile scoliosis (1)

A

-a curvature of the spine that develops before 3 years of age

82
Q

Juvenile scoliosis (1)

A

Scoliosis developing between the ages of 3 and 10 years

83
Q

Kyphoscoliosis (1)

A

-a structural scoliosis associated with increased kyphosis

84
Q

Kyphosis (3)

A
  • the normal forward curvature of the thoracic spine
  • a posterior convex angulation of the spine as evaluated from the side
  • contrast to lordosis
85
Q

Lordosis (2)

A
  • the normal mild anterior angulation (swayback) of the lumbar spine as evaluation from the side
  • contrast to kyphosis
86
Q

Lower end vertebrae (1)

A

-vertebra at the bottom of the curve that maximally inclined to the concavity

87
Q

Lumbar curve (1)

A

-a spinal curvature whose apex is between the first and fourth lumbar vertebrae (also known as lumbar scoliosis)

88
Q

Lumbosacral curve (1)

A

-a lateral curvature with its apex at the fifth lumbar vertebra or below (also known as lumbosacral scoliosis)

Spinal Station (6 decks)

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