2

Question 1

Minor curve (5)

Answer 1

• term used to describe the smallest curve
• which is always more flexible than the major curve
• this is a compensatory curve that can occur above and/or below a major curve in order to maintain normal body alignment
• tend to be non structural and often remain so
• although structural changes may occur leading to a second major curve

Question 2

Neuromuscular scoliosis (1)

Answer 2

-due to disease or anomaly of the nerve tissue of muscle

Question 3

Non structural curve (3)

Answer 3

• scoliosis that corrects on lateral bending and is without fixed rotation
• there is no true structural deformity of either vertebrae or intervertebral discs
• this may be observed in clinic or un recumbent side-bending radiographs

Question 4

Null point (1)

Answer 4

-the level at which the degree values of the vertebrae change from being >90 to

Question 5

Pelvic obliquity (2)

Answer 5

• deviation of the pelvis from the horizontal in the coronal plane
• fixed pelvic obliquity can be due to contractures either above or below the pelvis

Question 6

Primary curve (1)

Answer 6

-the first, or earliest curve to appear, if identifiable

Question 7

Rib hump (3)

Answer 7

• posterior prominence of the ribs on the convexity of the curve
• due to spinal rotation
• it is best seen on forward bending (adams test)
• note: vertebral rotation is such that the spinous process will always rotate towards the midline

Question 8

Risser sign (1)

Answer 8

-rating system use to indicate skeletal maturity, based on degree of ossification of iliac crest epiphysis

Question 9

Scoliosis (5)

Answer 9

• lateral deviation of the normal vertical line of the spine which
• when measured by xray
• os greater than 10 degrees
• scoliosis consists of a lateral curvature of the spine with rotation of the vertebrae within the curve
• rotation of the vertebrae also occurs which produces the rib cage and flank muscle asymmetry

Question 10

Structural curve (1)

Answer 10

-segment of the spine that has fixed (nonflexible) lateral curvature and exhibits rotational deformity

Question 11

Upper end vertebra (1)

Answer 11

-vertebra at the top of the curve that is maximally inclined to the concavity

Question 12

Major curve (1)

Answer 12

-term used to designate the largest structural curve

Question 13

Lateral flare/ float

Tyrell and carter 2009 (8)

Answer 13

• provides stability to the subtalar joint in unstable foot conditions
• helps prevent recurrent sprains
• flared heel adds leverage to control heel and increase base of support
• lateral may help stabilise ankle joint if grossly inverted heel strike
• corrects foot motion at foot contact - correctional moment at heel
• additional width of flare moves ground reaction force laterally
• if both heel and sole - extends contact base in stance improving stability
• increased contact area, reduced pressure

Question 14

Boston lumbar brace (3)

Answer 14

• highest component is a lumbar pad
• for use in lumbar curves (apex below l1) and lumbosacral curves
• usually requires a trochanter extension/pad and lumbar pad

Question 15

Boston thoraco-lumbar brace (3)

Answer 15

The highest component is a lower thoracic extension

• for use with thoraco-lumbar curves (apex t12 and l1) and low thoracic curves(apex t10 and t11)
• usually requires a trochanter extension/pad, lumbar pad and low thoracic pad

Question 16

Boston thoracic brace (3)

Answer 16

• highest component is an axillary extension
• for use with double curves, and thoracic curves with an apex up to t6
• usually requires a trochanter extension/pad, lumbar pad, low thoracic pad, and axillary extension

Question 17

Boston thoracic brace with hypokyphosis modification (2)

Answer 17

• sane as the thoracic brace but with the addition of cephalad posterior extensions (rabbit ears) to encourage thoracic kyphosis
• for use with severe thoracic hypokyphosis or thoracic lordosis

Question 18

Abdominal apron boston (1)

Answer 18

Refers to the anterior portion of the brace that extendsenough laterally and cephalad to contain the abdomen and just barely cover the margins of the ribs and xyphoid process

Question 19

Axillary extension(2)

Answer 19

• refers to the position of the completed brace intended to contact the lateral aspect of upper thoracic ribs from one vertebral level superior to thoracic null point cephalad
• generally there is an open window between the axillary extension and yhe crest roll

Question 20

Blue print an xray 1-4/12

Answer 20

• identify left/right on the xray (view from the back)
• identify the mid-point (spinous process) of s1 (1st sacral vertebra). If this is not possible to identify this point, find the spinous process of l5 (5th lunbar vertebra)
• measure the distance from the mid-point of s1 (or l5) to the lateral edge of the xray
• produce a vertical reference line through the midpoint of s1 using the measure taken in 3 above. This line can be used to determine if there is any pelvix obliquity

Question 21

Blueprinting 5-8/12

Answer 21

• for each vertebra, draw a line across the inferior edge of the vertebral body
• measure the angle between the inferior edge of each vertebral body and the vertical reference line. This angle is the degree value for that vertebra
• locate the apex of the curve (or of each curve). This is the vertebra in which the degree value changes from being >90 to

Question 22

Blueprintinf 9-12/12

Answer 22

• the width of the posterior opening of the orthosis is equal to the width of l5. Meausre this width on the xray and draw the posterior opening on the film, centred on the vertical reference line
• the upper and lower extremities of the orthosis can be drawn on the xray. These are level with the top of t8(8th thoracic vertebra) and approx 2cm above the ischial tuberosities
• the location of the corrective pads can be identified on the convexity of the curves. Proximally the pads must not extend beyohng the null point. Distally the thoraic pad extends to the bottom of t12 and the lumbar pad extends to the bottom of l5
• laterally the distal trimline can be identified. This is 1cm proximal to the greater trochanter (or lower if an extension is required), if necessary an axilla extension can be added proximally.