Anatomy Flashcards
What is the term for thalamus + hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Which is more central - thalamus or hypothalamus?
Thalamus
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
In the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone
Where does the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone lie?
Within the sella turcica
What does the pituitary gland lie immediately inferior to?
Optic chiasm
What is the optic chiasm formed from?
Right and left optic nerves CN IIs
What passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm?
Right and left optic tracts
After synapsing in the thalamus how do the next axons in the chain pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe?
By optic radiation
What does the nasal retina contain?
Photoreceptors: rods and cones
What other retina exists other than nasal?
Temporal - lateral
What bone is the right optic canal in?
Sphenoid
What does initial midline compression of the optic chiasm disrupt?
The transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally
If the optic chiasm is compressed in the midline - what does the patient lose?
The ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally
What is the term for bilateral loss of sight in the temporal side of visual field?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Light rays perceived by what retina results in the action potentials crossing over at the optic chiasm to the contralateral side?
Nasal retina
What is the superior and inferior parts of the nasal septum?
Superior - perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Inferior - vomer
What are the air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities?
Paranasal sinuses
What are paranasal sinuses lined by?
Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa
What structures are in three groups and located between the nasal cavity and orbit?
Ethmoid air cells
What is adherent to the internal aspects of all the bones of the cranial vault?
Dura mater
What is the tough sheet of dura mater that tents over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa but with a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through?
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the name of a tough sheet of dura mater that forms a roof over the pituitary fossa?
Diaphragm sellae
What do dural venous sinuses do?
Venous channels within dura mater that drain most of venous blood from cranial cavity into internal jugular veins.
What artery passes through the cavernous sinuses?
Internal carotid
At what point do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?
At jugular foraminae
What artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery that enters the orbit via the optic canal?
Opthalmic artery
What CN is motor to muscles that move eyeball and parasympathetic to sphincter muscle of iris?
Oculomotor
What CN is motor to one muscles that moves the globe?
Trochlear or abducent
Name two structures the thyroid gland is closely related to in the anterior neck?
Larynx and trachea
What does the isthmus lie anterior to?
The 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea.
Name an additional lobe of the thyroid gland?
Pyramidal lobe
Where does the pyramidal lobe most commonly originate from?
Left lateral lobe
What gland begins its development as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
Thyroid gland
During embryology of the thyroid gland - where does it migrate?
Inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct
When does the thyroid gland reach its final position?
In 7th week of development
Name a skeletal muscle found in the superficial fascia of the neck?
Platysma - muscle of facial expression
What nerve supplies the platysma muscles?
CN VII - facial
What two muscles does investing fascia of neck enclose?
Trapezius
Sternocleidomasteoid
What neck fascia is most superficial and encloses all other neck fascial compartments?
Investing
Where is prevertebral fascia and what does it enclose?
Posteriorly - encloses the cervical vertebrae and postural neck muscles
What four structures do the carotid sheaths hold?
- Internal jugular veins
- Carotid arteries
- Vagus nerve
- Deep cervical lymph nodes
What five structures does the pretracheal fascia of neck enclose?
- Strap muscles
- Thyroid gland
- Trachea
- Oesophagus
- Recurrent laryngeal nerves
Infection spreads in planes between fascial tubes - what space lies between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia?
retropharyngeal space
What nerve supplies sternoclediomasteoid and trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve CN XI
What does the anterior jugular vein drain into?
External jugular vein
What does external jugular vein drain into?
Subclavian vein
What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Inferior thyroid artery from subclavian artery and superior thyroid artery from left external carotid artery
What is the venous drainage of thyroid gland?
Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins coming from internal jugular veins
Where is lymph returned to via the right lymphatic duct?
Right venous angle
Where is lymph returned to via the thoracic duct?
To left venous angle
What does the vagus nerve connect with before going through the jugular foramen?
Medulla oblongata
What vagus nerve when descending through the chest is on the lateral aspect of trachea, posterior to the lung root and descends onto the oesophagus?
Right vagus nerve
What vagus nerve when descending through the chest is on the left side of the aorta, gives the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, is posterior to the left lung root and moves onto the oesophagus?
Left vagus nerve
What recurrent laryngeal nerve doesnt descend through the chest?
Right
Where do strap muscles sit?
Anterior to thyroid gland
What are the four strap muscles?
- Omohyoid
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thryohyoid
What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve ascend in the groove between?
Trachea anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly
