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JL Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for thalamus + hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

Which is more central - thalamus or hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus

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3
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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4
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

In the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

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5
Q

Where does the pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone lie?

A

Within the sella turcica

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6
Q

What does the pituitary gland lie immediately inferior to?

A

Optic chiasm

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7
Q

What is the optic chiasm formed from?

A

Right and left optic nerves CN IIs

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8
Q

What passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm?

A

Right and left optic tracts

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9
Q

After synapsing in the thalamus how do the next axons in the chain pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe?

A

By optic radiation

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10
Q

What does the nasal retina contain?

A

Photoreceptors: rods and cones

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11
Q

What other retina exists other than nasal?

A

Temporal - lateral

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12
Q

What bone is the right optic canal in?

A

Sphenoid

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13
Q

What does initial midline compression of the optic chiasm disrupt?

A

The transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally

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14
Q

If the optic chiasm is compressed in the midline - what does the patient lose?

A

The ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally

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15
Q

What is the term for bilateral loss of sight in the temporal side of visual field?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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16
Q

Light rays perceived by what retina results in the action potentials crossing over at the optic chiasm to the contralateral side?

A

Nasal retina

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17
Q

What is the superior and inferior parts of the nasal septum?

A

Superior - perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Inferior - vomer

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18
Q

What are the air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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19
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

What structures are in three groups and located between the nasal cavity and orbit?

A

Ethmoid air cells

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21
Q

What is adherent to the internal aspects of all the bones of the cranial vault?

A

Dura mater

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22
Q

What is the tough sheet of dura mater that tents over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa but with a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What is the name of a tough sheet of dura mater that forms a roof over the pituitary fossa?

A

Diaphragm sellae

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24
Q

What do dural venous sinuses do?

A

Venous channels within dura mater that drain most of venous blood from cranial cavity into internal jugular veins.

25
Q

What artery passes through the cavernous sinuses?

A

Internal carotid

26
Q

At what point do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?

A

At jugular foraminae

27
Q

What artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery that enters the orbit via the optic canal?

A

Opthalmic artery

28
Q

What CN is motor to muscles that move eyeball and parasympathetic to sphincter muscle of iris?

A

Oculomotor

29
Q

What CN is motor to one muscles that moves the globe?

A

Trochlear or abducent

30
Q

Name two structures the thyroid gland is closely related to in the anterior neck?

A

Larynx and trachea

31
Q

What does the isthmus lie anterior to?

A

The 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea.

32
Q

Name an additional lobe of the thyroid gland?

A

Pyramidal lobe

33
Q

Where does the pyramidal lobe most commonly originate from?

A

Left lateral lobe

34
Q

What gland begins its development as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

Thyroid gland

35
Q

During embryology of the thyroid gland - where does it migrate?

A

Inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

36
Q

When does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

A

In 7th week of development

37
Q

Name a skeletal muscle found in the superficial fascia of the neck?

A

Platysma - muscle of facial expression

38
Q

What nerve supplies the platysma muscles?

A

CN VII - facial

39
Q

What two muscles does investing fascia of neck enclose?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomasteoid

40
Q

What neck fascia is most superficial and encloses all other neck fascial compartments?

A

Investing

41
Q

Where is prevertebral fascia and what does it enclose?

A

Posteriorly - encloses the cervical vertebrae and postural neck muscles

42
Q

What four structures do the carotid sheaths hold?

A
  1. Internal jugular veins
  2. Carotid arteries
  3. Vagus nerve
  4. Deep cervical lymph nodes
43
Q

What five structures does the pretracheal fascia of neck enclose?

A
  1. Strap muscles
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Trachea
  4. Oesophagus
  5. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
44
Q

Infection spreads in planes between fascial tubes - what space lies between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia?

A

retropharyngeal space

45
Q

What nerve supplies sternoclediomasteoid and trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve CN XI

46
Q

What does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

A

External jugular vein

47
Q

What does external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

48
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Inferior thyroid artery from subclavian artery and superior thyroid artery from left external carotid artery

49
Q

What is the venous drainage of thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins coming from internal jugular veins

50
Q

Where is lymph returned to via the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right venous angle

51
Q

Where is lymph returned to via the thoracic duct?

A

To left venous angle

52
Q

What does the vagus nerve connect with before going through the jugular foramen?

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

What vagus nerve when descending through the chest is on the lateral aspect of trachea, posterior to the lung root and descends onto the oesophagus?

A

Right vagus nerve

54
Q

What vagus nerve when descending through the chest is on the left side of the aorta, gives the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, is posterior to the left lung root and moves onto the oesophagus?

A

Left vagus nerve

55
Q

What recurrent laryngeal nerve doesnt descend through the chest?

A

Right

56
Q

Where do strap muscles sit?

A

Anterior to thyroid gland

57
Q

What are the four strap muscles?

A
  1. Omohyoid
  2. Sternohyoid
  3. Sternothyroid
  4. Thryohyoid
58
Q

What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve ascend in the groove between?

A

Trachea anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly

JL Endocrinology (12 decks)

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