Anatomy 4 Flashcards
orbital blowout fx
blow to eye –> force transmitted to orbital thinner walls (floor & medial wall) –> orbital hem into ethmoid air cells medially or maxillary sinus inferiorly
palpebral vs orbital part of orbicularis oculi (VII). levator palpebrae superioris (III) & sup tarsal mm fxn (symph)
in eyelids –> gentle closure vs along orbital margin –> hard closure. elev upper eyelid
orbital septum vs tarsal plate vs conjunctiva
membrane from tarsal plates & cont w/ pericranium/orbita –> keep orbital contents in orbit vs band of connective tissue –> “skeleton” of eyelids vs transparent mucus membrane containing sm blood vessels
lacrimal gland location & fxn. innervated by?
sits in superolat corner orbit –> secretes bacteriocidal lacrimal fluid to lubricate/nourish eye surface. parasymph CN 7
lacrimal apparatus produces, transmits, & drains lacrimal fluid. list out the steps
lacrimal gland -> lacrimal ducts -> blink tears -> lacrimal puncta -> lacrimal caniculi -> common caniculi -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> nasal cavity
which EOM insert into eyelid vs sclera?
levator palpebrae superioris vs SO/IO, S/I/M/LR
intorsion/internal rotation/incycloduction vs extorsion/external rotation/excycloduction
top of eye rolls inward/medially around optical axis vs top of eyes rolls outward/laterally around optical axis
looking up/elev vs looking down/dep = combo of which EOM?
SR/IO vs IR/SO
purpose of H test. don’t do what from neutral gaze & why? know Lec 34, slide 24
only 1 muscle does 1 action. don’t do up/down from neutral gaze b/c that involves 2 muscles
sup vs inf CN3 innervate what?
sup rectus, levator palpebrae superioris vs inf/med rectus, inf oblique
CN3 vs CN4 vs CN6 nerve palsy sxs
eye down & out, ptosis, mydriasis vs hypertropic, extort, diplopia –> head tilt vs med strab/esotropia, diplopia
NFL of V1: nasociliary n splits into?
ant & post ethmoidal, infratroch, long ciliary nn –> send sensory axons to ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary n
describe corneal blink reflex
afferent V1 via long/short ciliary n –> efferent CN7 innervating orbicularis oculi –> eyelids shut
aa of orbit: ophthalmic vs central a of retina
from ICA to optic canal w/ CN2 vs from ophthalmic a & enters CN2 to supply it & retina
vv of orbit: ophthalmic v vs valveless vv of face/orbit
structure of orbit drain –> travel posterior to sup orbital fissure –> cavernous sinus vs conduit b/w angular vein & cavernous sinus; can be route for infxn –> travel intracranially => triangle of death
know fibrous vs vasc vs neural tunic of eye
Lec 34, slide 35
ciliary body. know how ciliary muscle moves for distant vs near vision
makes aq humor to nourish cornea & lens; contains ciliary muscle innerv by parasymph CN3 –> ctrl lens shape via zonule fibers for accom. ciliary muscle relax –> zonule fiber inc tension –> lens flatten vs ciliary muscle ctx –> zonule fibers dec tension –> lens round up
how does pupil dil vs constrict
sup cervical ganglion –> sympathetics –> dil pupillae muscle in iris vs CN3 parasympathetics –> sphincter pupillae muscle in iris
describe neural tube formation. cephalic end vs lumen of neural tube form what?
3rd wk: ectoderm thickens –> neural plate –> edges elev & fold to neural folds –> fuse cran/caudally –> neural tube w/ cran & caudal neuropores closing day25/27. brain vs ventricular system
3 preotic myotomes form in pro, rostral to rhomb. how do 1st vs 2nd vs 3rd develop?
from prechordal head mesoderm –> S/I/MR, IO vs from paraxial mesoderm –> SO vs from paraxial mesoderm –> LR
microphthalmia vs anophthalmia vs cyclopia. coloboma vs persistent iridopupillary membrane vs detached retina vs congen cataracts
small eye d/t intraut infxn, teratogen, chrm abnlities vs absent eye d/t fail of optic vesicle to form vs 1 orbit + 1 eye d/t holoprosencephaly d/t alter sonic hedgehog signaling. cleft in inner eye (iris, ciliary body, retina, optic n) d/t incomplete closure of retinal fissure vs persistent strands covering pupil but doesn’t affect vision vs when 2 retina layers (RPE + neural retina) separate d/t layers never adhering or trauma vs opacities of bil lens d/t intraut infxn
when is the critical period for eye, face, neck development? genetic vs environ causes for face/neck malformations?
4-8wks. trisomy 21, TCS, DiGeorge vs maternal DM/obesity, alc
what are conchae? how do sinuses develop in fetal life?
outgrowths of maxillary & ethmoid bones. appear late in fetal life & remain small; expand rapidly during puberty
how does cleft lip vs open nasolacrimal duct/oblique facial cleft vs cleft palate occur?
max prominence don’t fuse w/ med nasal prominence vs max prominence don’t fuse w/ lat nasal prominence vs palateine shelves don’t’ fuse w/ e/o or primary palate
how does ant vs post vs ant-post cleft occur?
failure of primary/ant & secondary/post palates to fuse, may/not include cleft lip, uni/bil/midline vs failure of secondary palate shelves to fuse together at midline vs involve both ant & post and may/not include cleft lip
each pharyngeal arch has:
o muscular core = from mesoderm –> facial muscles
o artery = from mesoderm –> major neck & chest aa
o cartilaginous rod = from neural crest –> facial bones & cartilage
o sensory & motor nn –> supply mucosa & muscles of ea arch
cornea vs iris vs dilator of iris vs sphincter of iris vs lens
thin transparent avasc central cover w/ lat margins cont w/ conjunctiva vs pig structure in front of lens vs innerv by symph to dil pupil vs innerv by parasymph CN3 to constrict pupil vs closely pack columnar cells in concentric shells sheathed by thin tough transparent epithel celels
uvea vs retina vs sclera
iris + ciliary body + choroid; vasc tunic of eye vs contains cells to receive light signals vs tough outer coating of eye
retinogeniculate projection vs geniculocalcarine/geniculostriate tract vs optic radiations
retinal ganglion cells projecting to LGN vs LGN projecting to primary visual/striate cortex vs emerging from geniculocalcarine tract: ventral/Meyer loop passing thru temp lobe to retinal LQ/upper vision hemifield to area 17 of lingual gyrus => homo inf quad hemianopsia & dorsal fibers to par lobe to retinal UQ/lower vision hemifield to area 17 of cuneate gyrus => homo sup quad hemianopsia
freq causes of monocular vision loss
ophthalmic a aneurysm compressing on optic n, inc ICP –> papilledema, central retinal a occlusion
freq causes of bitemp hemianopsia vs homonymous hemianopsia
pit gland tumors compressing on optic chiasm, craniopharyngioma vs ant choroid a disruption -> optic tract ischemia; thalamogeniculate a disruption -> LGN ischemia, lesion to occ lobe or optic radiations
thin myelinated layers of LGN: 1&2 vs 3-6 vs Y vs X. 2/3/5 vs 1/4/6 receive input from where?
magnocellular layers containing lg neuron cell bodies vs parvocellular layers containing small neuron cell bodies vs mostly rods terminating in M layer vs mostly cones terminating in P layer. ipsi temp retina vs contralat nasal retina (cross optic chiasm)
direct vs consensual light reflex. physio of this?
when light enters eye -> it constricts vs when contralat eye constricts. axons of retinal ganglion cells go to optic n/chiasm/tract -> brachium sup colliculus -> pretectal nucleus -> ipsi EW nucleus & contralat EW nucleus via post commissure -> ciliary ganglion -> ciliary n -> excite sphincter pupillae m
accom/near reflex. physio?
produces clear, accurate, binocular vision of near objects; 3 C’s: eye convergence, pupil constriction, ciliary muscle ctx to thicken lens. occ cortex -> corticotectal tract -> accom centers in midbrain -> EW nuclei
Argyll-Robertson pupil vs patho? Adie’s pupil patho?
from neurosyphilis; pupils constrict for accom but not to light vs syphilis affects pretectal ight reflex centers bil. dmg to post ganglionic fibers from ciliary ganglion -> constrictor pupillae = sensitized to pharm constricting agents -> tonic dil pupil
sup colliculus vs tectospinal tract
alt grey/white matter w/ 3 superficial layers (I/II/III) receiving input from retina & visual cortices to thal; 4 deep layers in visuomotor systems (gaze & yoke) vs in midbrain at sup colliculus -> decussates -> med motor pathways thru cervical spine -> LMN for head rotation
how does accessory thymus or ectopic thyroid gland form? how does accessory thyroid or persistent thymic cord form? how do thyroglossal duct cysts form?
thymus/roid not completely migrated. small amt of thyroid left during migration. form along thyroglossal duct –> asx soft mass in ant neck
malformed pharyngeal arches include:
vasc (aa, aorta), facial dysmorphogenesis (facial bone/muscles; arch 1/2), speech (larynx, tongue; arch 1-6), auditory (mid & ext ear; arch 1/2), endo (para/thyroid; pouch 3/4), immuno (tonsil, thymus; pouch 2/3)
on day24: thyroid diverticulum forms –>
most thyroglossal duct –> thyroid gland; remaining thyroglossal duct –> foramen cecum. additional thyroid parts come from 3/4th pouches
describe arch syndromes. describe 1/2nd arch syndromes. examples of 1st arch syndromes?
can have same underlying cause; mult arches can be affected; uni/bil. facial cleft, hearing loss, small malformed facial bones/muscles. Goldenhar, TCS, DiGeorge
eye has 2 cmpts: aq vs vitreous. where’s ant vs post chamber?
bounded by cornea & ant/post suspensory lig vs from suspensory lig to contain vit body. behind cornea ant to iris vs behind iris ant to suspensory lig
describe drainage of intraocular fluid
drained by sclemm canal (veins). production = drainage; if pressure too low –> maybe DM, if pressure too high –> open/closed angle glaucoma (open -> blind)
tarsal/Meibomian vs lacrimal glands
secrete fluid for eyeball to move w/in orbit vs make tears to protect & lubricate outer part of eye
what are tears made of (3 things, 3 fxns)?
plasma ultrafiltrate. bath cornea & allow O2 to diffuse from air to corneal cells. contain lysozymes & abs to counter infxn. superficial oily layer to slow evap & prevent spillage at lid margins. flush away foreign substances
