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Block 3 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system def. describe its 2 parts

A

allows body to detect & react to stimuli/changes in in/external environ. CNS = brain + spinal cord, PNS = cranial + spinal n

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2
Q

why are there cervical vs lumbar enlargements in spinal cord?

A

d/t numerous packed motor & sensory neuron cell bodies from C4-T1 innervating UE vs from T11-S1 innervating LE

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3
Q

know the development of the nervous system (the cephalons and corresponding ventricles)

A

Lec 1, slide 10. Lec 7, slide 8

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4
Q

how does CNS form (embryo)?

A

starts as thickened plate of ectoderm (neural plate) –> ectoderm folds to enclose itself –> forms neural tube

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5
Q

neurons vs cell body vs dendrite vs axon vs Schwann cell vs axon hillock vs presynaptic terminal

A

fxnal units of nervous system for communication/signal transmission vs contains organelles vs receive signals and transports them to cell body, contain neurotransmitter receptor proteins vs transports signals from cell body vs envelops axon to make myelin sheath –> inc vel of signal conduction vs connects cell body to axon where AP starts vs converts chemical/electrical signal –> contacts adjacent postsynaptic neurons

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6
Q

multi vs bi vs pseudounipolar neurons

A

mult dendrites w/ an axon; most common, all motor neurons, all autonomic neurons vs 2 processes extending from cell body; olfactory, visual, auditory/vestbular vs central process extending from cell body for CNS and peripheral process extending from cell body for receptor organ

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7
Q

electrical signals vs chemical signals

A

convey info from 1 part of neuron to another vs carry info b/w neurons

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8
Q

what is a synapse? what happens at chemical vs electrical synapse?

A

region of communication b/w neuron and target. AP at axon terminal –> Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open –> Ca2+ enters presynaptic neuron –> Ca2+ signals presynaptic NT vesicles to move to membrane –> NT released into synapse via exocytosis and bind to postsynaptic receptors –> excitatory or inhibitory of postsynaptic neuron; unidirectional but can be bi vs communication b/w 2 neurons via bidirectional electrical coupling thru gap jxns by connexon channels; does not involve NT

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9
Q

neuroglia/glial cells. oligodendrocyte vs schwann cell vs astrocyte vs satellite cells of ganglia vs ependymal cell vs microglia. know which glial cells are for C/PNS

A

nonneuronal nonexcitable cells making up nervous tissue. myelin prod, electrical insulation of CNS; contain carbonic anhydrase for carbon buffer system, iron metab, pH imbal –> dec sz threshold vs myelin prod, electrical insulation of PNS vs structural and metabolic support for neurons, form blood/brain barrier, repair/scars, “feet” vs structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies vs line brain ventricles and move CSF vs phagocytic and APC in CNS. schwann & satellite = PNS, others = CNS

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10
Q

endo vs peri vs epineurium

A

delicate connective tissue sheath round myelin sheath of axon vs tough connective tissue sheath surrounding fascicle vs outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding bundles of fascicles => peripheral n

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11
Q

grey vs white matter

A

collection of cell bodies (nucleus for CNS, ganglia for PNS) and neuropil (dendrites, capillaries, neuroglia) vs collection of tracts, un/myelinated axons

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12
Q

know C/PNS interface at cord. lat horn spans b/w what spinal lvls and what is it involve in? what’s the intermediate zone?

A

Lec 1, Slide 18; Lec 8-9, slide 14. T1-L2 and autonomics –> has multipolar pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. contains interneurons and special nuclei

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13
Q

dura vs arachnoid vs pia mater meningeal layer covering the CNS. which layers make up leptomeninges?

A

superficial; thick, fibrous, and strong, stuck to skull cap vs intermediate; overlies cerebral vessels in subarachnoid space, against dura vs deep; directly applied to surface of CNS –> goes into sulci. arachnoid + pia

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14
Q

what’s CSF and how is it made?

A

fluid made by choroid plexus cells in brain ventricles, or ultrafiltration of plasma thru capillary wall to ECF under basolat membrane of choroid epith; occurs / net transfer of NaCl that drives water isosmotically. circulates in subarachnoid space that’s continuous around brain and spinal cord via ependymal cells

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15
Q

neuro vs viscerocranium of cranium/skull

A

has dome like roof => calvaria/skullcap and cranial base => basicranium; 8 bones: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, occipital, parietal x2, temporal x2 vs facial skeleton

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16
Q

where do middle meningeal a/v flow?

A

in epidural space

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17
Q

somatic vs autonomic nervous system

A

parts of C/PNS for sensory and motor innervation to body except viscera, sm muscle, glands vs motor fibers for sm muscle, cardiac conduction tissue, glandular/secretion cells; divides into para/sympathetic systems

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18
Q

para vs sympathetic nervous system

A

cranial/sacral (C3,7,9,10/S2-4); rest/digest –> pupil & bronchoconstriction, dec HR, salivation, intestinal vasodil vs thoracic/lumbar (T1-L3); f/light –> pupil & bronchodil, inc HR, inc glu, intestinal constriction

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19
Q

know the 7 types of neurons

A

Lec 2, slide 6

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20
Q

RMP for central vs peripheral neurons. AP for large vs small fibers

A

-70mV vs -90mV. -65mV vs -55mV

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21
Q

know graded vs action potential; spatial vs temporal summation; absolute vs relative refractory period

A

Lec 2, slides 11-20

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22
Q

what happens if there is greater vs lesser difference in RMP and threshold potential?

A

less excitable; hypokal = low [K+] in blood –> K+ efflux out of cells –> hyperpol –> greater stimulus required to reach threshold for AP vs more excitable; hyperkal = high [K+] in blood –> K+ influx into cells –> depol –> inactivates Na+ channels –> induces refractory period

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23
Q

how do myelin sheaths inc vel conduction? what occurs if you have demyelinating dz? know demyelination graphic

A

inc resistance and dec capacitance –> maintain current. dec resistance and inc capacitance –> lose current; internodes don’t have Na+ channels –> can’t make regenerative AP; K+ channels will be insulted from Na+ channels –> K+ channels oppose Na+ currents. Lec 2, slide 30 (dec conduction vel, freq-related block, total conduction block, ectopic-impulse gen, inc in mechanosensitivity)

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24
Q

neuronal cytoskel. microtubules vs intermediate/neurofilaments vs microfilaments/actin

A

dynamic part of cytoskel. provides tracks for axonal transport vs provides scaffold to resist pressure, connects nuclear membrane to cell membrane vs form synapses, interact w/ membrane-bound proteins

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25
Q

fast vs slow anterograde axonal transport. fast retrograde axonal transport

A

mito and vesicles move from cell body to presynaptic terminal along microtubules via motor protein kinesin driven by ATP vs cytoskel elements, soluble proteins, small neurotransmitters move but mechanism unclear. degraded vesicle and absorbed exogenous material (toxin, viruses) move from presynaptic terminal to cell body along microtubule via motor protein dynein driven by ATP

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26
Q

can neurons regen? can axons in CNS vs PNS regen? degen of synaptic terminal distal to lesion vs Wallerian degen vs myelin degen vs scavenging debris vs chromatolysis vs anterograde transneuronal degen vs retrograde transneuronal degen

A

no. not effectively vs can regrow and reconnect if environ allows it. transmission fails b/c dependent on axonal transport vs leion breaks axon into seg –> distal seg degen vs myelinated cell can survive and regen vs by microglia in CNS and macs + Schwann cells in PNS vs reversible rearrangement of cell body organelles vs degen of neuron receiving synaptic contact from injured cell vs degen of neuron that synapses on injured cell

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27
Q

know meninges and spaces of brain vs spinal cord

A

Lec 3, slide 7 vs Lec 4, slide 4

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28
Q

meningeal and periosteal layers of dura mater fuse except in?

A

dural reflections/infoldings and dural venous sinuses. KNOW EXAMPLES AND DRAINAGE/FXN

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29
Q

where can dural venous sinuses get deO2 blood and CSF?

A

cerebral veins to bridging veins in subarachnoid space –> drain to brain; emissary veins that connect to extracranial veins of scalp; diploe veins from flat bones; meningeal veins from meninges; arachnoid granulations from arachnoid mater in subarachnoid space

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30
Q

dura lining of ant/mid cranial fossa, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli vs dura lining of post cranial fossa SENSORY innervation. supratentorial dura vs dura of posterior cranial fossa = innervated by?

A

all 3 branches of trigeminal n vs meningeal branches of C2 & C3 spinal nerves. trigeminal n vs CN 10, 9, first 3 cervical nerves

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31
Q

Know what brain ventricles are. Steps of ventricular system

A

Lec 3, slide 22-23. choroid plexus –> lat ventricles –> interventricular foramen of Monro –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius –> 4th ventricle –> median aperture of Magendie, lateral aperture of Luschka –> subarachnoid space/cisterns/central canal of spinal cord –> arachnoid granulation

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32
Q

Choroid plexus

A

network of capillaries and ependymal cells in brain ventricles that produce CSF to protect CNS

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33
Q

subarachnoid space can be exaggerated to become cisterns. what are the types?

A

perimesencephalic cistern (around midbrain), prepontine cistern (in front of pons), cisterna magna (inf to cerebellum near foramen magnum), lumbar cistern (in lumbar region containing cauda equina, do LP here)

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34
Q

blood supply to brain

A

vertebral a: branch of subclavian a –> transverse foramen of upper 6 cervical vertebrae –> foramen magnum –> L/R vertebral aa together form basilar a –> vertebrobasilar/post circ of brain; gives of ant/post spinal aa, PICA
internal carotid a: branch of common carotid a –> carotid canal –> carotid/ant circ of brain

35
Q

blood brain barrier vs blood CSF barrier

A

tight jxns at capillary endothel cells ctrl water-soluble ions and molec traffic in paracellular route b/w blood and brain tissue vs tight jxns at choroid plexus ependymal cells make 2-way barrier b/w CSF and brain tissue

36
Q

blood supply to spinal cord

A

ant/post spinal aa, sulcal a, vasocorona aa, spinal branch; ant/post segmental medullary aa, great ant segmental medullary a/a of Adamkiewicz

37
Q

describe great ant segmental medullary a/a of Adamkiewicz

A

unpaired, on left; T9-L2; reinforces ant spinal a for distal/inf spinal cord

38
Q

vertebral foramen vs vertebral canal vs intervertebral foramen

A

formed by vert arch (pedicles + lamina) vs stacked vertebral foramens, where spinal cord runs through vs formed by inf vert notch of sup vertebra + sup vert notch of inf vertebra, where spinal nerve runs through

39
Q

how to name cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar vs sacral spinal nerves

A

above associated vertebra vs below associated vertebra for rest, S5 and coccygeal spinal nerve run thru sacral hiatus

40
Q

spinal cord segment

A

part of spinal cord containing 1 bil pair of spinal nerves

41
Q

dorsal root/spinal ganglia contain what type of neurons? what does central vs peripheral process of this neuron do?

A

pseudounipolar. relay info to dorsal root to dorsal horn of spinal cord vs relay sensory info to post trunk/head/neck via dorsal rami and to anterolat trunk/limbs via ventral rami

42
Q

ventral horn of spinal cord contain what type of motor neurons? what do their motor innervations do? how are motor neurons arranged in ventral horn? know where extensors/flexors/axial musculature would be in ventral horn

A

multipolar. innervate intrinsic back muscles via dorsal rami, innervate anterolat trunk/limbs via ventral rami. in vertical nuclear columns in ventral horn. Lec 8-9, slide 15

43
Q

dorsal root/lets vs ventral root/lets vs spinal nerve, rami contain what kind of axons?

A

sensory axons only vs motor axons only vs mixed sensory and motor axons

44
Q

characteristics of spinal nerves vs cranial nerves. fiber types for cranial nerves?

A

31 pairs, from dorsal/ventral roots –> give rise to dorsal and ventral rami –> contain sensory and motor axons vs 12 pairs, no dorsal/ventral roots –> no rami –> no transmitting same fiber type. sensory (skin/mucosa), motor (muscles), parasympathetic (autonomic glands/viscera)

45
Q

cervical vs petrous vs cavernous vs cerebral part of ICA

A

b/w bifurcation of common carotid a and carotid canal vs in carotid canal w/ internal carotid plexus vs in cavernous sinus w/ CN III/IV/V1/V2/VI vs in circle of Willis

46
Q

know the Circle of Willis/cerebral arterial circle

A

Lec 5, slides 7-10

47
Q

Berry aneurysm vs intracerebral hemorrhage. is an aneurysm always a problem?

A

saccular aneurysm at bifurcation in Circle of Willis (at base of brain) –> subarachnoid hemorrhage, thunderclap HA –> tx w/ surgical clips or endovasc coiling vs rupture of vessel w/in brain parenchyma. not a prob unless it ruptures –> internal bleed, stroke, fatal

48
Q

A1 vs A2 anterior cerebral a

A

ACA branches from ICA. precommunicating vs postcommunicating, cont posteriorly to longitudinal fissure; supplies frontal and parietal lobes w/ 2 branches: pericallosal a for corpus callosum & cingulate gyrus, callosomarginal a for frontal gyrus and paracentral lobule

49
Q

what happens if A2 callosomarginal a = occluded/damaged?

A

motor and sensory deficit in contralat lower limbs

50
Q

where is mid cerebral a? M1 vs M2

A

insular cortex. branches from ICA vs splits into sup/inf division thru Sylvian fissure –> supply lat frontal, parietal, temporal lobes

51
Q

what happens if M1 vs M2 sup vs inf division = occluded?

A

all M2 territories (contralat motor and sensory deficits, global aphasia) vs Broca’s aphasia, contralat head/neck/trunk/upper limb vs Wernicke’s aphasia

52
Q

post cerebral a. what happens if occluded?

A

branch of basilar a –> supplies inf and medial temporal and occipital lobes, midbrain. visual field deficit or visual agnosia

53
Q

watershed areas

A

anastomosed b/w cerebral aa providing collateral circ w/ artery occlusion; most susceptible to ischemic injury during global reduction of bloodflow like cardiac arrest; weakly supplies T4-T8

54
Q

epidural hematoma vs subdural hematoma vs subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

lenticular/biconvex bleed in epidural space d/t trauma to pterion –> lacerate mid meningeal a; not crossing sutures vs venous crescent shaped bleed in subdural space d/t jerking of head –> rupture of bridging vein prior to draining into superior sagittal sinus; crosses sutures vs bleed in subarachnoid space d/t aneurysm of cerebral a (ex: berry aneurysm) –> thunderclap HA

55
Q

what makes a NT?

A

substance made and stored vesicles in presynaptic neuron; substance receptors in postsynaptic neuron; mechanisms to remove substance must exist

56
Q

calcium hypothesis

A

Ca2+ signaling connects to membrane excitability (lots of Ca2+ dependent structures like channels/receptors/proteins and mechanisms that ctrl intracellular Ca2+

57
Q

low freq vs high freq stimulation on NT release

A

raises [Ca2+] close to membrane –> release NT from small vesicles vs higher [Ca2+] –> release NT from small and lg vesicles

58
Q

what are 2 types of ionotropic/ligand-gated receptors

A

cation channels for Na+, some K+ and Cl-; opened by excitatory NTs (depol). anion channels for Cl-; opened by inhibitory NTs (hyperpol). both fast acting & short lived –> not for prolonged changes

59
Q

metabotropic/2nd msgr/GPCR activations

A

activate cA/GMP in neuron –> activates long term changes in metab; activate 1+ intracellular enzymes –> activate specific fxns in cell; activate gene transcpxn –> new proteins made; slow and prolonged –> memory

60
Q

3 ways to remove NT to prevent constant stim and reset postsynaptic AP

A

diffuse from cleft, enzyme degradation in cleft, recycle/reuptake in presynaptic neuron vesicles

61
Q

small NT vs lg/peptide NTs

A

made in cytosol in cell body, slow axonal transport; fast acting –> acute response; degraded or reuptake vs made in Golgi in cell body, fast axonal transport; modify precursors to make peptides via endoproteases –> potent long term effects; diffuse or degraded

62
Q

know class I acetylcholine vs class II catecholamine vs class II serotonin vs class III GABA

A

Lec 6, slides 22-25

63
Q

what are 5 categories of neuropeptides/peptide NTs? what are the 1st 2?

A

brain-gut peptide = substance P: sensory NT in spinal cord; hippocampus, neocortex, GI tract, C-fiber nerves –> pain; inhibited by opioids –> no pain. opioids: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, depressants/analgesics; throughout brain w/ GABA and serotonin; sexual attraction, addiction, aggression, schizo, autism. pituitary peptides, hypothalamic-releasing hormones, “others”

64
Q

excitotoxicity = determined by? mechanism?

A

balance b/w gluE & GABA. gluE accumulation –> constant excitatory –> inc [Ca2+] –> free radicals accumulate –> autophagy, apop –> cell death –> anoxia, ischemia, neurodegen dz, sz

65
Q

long term potentiation vs depression mechanism

A

gluE binds to AMPA receptor –> depol –> Mg2+ leaves –> gluE binds to NMDA receptor –> Ca2+ enters –> CaMKII & PKC signal cascade –> posttranslnal mods (early phase); PKA & CREB change gene expression to make new proteins (late phase) –> long term storage of info vs depol –> Ca2+ enters –> protein phosphatases –> lose AMPA receptors –> dec gluE

66
Q

neuronal microenviron includes? BECF influences cell behavior, what are its components?

A

ECF, capillaries, glial cells, adjacent neurons. BBB protects BECF from fluctuating blood composition, CSF influences BECF composition via pia mater & gap jxns in ependymal cells, glial cells condition BECF

67
Q

new 4th meningeal layer: subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM)

A

morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to mesothel lining of periphal organs & body cavities containing immune cells

68
Q

nml pressure hydrocephalus vs cerebral edema

A

nml spinal tap but MRI shows enlarged 4 ventricles –> infxn or inflamm of meninges –> dmg arachnoid villi –> impaired CSF absorption –> dementia, incontinence, abnl gait –> do CSF shunt to venous blood or peritoneal cavity vs net accum of water in brain –> intracranial pressure > arterial pressure –> inc arterial pressure to partially compensate

69
Q

if no pain receptors in brain parenchyma itself, what causes HA?

A

mechanical traction, irritation, inflamm of other innervated head structures (blood vessels, meninges, scalp, skull)

70
Q

extracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleed b/w calvaria and brain –> hematoma puts pressure on soft brain –> rapid or slow incompressible mass –> intracranial pressure –> dmg brain tissue and other remote brain areas

71
Q

cerebrovasc dz. emboli vs thrombus

A

interfere blood delivery –> ischemia (local anemia d/t mechanical obstruction) –> hypoxia (lower than nml O2). any plug blocking blood vessel vs plug from blood blocking blood vessel

72
Q

stroke. ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood supply to brain = interrupted or reduced. d/t thrombus/embolus (ex: cholesterol deposits), most common vs d/t ruptured blood vessel, HTN = main risk factor

73
Q

fibrous vs protoplasmic astrocytes. what is cytoskel of all astrocytes made of? Muller cells vs Bergmann cells. what do radial glial cells do?

A

long thin well defined process vs short frilly process. glial fibrillar acidic protein. retinal astrocytes vs cerebellar astrocytes. provide organized scaffold in forebrain from ventricle to pial surface

74
Q

how does brain get glu?

A

first from blood; if blood glu absent –> astrocytes break down glycogen to glu and further to lactate for nearby neurons substrate buffering; astrocytic glycogens lasts 5min

75
Q

conus medullaris vs cauda equina

A

terminal end of spinal cord at L1/2 (L3 in newborn b/c vertebrae and dura mater lengthen faster than neural tube) vs bundle of roots from lumbosacral enlargement & conus medullaris

76
Q

denticulate lig vs filum terminale vs dural sac

A

extension of pia mater anchoring spinal cord to prevent excess lat mobility; separates ventral & dorsal roots vs extension of pia mater from conus med thru dural sac to coccyx to prevent distal spinal cord excess mobility vs continuous w/ cranial dura at S2

77
Q

Rexed laminae of spinal cord

A

I-VI = dorsal horn, II = substantia gelatinosa; VII = nucleus of Clarke/intermediolateral nucleus, intermediate zone; VIII-IX = ventral horn; X = gray matter surrounding central canal

78
Q

how does spinal cord drain? what’s the internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

via ant & post spinal vv. valveless network of veins and src of metastasis orignating in pelvis that spread to vertebral column and/or CNS; PROSTATE CA

79
Q

know how to recognize spinal cord stains

A

Lec 8-9, slides 20-21

80
Q

Medial motor systems ctrl movements bil –> unilat lesions make no obvi deficits. reticulospinal tract vs vestibulospinal tract vs tectospinal tract vs ant corticospinal tract

A

gross posture, gait, reaching vs medial = head/neck position, lateral = bal vs in sup colliculus, eye orientation, head turning to sound reflex; synapses w/ interneurons in cervical cord to project to neck motor nuclei vs bil axial and girdle muscles, don’t’ decussate

81
Q

Lateral motor systems: lat corticospinal tract vs rubrospinal tract

A

“pyramidal tract” for distal musculature vs originates from magnocellular part of red nucleus; scratching, locomotion, learned/automated motor behaviors in other animals

82
Q

s/s of injury to UMN vs LMN

A

hyperreflexia, hypertonia, spastic paralysis, Babinski sign, Hoffmann sign, clasp-knife response, clonus, disuse atrophy vs hyporeflexia, hypotonia, flaccid paralysis, fasciculations/twitching, muscle atrophy

83
Q

know spasticity def & DTR grading

A

Lec 8-9, slides 32-33

Block 3 (23 decks)

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