anatomy

Question 1

name that blood cell: carries O2 to tissue and CO2 back to lungs

Answer 1

rbcs

Question 2

name that blood cell: anuncleate and biconcave

Answer 2

rbcs

Question 3

name that blood cell: life span of 120 days

Answer 3

rbcs

Question 4

energy source of rbcs

Answer 4

90% glycolysis

10% HMP shunt

Question 5

what allows for transport of CO2 in rbcsÉ

Answer 5

membrane contains Cl/HCO3 antiport which allows rbcs to xport HCO3 and transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination

Question 6

what is a reticulocyte

Answer 6

immature RBCs

reflects erythroid proliferation

Question 7

whats the roel of thrombocytes

Answer 7

inovlved in primary hemostasis

Question 8

how are platelets formed

Answer 8

small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes

Question 9

life span of plateltes

Answer 9

8-10 days

Question 10

name the granules in plateltes

Answer 10

dense granules - ADP and Ca

alpha granules - vWF and fibrinogen

Question 11

what are in the dense granules of plateltes

Answer 11

ADP and Ca

Question 12

what are in the alpha granules of platelets

Answer 12

vWF and fibrinogne

Question 13

where are plateltes stored

Answer 13

abotu 1/3 in the spleen

Question 14

what is the result of thrombocytopenia

Answer 14

decreased platelet fucntion - petechiae

Question 15

petechiae

Answer 15

decreased platelet function

Question 16

what is GpIb

Answer 16

vWF recetpro

Question 17

what is vWF receptor

Answer 17

GpIb

Question 18

what is GpIIb/GpIIIa

Answer 18

receptor for fibrinogne

Question 19

what ist he receptor for fibrinogne

Answer 19

GpIIb/GpIIIa

Question 20

normal range for luekocytes

Answer 20

4000 - 10 000 cells/mm^3

Question 21

list the wbc differential from highest to lowest

Answer 21

neutrophils – lemphocytes – monocytes – eosinophils – basophils

Question 22

list the percentages of wbcs in blood

Answer 22

neutrophils - 54-62%
lymphocytes - 25-33%
monocytes - 3-7%
eosinophils - 1-3%
basophils - 0-0.75%

Question 23

acute inflammatory response cell

Answer 23

neutrophil

Question 24

icnreased in bacerial infections

Answer 24

neutrophils

Question 25

name the granules in PMN

Answer 25

specific granules: ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin | axurphilic graunles/lysosomes: protenases, acid phosphatases, myloperoxidase, beta-glucoronidase

Question 26

list the components of specific granules in PMNs

Answer 26

ALP collagenase lysozyme lactoferrin

Question 27

list the contents of the azurphillic granules

Answer 27

proteinases acid phosphatase myloperoxidase beta-glucoronidase

Question 28

where do you see hypersegmented PMNs?

Answer 28

vitamin B12 and folate deeficiency

Question 29

when do you see band cells?

Answer 29

immaute neutrophils in states of increased myeloid proliferation ie bacterial infections and CML

Question 30

what do you see in bacterial infections and CML?

Answer 30

band cells

Question 31

list the chemotactic agents

Answer 31

``` C5a IL-8 LTB4 kalllikirein platelet-activaing factor ```

Question 32

``` what are these? C5a IL-8 LTB4 kallikirein platelet-activating factor ```

Answer 32

PMN chemotactic factors

Question 33

describe the apperance of monocytes

Answer 33

large, kidney shaped nucleus | frosted glass cytoplasm

Question 34

large kidney shaped nucleus | frosted glass cytoplasm

Answer 34

monocytes

Question 35

role of macrophage

Answer 35

phagocytoses bacteria cellular debris sensecent RBCs

Question 36

what activates macrophages?

Answer 36

activated by IFNg

Question 37

apc via MHC II

Answer 37

macrophage

Question 38

what cell part of the granuloma?

Answer 38

macrophages | in TB and sarcoidosis

Question 39

what binds CD14

Answer 39

CD14 on macrophages - lipid A from bacterila LPS -- causes septic shock

Question 40

what is the role of eosinophils

Answer 40

defends against helminthic infections via major basic protein

Question 41

bilobate nucleus | large eosionphilic granules of uniform size

Answer 41

eosinophil

Question 42

describe the actions of eosinophil

Answer 42

highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes

Question 43

what are the toxins of eosinophils

Answer 43

MBP and histaminase

Question 44

causes of eosinophillia

Answer 44

NAACP | neolplasia, asthma, allergic processes, chronic adrena insufficiency parasites

Question 45

``` what are these things? neoplasia asthma allergies chronic adrenal insufficiency parasites ```

Answer 45

eosinophilia

Question 46

a) components of azurphilic granules b) components of specific granules c) components of dense granules d) contents of alpha granules

Answer 46

azurphilic granules - proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, beta glucuronidase specific graunules: ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin dense: ADP and Ca alpha: vWF, fibrinogne

Question 47

what s the role of a basophil

Answer 47

mediates allertgic reaction

Question 48

appearance of basophil

Answer 48

densely basophilic granules

Question 49

what do the granules contain in basophil

Answer 49

anticoagulant | histamine

Question 50

where do leukotrienes come from

Answer 50

leukotrienes synthesized and released on demand

Question 51

when does basophilia happen?

Answer 51

myeloproliferative disease - especially CML

Question 52

what do mast cells do

Answer 52

mediate allergic reaction in local tissues

Question 53

what to granules have in mast cells

Answer 53

basophiic granules - heparine as an anticoagulant and histamine

Question 54

what role does IgE have in mast cells

Answer 54

mast cells bind Fc portion of IgE to membenra. Ig# crosslinking upon antigen binding -- causes degranulation -- releases histamine heparin and eosinophil chemotactic factors

Question 55

what cell involved in hypsensitivity I ?

Answer 55

mast cell

Question 56

what does cromylyn sodium do?

Answer 56

prevents mast cell degranulation

Question 57

list what each cell secretes: a) platelet b) PMN c) eosinophils d) basophils e) mast cells

Answer 57

a) platelets = dense: ADP and Ca AND alpha: vWF and fibrinogen b) PMN = specific: collagenase, ALP, lysozyme, lactoferrin AND azurphilic: myeloperoxidase, proteinases, acid phosphatases, beta-glucoronidase c) eosinophils: histaminases, major basic protein d) basophils: histamine and heparin e) mast cells: histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotactic factors

Question 58

what is a dendritic cell?

Answer 58

highly phagocytic apc

Question 59

what is the role of a dendritic cell?

Answer 59

link between innate and adaptive immune sytem

Question 60

what do dendritic cells express

Answer 60

MHC II and Fc receptors

Question 61

what are dendritic cells called in teh skin

Answer 61

langerhan cells

Question 62

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 62

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 63

which lymphocytes are in the innate response?

Answer 63

NK cells

Question 64

which lymphocytes are in the adaptive response?

Answer 64

B cells and T cells

Question 65

what do lymphocytes look like

Answer 65

round, densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm

Question 66

describe life cycle of B cells

Answer 66

stem cells in BM and maturs in marrow -- migrates to peripheral lymphoid tissue -- ag is encountered -- differentiate into plasma cells -- abs and memory cells

Question 67

what is epressed on B cells

Answer 67

APC via MHC Ii

Question 68

list the APC

Answer 68

B cells dendritic cells macrophages

Question 69

list where B cells are located in peripherla lymphoid tissues

Answer 69

follicles of lymph nodes white pulp of spleen unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

Question 70

list the different types of T cells

Answer 70

cytotoxci T cells - CD8 and recog MHC I helper T cells - CD4 and recog MHC II regulator T cells -

Question 71

what is CD28

Answer 71

costimulatory stignal necessary fo rT cell activation

Question 72

what are the majority of circulating lymphocytes

Answer 72

T cells = 80%

Question 73

primary target for HIV

Answer 73

CD4 positive T helper cells

Question 74

what is the role of plasma cells

Answer 74

produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particualr angiten

Question 75

appearance of plasma cells

Answer 75

clock face chromatin distribution, abundant RER, well devleoped glgi apapratus

Question 76

what is multiple myeloma

Answer 76

plasma cell cacner